Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Wiberg, M 2015, 'The normative aspect of Learning', ECER, Hungary, 08/09/2015 - 11/09/2015.

Rasmussen, TL , Clausen, OR , Andresen, KJ & Goledowski, B 2015, 'The Norwegian-Danish Basin: A key to understanding the Cenozoic in the eastern North Sea', European Geophysical Union General Assembly 2015, Vienna, Austria, 13/04/2015 - 17/04/2015. <http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2015/EGU2015-4895.pdf>

Andersen, MN , Andersen, NF , Rødgaard-Hansen, S , Hokland, M , Abildgaard, N & Møller, HJ 2015, 'The novel biomarker of alternative macrophage activation, soluble mannose receptor (sMR/sCD206): Implications in multiple myeloma', Leukemia Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leukres.2015.06.003

Christiansen, MH & Chater, N 2015, 'The Now-or-Never bottleneck: a fundamental constraint on language', Behavioral and Brain Sciences, vol. 39, e62, pp. 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X1500031X

Schmid, M , Olszewski, P, Pelechano, V, Gupta, I, Steinmetz, LM & Jensen, TH 2015, 'The Nuclear PolyA-Binding Protein Nab2p Is Essential for mRNA Production', Cell Reports, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 128-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2015.06.008

Schmid, JM , Dahl, R & Hoffmann, HJ 2015, 'The number of FceRI receptors on basophils decreases during subcutaneous immunotherapy', Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 70, pp. 198-198.

Ball, BC, Batey, T, Munkholm, LJ, Guimaraes, RML, Boizard, H, McKenzie, DC, Peigné, J, Tormena, CA & Hargreaves, P 2015, 'The numeric visual evaluation of subsoil structure (SubVESS) under agricultural production', Soil & Tillage Research, vol. 148, pp. 85-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2014.12.005

Nickelsen, NCM & Elkjær, B 2015, 'The nurse as paradoxically accountable case manager: shifting tasks and boundaries in telemedicine', Paper presented at Researching Work & Learning, Singapore, Singapore, 09/12/2015 - 12/12/2015. <http://www.rwl2015.com/abstracts-01.html>

Abdelmalak, MM, Andersen, TB, Planke, S, Faleide, JI, Corfu, F, Tegner, C, Shephard, GE, Zastrozhnov, D & Myklebust, R 2015, 'The ocean-continent transition in the mid-Norwegian margin: Insight from seismic data and an onshore Caledonian field analogue', Geology, vol. 43, no. 11, pp. 1011-1014. https://doi.org/10.1130/G37086.1

van Hartevelt, TJ & Kringelbach, ML 2015, The Olfactory Cortex. in AW Toga (ed.), Brain Mapping. Academic Press, pp. 347-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-397025-1.00235-9

Sandquist, EL, Jessen-Hansen, J, Shetrone, MD, Brogaard, K, Meibom, S, Leitner, M, Stello, D, Orosz, JA, Grundahl, F & Frandsen, S 2015, 'The Open Cluster NGC 6811: An Eclipsing Binary, the Turnoff, and Age', American Astronomical Society, AAS Meeting , 01/01/2015 - 01/01/2015. <http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AAS...22544701S>

Kruse, PR, Kruse, E & Ørnbjerg, J 2015, 'The Operations of a Danish Provincial Pharmacy at the End of the 1600s', Pharmacy in History, vol. 56, no. 3-4, 2014, pp. 78-89.

Aagaard, A & Lindgren, P 2015, 'The Opportunities and Challenges of Persuasive Technology in Creating Sustainable Innovation and Business Model Innovation', Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 81, no. 4, pp. 1511-1529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-015-2484-1

Borras, JM, Lievens, Y, Dunscombe, P, Coffey, M, Malicki, J, Corral, J, Gasparotto, C, Defourny, N, Barton, M, Verhoeven, R, van Eycken, L, Primic-Zakelj, M, Trojanowski, M, Strojan, P & Grau, C 2015, 'The optimal utilization proportion of external beam radiotherapy in European countries. An ESTRO-HERO analysis', Radiotherapy & Oncology, vol. 116, no. 1, pp. 38-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2015.04.018

Assadi Soumeh, E, Van Milgen, J, Sloth, NM, Corrent, E, Poulsen, HD & Norgaard, JV 2015, 'The optimum ratio of standardized ileal digestible leucine to lysine for 8 to 12 kg female pigs', Journal of Animal Science, vol. 93, no. 5, pp. 2218-2224. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2014-8699

