Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Frederiksen, P, Tybirk, K (ed.) & Alrøe, HF (ed.) 2001, Indikatorer i landbrugslandskabet. in FØJO-rapport. Forskningscenter for Økologisk Jordbrug., Føjo-rapport, vol. 9/2001, pp. 17-24.

Jensen, PD, Jensen, FT, Christensen, T, Heickendorff, L, Jensen, LG & Ellegaard, J 2001, 'Indirect evidence for the potential ability of magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate the myocardial iron content in patients transfusional iron overload', Magma, vol. 12, no. 2-3, pp. 153-166.

Jensen, P-D, Jensen, FT, Christensen, T, Heickendorff, L, Jensen, LG & Ellegaard, J 2001, 'Indirect evidence for the potential ability of magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate the myocardial iron content in patients with transfusional iron overload', Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine, vol. 12, pp. 153-166.

Thrane, N, Olesen, C, Schønheyder, HC & Sørensen, HT 2001, 'Individual use of antibiotics and prevalence of beta-lactamase resistance among bacterial pathogens from middle ear fluid', Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol. 47, pp. 211-214.

Thrane, N, Olesen, C , Sørensen, HT & Schønheyder, HC 2001, 'Individual use of antibiotics and prevalence of ?-lactamase production among bacterial pathogens from middle ear fluid', Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 211-214.

Thodberg, K 2001, 'Individual variation in maternal behaviour of gilts and sows - effects of environment, experience and reactivity'.

Nielsen, BL , Kjær, JB & Giersing, M 2001, Indledende undersøgelser af aktivitet og hakkeadfærd hos strudsekyllinger (Struthio camelus): Konventionelt opdræt sammenholdt med opdræt på friland med voksne strudse.

Jørgensen, CM, Nielsen, CT, Nielsen, CT (ed.) & Jørgensen, CM (ed.) 2001, Indledning. in Historisk analyse - nye teorier og metoder. Roskilde Universitetsforlag, Roskilde, pp. 7-16.

Bertelsen, P , Høgh-Olesen, H & Katzenelson, B 2001, 'Indledning', Bulletin fra Forum For Antropologisk Psykologi, no. 9 (Temanummer: Hvad er antropologisk psykologi?), pp. 5-10.

Ingesman, P & Lindkvist, T 2001, Indledning. in Norden og Europa i middelalderen. Jysk Selskab for Historie, Århus, pp. 7-20.

Geertz, AW , Geertz, AW (ed.) & Ingesman, P (ed.) 2001, Indledning. in Det Teologiske Fakultet - Årbog 2000. Det Teologiske Fakultet, Århus, pp. 5-6.

Bøgestrand, J & Bøgestrand, J (ed.) 2001, Indledning. in Faglig rapport fra DMU. Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser, Aarhus Universitet, Faglig rapport fra DMU, vol. 378, pp. 9-11.

Olesen, TB 2001, 'Indledning i "Mødet med den europæiske jungle. National strategi og identitet i dansk europapolitik 1945-2000"', Jyske Historiker, vol. 93, pp. 5-12.

Fiig, C & Andersen, PT 2001, 'Indledning : køn og politik', Kvinder, Køn & Forskning, vol. 1, pp. 3-7.

Brock, S & Rasmussen, AM 2001, Indledning til Notesbog 11: Kierkegaards noter til F.W.J. Schellings forelæsninger om Philosophie der Offenbarung. in JG Cappelørn, J Knudsen & A McKinnon (eds), Søren Kierkegaards Skrifter 19. Gad, København, pp. 421-433.

Hansen, K 2001, 'Indretning af stalde til kvæg - Danske anbefalinger', Tværfaglig rapport. Landbrugets Rådgivningscenter, 3, 114 p, vol. 3, pp. 114-114.

Zhou, WJ, Nielsen, GL, Larsen, H & Olsen, J 2001, 'Induced abortion and placenta complications in the subsequent pregnancy', Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, vol. 80, no. 12, pp. 1115-1120. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0412.2001.801207.x

Che, Y, Zhou, WJ, Gao, E & Olsen, J 2001, 'Induced abortion and prematurity in a subsequent pregnancy: a study from Shanghai', Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 270-273.

Schousboe, LP, Rasmussen, LM & Ovesen, T 2001, 'Induction of mucin and adhesion molecules in middle ear mucosa', Acta Oto-Laryngologica, no. 121, pp. 596-601. https://doi.org/10.1080/000164801316878881

Jensen, BB 2001, 'Industrimad år 2010', Levnedsmiddelbladet, vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 12-14.

Smith, N 2001, 'Indvandreres integration på arbejdsmarkedet - udfordringer for det danske velfærdssamfund', Søkelys på arbeidslivet, vol. 18, pp. 101-110.

Smith, N 2001, 'Indvandringens udfordringer', Jyllands-Posten.

Sorensen, D, Fernando, R & Gianola, D 2001, 'Inferring the Trajectory of Genetic Variance in the Course of Artificial Selection', Genetics Research, vol. 77, pp. 83-94.

Kock, A 2001, 'Infinitesimal aspects of the Laplace operator', Theory and Applications of Categories, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1-16.

Thomsen, BS, Friis, J (ed.), Junker, P (ed.), Manniche, C (ed.) & Stengaard-Pedersen, K (ed.) 2001, Inflammatoriske muskelsygdomme. in Reumatologi. FADL's Forlag, København, pp. 425-434.

