Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Sunde, PB, Rasmussen, IH, Folkersen, C, Saito, A, Olsen, MH, Laigaard, J, Papadomanolakis-Pakis, N, Lunn, TH, Meyhoff, CS, Mathiesen, O & Karlsen, APH 2026, 'Decision Support Tools for Adjusting Perioperative Opioid Dosing as Individualised Postoperative Pain Management: A Systematic Review', Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, vol. 70, no. 1, e70146. https://doi.org/10.1111/aas.70146

Jansen, T, Post, S, Jacobsen, RB, Werner, KM, Møller, EF, Rosing-Asvid, A, Burmeister, A & Burdenski, A 2026, 'Decline and northward shift in Arctic cod distribution associated with the changing climate around Greenland', Arctic Science, vol. 12. https://doi.org/10.1139/as-2025-0028

Strøm, L , Amidi, A , Wu, LM , Meldgaard, P, Ancoli-Israel, S, Lekander, M, Mroczek, D & Zachariae, R 2026, 'Decline in Circadian Robustness in Lung Cancer Patients During Immunotherapy is Associated With Increased Risk of Disease Progression and Death', Journal of Biological Rhythms, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 178-191. https://doi.org/10.1177/07487304251398276

Rivadeneira, NB, Frank, D-A & Tiberius, V 2026, Decoding Digitalization: Insights from Small and Mid-Sized Enterprises. in S Kurtmollaiev, L Lervik-Olsen & TW Andreassen (eds), Exploring Commercial, Social, and Digital Innovation from the Customer Perspective. Routledge, pp. 214-232. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003492047-19

Bertram, HC 2026, 'Decoding emerging microbial lipids and proteins in diet-liver-gut crosstalks', ASMS Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, San Diego, United States, 31/05/2026 - 04/06/2026.

Nurmi, S 2026, Decolonizing Agency. in Decolonizing Climate and Religion in the Nordics. Bloomsbury.

Ferrandin, S, Plunkett, G & Ogle, N 2026, 'Decoupling climate and human impacts on the nitrogen cycle during the Irish Bronze Age', Journal of Quaternary Science. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.70066

Schwartz, OS , Matsumoto, A , Yamamoto, H & Yonehara, K 2026, 'Decoupling of visual feature selectivity in the retinocollicular pathway', Current Biology, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 325-337.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2025.11.050

Dietz, R, Berenguer López, G, Bossi, R, Eulaers, I, Galatius, A , Kyhn, L , Mørk Larsen, M, Lockyer, C, Martinez Lopez, E, Farsø Rigét, F , Strand, J , Sveegaard, S , Søndergaard, J , Teilmann, J , Vorkamp, K & Sonne, C 2026, 'Decreases in contaminant loads and risk of adverse effects in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from Inner Danish waters over three decades', Chemosphere, vol. 398, 144850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2026.144850

Marichal, H, Casaravilla, V, Power, C, Mello, K, Mazarino, J, Lucas, C, Profumo, L, Passarella, D & Randall, G 2026, DeepCS-TRD, a Deep Learning-Based Cross-Section Tree Ring Detector. in E Rodolà, F Galasso & I Masi (eds), Image Analysis and Processing – ICIAP 2025 - 23rd International Conference, Proceedings. Springer Science+Business Media, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 16167 LNCS, pp. 29-41, 23rd International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing, ICIAP 2025, Rome, Italy, 15/09/2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-10185-3_3

Cort, PS 2026, Deepening on Microcredentials - labour market sector relevance, quality and inclusion’: Exploring the diversity of microcredentials: the role of quality assurance and recognition: national level reporting on Denmark.

Andresen, A 2026, 'Deep learning for auto segmentation and dose prediction in the brain', Aarhus University.