Larsson, C, Ahlstrøm, Ø, Junghans, P, Jensen, RB, Blache, D & Tauson, A-H 2015, 'The oral [¹³C]bicarbonate technique for measurement of short-term energy expenditure of sled dogs and their physiological response to diets with different fat: carbohydrate ratios', Journal of Nutritional Science, vol. 4, e32. https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2015.23

Mentink-Vigier, F, Akbey, Ü, Oschkinat, H, Vega, S & Feintuch, A 2015, 'Theoretical aspects of Magic Angle Spinning - Dynamic Nuclear Polarization', Journal of Magnetic Resonance, vol. 258, pp. 102-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2015.07.001

Håkonsson, DD, Puranam , P, Workiewicz, M, Teppo, F, Karim R., L, Nickerson, JA, O'Mahony, S & Zenger, T 2015, 'The Organizational Safari: What Can We Learn About the Universal Problems of Organizing at GitHub'. <http://10.5465/AMBPP.2015.16764symposium>

Møllekær, A, Duvald, I, Obel, B , Eskildsen, J & Kirkegaard, H 2015, 'The organization of Danish emergency departments may not have allowed for a full realization of their performance potential', Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine, vol. 23, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1757-7241-23-S1-A52

Kristensson, A, Fransen, S, Massling, A, Samuelsson, J, Ketzel, M, Wang, F, Hermansson, E & Frank, G 2015, 'The origin of particles at Vavihill', European Aerosol Conference, Milan, Italy, 06/09/2015 - 11/09/2015.

Samuelsson, J, Fransen, S, Massling, A , Ketzel, M, Wang, F, Hermansson, E, Frank, G & Kristensson, A 2015, 'The origin of particles at Vavihill', NOSA conference, Kuopio, Finland, 11/03/2015 - 13/03/2015. <http://www.atm.helsinki.fi/FAAR/reportseries/rs-165.pdf>

Hellmann, G & Jørgensen, KE (eds) 2015, Theorizing Foreign Policy in a Globalized World. Palgrave Studies in International Relations, Palgrave Macmillan.

Knudsen, LED & Haastrup, L 2015, 'Theory and practice as cultural forms and the research design on The open school program in the Danish school reform'.

Haastrup, L & Knudsen, LED (ed.) 2015, 'Theory and practice in the workshop: using the gap', Nordic Psychology, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 117-135. https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2015.1031959

Dodis, Y & Nielsen, JB (eds) 2015, Theory of Cryptography: 12th Theory of Cryptography Conference, TCC 2015, Warsaw, Poland, March 23-25, 2015, Proceedings, Part II. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 9015, Springer VS. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46497-7

Dodis, Y & Nielsen, JB (eds) 2015, Theory of Cryptography: 12th Theory of Cryptography Conference, TCC 2015, Warsaw, Poland, March 23-25, 2015, Proceedings, Part I. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 9014, Springer VS. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46494-6

Dimitrovski, D & Madsen, LB 2015, 'Theory of low-energy photoelectrons in strong-field ionization by laser pulses with large ellipticity', Physical Review A, vol. 91, 033409. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.91.033409

Raja, R & Kropp, A 2015, The Palmyra Portrait Project. in JM Álvarez, T Nogales & I Rodà (eds), Proceedings of the XVIIIth International Congress of Classical Archaeology, vol. II. : Centre and Periphery. vol. XVIII , CIAC, pp. 1223-1226.

Olsen, TV 2015, 'The paradox of active citizenship in diverse societies: Does compromising make it easier to include non-liberal minorities?', Paper presented at CONFERENCE ON COMPROMISE AND DISAGREEMENT, København, Denmark, 27/05/2015 - 29/05/2015.