Hansen, PS, Madsen, PH, Petersen, SB & Nielsen, H 2001, 'Inflammatory activation of neutrophils by Helicobacter pylori; a mechanism insensitive to pertussis toxin', Clinical and Experimental Immunology, vol. 123, no. 1, pp. 73-80.

Perlin, P, Gorczyca, I, Suski, T, Wisniewski, P, Lepkowski, S, Christensen, NE , Svane, A, Hansen, M, DenBaars, SP, Damilano, B, Grandjean, N & Massies, J 2001, 'Inflence of Pressure on the Optical Properties of InGaN Epilayers and Quantum Structures', Physical Review B, vol. 64, pp. 115319-1-9.

Agnholt, J & Kaltoft, K 2001, 'Infliximab downregulates interferon-gamma production in activated gut T-lymphocytes from patients with Crohn's disease', Cytokine, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 212-222.

Agnholt, J & Kaltoft, K 2001, 'Infliximab downregulates interferon-γ production in activated gut T-lymphocytes from patients with Crohn's disease', Cytokine, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 212-222.

Hestbjerg, H, Willumsen, PA & Jacobsen, CS 2001, Influence of added Pleurotus ostreatus on the bioremediation of two PAC-contaminated soils. in Abstract, SETAC Europe Conference: Organic Soil Contaminants 2001. pp. 6-6, Influence of added Pleurotus ostreatus on the bioremediation of two PAC-contaminated soils, Copenhagen, Denmark, 02/09/2001.

Steiner, PD, Forrer, R, Kneissel, M, Gasser, JA, Thomsen, JS, Mosekilde, L & Riond, JL 2001, 'Influence of a low calcium and phosphorus diet on the anabolic effect of human parathyroid hormone (1-38) in female rats', Bone, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 344-351. https://doi.org/10.1016/S8756-3282(01)00506-3

nullP., L, Christensen, JS, Kuznetsov, AY, Svensson, BG & Nylandsted Larsen, A 2001, 'Influence of boron concentration on the enhanced diffusion observed after irradiation of boron delta-doped silicon at 570 degrees C', Nucl. Instrum. and Methods in Physics Research B, vol. 178, pp. 337-341.

Thrane, N, Olesen, C , Søndergaard, C , Mortensen, JT , Schønheyder, HC & Sørensen, HT 2001, 'Influence of Day Care Attendance on the Use of Systemic Antibiotics in 0 to 2-Year Old Children.', Pediatrics, vol. 107, no. 5, pp. E76.

Thrane, N, Olesen, C, Mortensen, JT, Søndergaard, C, Schønheyder, HC & Sørensen, HT 2001, 'Influence of day care attendance on the use of systemic antibiotics in 0- to 2-year-old children', Audio-Digest Pediatrics, vol. 107, no. 5, pp. 256-261. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.107.5.e76

Wu, Y, Graham, J & Ravnskov, S 2001, Influence of different AM fungi and phosphorus contents in soil on gene expression of invertaeses and synthetases in maize roots. in Third International Conference on Mycorrhiza, Adelaide, Australia..

Leth, M, Jensen, H-EK & Iversen, JJL 2001, 'Influence of different nitrogen sources on composting of Miscanthus in open and closed systems', Compost Science & Utilization, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 197-205.

Bach Knudsen, KE 2001, Influence of feed and feed structure on disease and welfare of pigs. in Proceedings from the Fourth NAHWOA Workshop (eds M. Hovi and T. Baars), Wageningen, NL, 24-27 March. pp. 169-180, Influence of feed and feed structure on disease and welfare of pigs, 18/12/2010.

Plaut, K, Maple, R, Cui, X & Purup, S 2001, 'Influence of feeding level and bovine somatotropin (bST) on transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ß) and its receptor in mammary tissue of growing heifers', Journal of Animal Science (suppl.), vol. 79, pp. 102-102.

Jensen, PK & Spliid, NH 2001, Influence of formulation and droplet size on loss of spray liquid to the soil below winter wheat and spring barley. in Proc of the Eighth symposium on the Chemistry and Fate of Modern Pesticides. pp. 136-136.

Barth, S, Melchinger, AE, Devezi-Savula, B & Lübberstedt, T 2001, 'Influence of genetic background and heterozygosity on recombination frequencies in Arabidopsis thaliana', Genome, vol. 44, pp. 971-978.

Eiland, F, Klamer, M, Lind, A-M, Leth, M & Bååth, E 2001, 'Influence of Initial C/N Ratio on Chemical and Microbial Composition during Long Term Composting of Straw', Microbial Ecology, vol. 41, pp. 272-280.

Klaas, IC, Wessels, U, Rothfuss, H & Schallenberger, E 2001, Influence of mastitis during the postpartum period on reproductive performance in commercial German dairy farms. in Book of Abstracts of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the EAAP, Budapest, Hungary, 26-29 August, p. 166, paper. pp. 4-4, Influence of mastitis during the postpartum period on reproductive performance in commercial German dairy farms, 18/12/2010.

Wang, K & Svensson, P 2001, 'Influence of methodological parameters on human jaw-stretch reflexes', European Journal of Oral Sciences, vol. 109, pp. 86-94.