Han, E, Clément, C, Czaban, W, Smith, AG, Dresbøll, DB & Thorup-Kristensen, K 2026, 'Deep roots through time and crops: insight from five seasons at DeepRootLab', New Phytologist. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.71065

Balling, N , Jacobsen, BH & Nielsen, SB 2026, 'Deep structure of the Scandinavian Caledonides and the Baltic Shield: a review with new integrated gravity–isostatic and thermal modelling', Geological Society Special Publication, vol. 557, no. 1, pp. 247-299. https://doi.org/10.1144/gslspecpub2025-26

Lean, C, Latham, AJ, Sandrussi, A & Rogers, W 2026, 'De-extinction and the risk of moral hazard', Biological Conservation, vol. 313, 111637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111637

Ma, S, Ruan, H, Shi, J, Chaxel, C , Wei, S, Stolpe, M, Zhang, P, Xu, Y & Markert, B 2026, 'Defect-based multiaxial fatigue life assessment of 3D-printed bulk metallic glasses', International Journal of Fatigue, vol. 207, 109528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109528

COVID Human Genetic Effort 2026, 'Defective RNA Polymerase III sensing of mitochondrial DNA in pulmonary epithelial cells impairs type I IFN immunity to SARS-CoV-2', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 123, no. 12, pp. e2522111123. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2522111123

Anand, E, Devi, J, Ballard, DH, Joshi, S, Tozer, P, Hart, A, Antoniou, A, Deepak, P, Stoker, J, Lung, P & TOpClass collaborative authors 2026, 'Defining Radiological Healing in Perianal Fistulizing Crohn's Disease: a TOpClass Global Expert Delphi Consensus', Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 190-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2025.02.009

AlZaim, I , Hassan, MN, Schröter, M, Mannino, L , Dragicevic, K , Sjogaard, MB , Festa, J , Dokshokova, L, Weinbrenner, S, Tardajos Ayllon, B, Hansen, B , Rasmussen, RK , Christensen, JN , Wagman, O, Schipper, R, Cai, M, Dheedene, W, Bohn, AB , Farup, J , Lin, L , Soraggi, S, Thorsen, AD, Bæk, A , Thomsen, HH, von Heesen, M, Conradi, L-C, Evans, P, Hagberg, CE, Heeren, J, Emont, M, Rosen, ED, Luttun, A, Etzerodt, A, Massier, L, Rydén, M, Mejhert, N, Blüher, M, Khodosevich, K, Fenton, RA, Sheikh, BN, Jessen, N, de Rooij, LPMH & Kalucka, J 2026, 'Defining the vascular niche of human adipose tissue across metabolic states', Nature Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-026-01475-2

Tomelleri, A, Reider, SJ, Dejaco, C, Schmidt, WA, Ponte, C, Hocevar, A, Águeda, AF, Alibaz-Oner, F, Appenzeller, S, Aschwanden, M, Bastian, H, Bosch, P, Camellino, D, Casteleyn, V, Chrysidis, S, Daikeler, T, De Miguel, E, Diamantopoulos, AP, Filippou, G, Goel, R, Hanova, P, Hartung, W, Ikeda, K, Inanc, N, Jousse-Joulin, S, Juche, A, Karalilova, R, Keller, KK , Kjær, SG, Kohler, MJ, Koster, MJ, Macchioni, P, Mackie, SL, Milchert, M, Misra, DP, Molina-Collada, J, Monti, S, Nakagomi, D, Naredo, E, Nielsen, BD, Ogasawara, M, Roth, J, Schäfer, VS, Seitz, L, Seitz, P, Shumnalieva, R, Terslev, L, van der Geest, KSM, Vreju, FA, D'Agostino, MA, Keen, HI, Mandl, P, Pineda, C, Duftner, C & Bond, M 2026, 'Definitions and online reliability assessment of elementary ultrasound lesions in Takayasu arteritis: a study from the OMERACT Ultrasound Working Group', Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 77, 152927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2026.152927

Christiansen, ELES , Krogh, LQ & Glavind, J 2026, 'Definitions of failed induction of labor in the literature: a systematic review', BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, vol. 26, no. 1, 80. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-025-08550-8