Wahlgren, B 2015, The parallel adult education system: a Danish contribution to lifelong learning at university level. in J Yang, C Schneller & S Roche (eds), The role of higher education in promoting lifelong learning. UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning, Hamburg, pp. 164-174, The Role of the Universities in Promoting Lifelong Learning, Hamborg, Germany, 16/11/2012. <http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002335/233592e.pdf>

Sondergaard, S 2015, 'The parasympathetic system: a renewed role in goal-directed therapy', The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 3-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70298-X

Joergensen, MW , Labouriau, R , Hindkjaer, J , Stougaard, M, Kolevraa, S, Bolund, L , Agerholm, IE & Sunde, L 2015, 'The parental origin correlates with the karyotype of human embryos developing from tripronuclear zygotes', Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 14-21. https://doi.org/10.5653/cerm.2015.42.1.14

Nøjgaard, JK , Massling, A , Christensen, JH , Nordstrøm, C & Ellermann, T 2015, The particle project 2011-2013. Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE, no. 156. <http://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR156.pdf>

Klitgaard, MB, Schumacher, G & Soentken, M 2015, 'The Partisan Politics of Institutional Welfare State Reform', Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 948-966. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2014.978355

Hau, MF 2015 'The Past in the Present: Making history on the contemporary Catalan left' pp. 1-14.

Nielsen, M 2015, 'The Pataphysical State: Time, debt, and transfigured legalities in ‘The Spirit of the Laws in Mozambique’ ', HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory, vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 263–266. https://doi.org/10.14318/hau5.3.016

Dyring, R 2015, 'The Pathos and Postures of Freedom: Kierkegaardian Clues to a Philosophical Anthropology of the Ethical', Danish Yearbook of Philosophy, vol. 47, no. 2012, pp. 41-63.

Wurtz, M, Seibæk, L, Madsen, T & Haahr, A 2015, 'The Patient hotel – a transition to home', AUH Forskningssymposium 2015, Aarhus, Denmark, 20/11/2015.

Bager, L, Konradsen, H & Dreyer, PS 2015, 'The patient's experience of temporary paralysis from spinal anaesthesia, a part of total knee replacement', Journal of Clinical Nursing, vol. 24, no. 23-24, pp. 3503-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13007

Klinge, B, Flemming, T, Cosyn, J, de Bruyn, H, M. Eisner, B, Hultin, M, Isidor, F, Lang, NP, Lund, B, Meyle, J, Mombelli, A, Manuel Navarro, J, Pjetursson, B, Renvert, S & Schliephake, H 2015, 'The patient undergoing implant therapy. Summary and consensus statements. The 4th EAO Consensus Conference 2015', Clinical Oral Implants Research, vol. 26 , no. Suppl. 11, pp. 64-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/clr.12675

Koppel, JM & Berntsen, D 2015, 'The peaks of life: The differential temporal locations of the reminiscence bump across disparate cueing methods', Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 66-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2014.11.004

Damgaard, CK, The Perfect meal Charles Spence, 2015, Pictures, Video and sound recordings (digital). <https://youtu.be/rLXRmr1Rt1A>

Brix, J & Peters, LS 2015, 'The Performance-Improving Benefits of a Radical Innovation Initiative', International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 356-376. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-10-2014-0153

Danholt, P 2015, 'The performativity of STS', Paper presented at 4S Annual Meeting, Denver, Colorado, United States, 11/11/2015 - 14/11/2015.

Andersen, JL , Egholm, DL , Knudsen, MF , Jansen, J & Nielsen, SB 2015, 'The periglacial engine of mountain erosion – Part 1: Rates of frost cracking and frost creep', Earth Surface Dynamics, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 447-462. https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-3-447-2015

Egholm, DL , Andersen, JL , Knudsen, MF , Jansen, J & Nielsen, SB 2015, 'The periglacial engine of mountain erosion – Part 2: Modelling large-scale landscape evolution', Earth Surface Dynamics, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 463-482. https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-3-463-2015

Schorr, S & Warner, C 2015, The Photographed Gift: Participation, Relief Efforts, and Social Media. <http://www.culanth.org/fieldsights/734-the-photographed-gift-participation-relief-efforts-and-social-media>

Valance, A, Rasmussen, KR, El Moctar, AO & Dupont, P 2015, 'The physics of Aeolian sand transport', Comptes Rendus Physique, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 105-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crhy.2015.01.006

Ivarsson, T, Skarphedinsson, G, Kornør, H, Axelsdottir, B, Biedilæ, S, Heyman, I, Asbahr, F, Thomsen, PH, Fineberg, N, March, J & Accreditation Task Force of The Canadian Institute for Obsessive Compulsive Disorders 2015, 'The place of and evidence for serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) in children and adolescents: Views based on a systematic review and meta-analysis', Psychiatry Research, vol. 227, no. 1, pp. 93-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.01.015

Havelund, JF 2015, 'The plant mitochondrial proteome and its oxidative stress response', AU-Flakkebjerg.

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