Buur, H , Dahl, K , Winding, A & Sapkota, R 2026, DEKOMMISSIONERING AF METROLOGIMAST PÅ STORE MIDDELGRUND: Biologiske samfund på menneskabte strukturer. Teknisk rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, no. 365, vol. 2025, Aarhus University, DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy. <https://dce.au.dk/fileadmin/dce.au.dk/Udgivelser/Tekniske_rapporter_350-400/TR365.pdf>

DanGer Shock investigators 2026, 'Delay From First Symptoms in Patients Presenting With STEMI and Cardiogenic Shock: Insights From the DanGer Shock Trial', Circulation. Cardiovascular Interventions, pp. e015718. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.125.015718

Levin, F 2026, (De)legitimizing conquest and usurpation in Geoffrey Keating’s Foras Feasa ar Éirinn and John Lynch’s Cambrensis Eversus: Classical, Irish and European contexts. in Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium. Harvard University Press, Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium, vol. 43.

Manegaonkar, SM, Effat, MA, van de Hoef, TP, Lee, JM, Boerhout, CKM, Lee, SH, de Waard, GA, Jung, JH, Renteria, HM, Hoshino, M, Pinto, ME, Meuwissen, M, Matsuo, H, Cambero, MM, Eftekhari, A, Murai, T, Marques, K, Doh, JH, Christiansen, EH, Nam, CW, Niccoli, G, Nakayama, M, Tanaka, N, Shin, ES, Chamuleau, SAJ, van Royen, N, Knaapen, P, Kakuta, T, Escaned, J, Piek, JJ, Koo, B-K & Banerjee, RK 2026, 'Delineating coronary epicardial stenosis status from microvascular dysfunction using pressure-drop coefficient from multicenter ILIAS registry', International Journal of Cardiology, vol. 442, 133864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2025.133864

Pedersen, AV & Sørensen, MP 2026, Deliverable 1.2 A map of disparities across stakeholders, institutions, and national regulations.

Lauridsen, S & Varga, S 2026, 'Dementia, Authenticity, and the Moral Weight of Preferences', Neuroethics, vol. 19 , no. 13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-026-09642-8

Jensen, NJ, Kousholt, A, Nielsen, JS, Stidsen, J, Vaag, A, Thomsen, RW, Rungby, J & Kristensen, FPB 2026, 'Dementia Risk According to Indices of Insulin Sensitivity and Beta-Cell Function in Individuals With Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes: A Cohort Study', European Journal of Neurology, vol. 33, no. 3, e70527. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.70527

Størup, JO , Klitmøller, J & Runge, N 2026, 'Democratic ruptures: Student dissensus as democratic engagements in performance-oriented school settings', The Nordic Educational Research Association (NERA) Conference 2026 , Aarhus, Denmark, 04/03/2026 - 06/03/2026.

Andersen, D 2026, Democratization in the Nordic World. Aarhus Universitetsforlag. <https://en.unipress.dk/udgivelser/d/democratization-in-the-nordic-world/>

Palacios, PA & Kofoed, MVW 2026, 'Demonstration of H₂/CO₂ acetogenesis by Acetobacterium wieringae in a trickle-bed reactor without organic substrates', Chemical Engineering Journal Advances, vol. 25, 101029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceja.2025.101029

Nielsen, H & Andersen, C 2026, Den aktuelle atomkraftdebat overser et alvorligt problem: militær anvendelse. <https://www.eftertrykket.dk/2026/03/05/den-aktuelle-atomkraftdebat-overser-et-alvorligt-problem-militaer-anvendelse/>

Nørby, S, Rienecker, L & Villadsen, K 2026, Den gode mundtlige eksamen. Samfundslitteratur.

Canetti, R, Damgård, IB , Kolby, S, Ravi, D & Yakoubov, S 2026, Deniable Secret Sharing. in B Applebaum & H Lin (eds), Theory of Cryptography - 23rd International Conference, TCC 2025, Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 16269, pp. 399-427. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-12293-3_13

Nygaard, B 2026, Denmark. in M Musto (ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Marx’s ‘Capital’: A Global History of Translation, Dissemination and Reception. Routledge.

Fogt, MM 2026, Denmark. in GIESELA RÜHL, RALF MICHAELS, FRANCO FERRARI & PEDROALBERTO DE MIGUEL ASENSIO (eds), Encyclopedia of Private International Law. 2 edn, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK.

Svejvig, P & Hansen, AC 2026, Denmark. in V Zerjav, M Welde & GH Volden (eds), Governance Frameworks for Major Public Projects: International Practices and Experiences. First edn, Wiley, pp. 79-92.

Sedgwick, M & McNeil-Willson, R 2026, Denmark’s Counter Extremism Program. in C McCauley, S Moskalenko & G Scott Ligon (eds), De Gruyter Handbook of the Psychology of Terrorism. De Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 455–466.

Mathiasen Stopa, SE 2026, Den moderne Eva: Fremkomsten af demokratisk tillidskultur i samspil og konflikt med den lutherske teologi. in E Sporon Fiedler (ed.), Religion, køn, velfærd, samfund og stat. Religionsvidenskabelig Skriftrække Aarhus Universitet, Religionsvidenskabelig skriftrække.

Marwitz, FA, Möller, R, Bender, M & Gehrke, M 2026, Denoising the Future: Top-p Distributions for Moving Through Time. in K Sauerwald & M Thimm (eds), Symbolic and Quantitative Approaches to Reasoning with Uncertainty - 18th European Conference, ECSQARU 2025, Proceedings. Springer, Cham, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 16099, pp. 118-132, 18th European Conference on Symbolic and Quantitative Approaches to Reasoning with Uncertainty, Hagen, Germany, 23/09/2025. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2506.07578, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05134-9_9

Larsen, SN 2026, Den omvendte verden.

Dahl, XG, Roux, JP, Delaisse, JM, Huang, S, Chavassieux, P, Andreasen, CM & Andersen, TL 2026, 'Denosumab treatment of osteoporotic women arrests cortical bone remodeling events at the reversal-resorption phase but does not affect ongoing bone formation', JBMR Plus, vol. 10, no. 1, ziaf181. https://doi.org/10.1093/jbmrpl/ziaf181

Dige, M 2026, 'Den retfærdige krig er et fatamorgana', Dagbladet Information.

Larsen, SN 2026, 'Den seksuelle Foucault: En anmeldelse af Michel Foucault: "Om sex – tekster om seksualitet, krop og identitet". Klim. Oversat af Søren Rosendal. Forord ved Mikkel Thorup. Trykkes i avisens tillæg: Forårsbøger. ', Information, pp. 6-7.

Johannsen, K , Christensen, J , Kirkevang, LL , Matzen, LH & Spin-Neto, R 2026, 'Dental-Dedicated MRI in the Assessment of Pulp Vitality and Apical Periodontitis: A Feasibility Study', International Endodontic Journal. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.70101

Albinus, L 2026, 'Den uafgjorte tro: Derridas spørgsmål til religionen', Slagmark: tidsskrift for idéhistorie , vol. 89, no. Vinter 2025/2026, 11, pp. 165-175.

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Brøndal, HG 2026, 'Den udstrakte silikonehånd: Mod en spirende robotsocialitet', Passepartout.

Bugge, P (Translator) 2026, Den usynlige mand. translated by Peter Bugge, Jensen og Dalgaard, Nyborg.

Khatri, B , Shrestha, R, Pyakurel, M & Upadhyay, MP 2026, 'Depressive Symptoms Among Adolescents with Low Vision and Blindness Attending Public Integrated Schools in Nepal', Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health. https://doi.org/10.1177/09731342251389254

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Lise Refstrup Linnebjerg Pedersen