Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Sinha, P 2025, 'Combining radiation and hyperthermia in pre-clinical models to improve cancer therapy', PhD, Aarhus University.

Vénica, CI, Solís, MA, Senovieski, ML, Vélez, MA, Spotti, MJ, Giménez, P, Rebechi, SR, Vinderola, G & Perotti, MC 2025, 'Combining Strategies for the Development of a Potentially Functional Yogurt: Structural, Physicochemical, and Microbiological Characterization', Food and Bioprocess Technology, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 3599-3609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-024-03674-9

Raja, R & Steding, J 2025, 'Come, Tell Me How You Live: a National Archaeology Outreach Programme in Denmark', Current World Archaeology, no. 129. <https://the-past.com/news/come-tell-me-how-you-live-a-national-archaeology-outreach-programme-in-denmark/>

Sun, H, Fan, L & Tybur, JM 2025, 'Comfort with microbe-sharing contact across the COVID-19 pandemic: testing behavioral immune system predictions', Evolution and Human Behavior, vol. 46, no. 5, 106710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106710

Nielsen, JV 2025, COMINT - Communications intelligence. in Den store danske. <https://lex.dk/COMINT_-_Communications_intelligence>

Daugbjerg, M 2025, Commemoration, Sacralization and Rehabilitation at Gettysburg. in I Saloul & B Baillie (eds), The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Cultural Heritage and Conflict. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 1-11. <https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-030-61493-5_81-1>

Roesdahl, E 2025, Commemorations - Niels Lund. Rikke Malmros. in S Nygaard, S Croix & SM Sindbæk (eds), Ritual Performance in the Viking Age. : Proceedings of the 39th Interdisciplinary Viking Symposium, 20th May 2022, Aarhus University. Aarhus Universitetsforlag, Aarhus, pp. 9-10.

Fillon, AA, Larigaldie, N & Brown, NJL 2025, 'Commentary on “Consumed by Creed”', Aggressive Behavior, vol. 51, no. 1, e70014. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.70014

Machiulskiene, V, Nyvad, B & Mendes, F 2025, 'Commentary on the Letter to the Editor Titled “Modifying Diagnostic Terminology May Promote Evidence-Based Care” by S.M.H. Nainar', Caries Research, pp. 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1159/000549772

Crenshaw, ML & Skakkebæk, A 2025, 'Comment From the Guest Editors', American Journal of Medical Genetics, Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics, vol. 199, no. 1, e32141. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.c.32141

Bech Vestergaard, S, Esbensen, BA, Midtgaard, J, Cromhout, PF, Aadahl, M, Glintborg, B & De Thurah, A 2025, 'Comment on: Associations between loneliness, disease activity and disease impact in inflammatory arthritis: A nationwide cross-sectional study among more than 12 000 patients: Reply', Rheumatology, vol. 64, no. 7, pp. 4442-4443. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keaf105

Luo, S & Shi, Z 2025, 'Comment on “Computing accurate bond dissociation energies of emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: Achieving chemical accuracy using connectivity-based hierarchy schemes”', Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 491, 137900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137900

Sandberg, K & Overgaard, M 2025, 'Comment on 'Criterion placement threatens the construct validity of neural measures of consciousness'', eLife, vol. 14. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.106963

Donskov, AO , Våben, CS, Nielsen, EL, Nielsen, AW , Hauge, EM & Keller, KK 2025, 'Comment on: "Real-world outcomes of a dedicated fast-track polymyalgia rheumatica clinic"', Rheumatology, vol. 64, no. 5, pp. 3210-3211. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keae633

Tougaard, J , Beedholm, K & Madsen, PT 2025, 'Comment on "Similar susceptibility to temporary hearing threshold shifts despite different audiograms in harbor porpoises and harbor seals" [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 155, 396-404 (2024)] (L)', The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 157, no. 1, pp. 538-541. https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0035452

Crenshaw, M & Skakkebæk, A 2025, 'Comments From the Guest Editors', American Journal of Medical Genetics, Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics, vol. 199, no. 2, pp. 49-50. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.c.32157

Britz, D & Strutwolf, J 2025, 'Comments on A. Eswari and L. Rajendran, “Mathematical Modeling of Cyclic Voltammetry for EC Reaction” in Russ. J. Electrochem. 47 (2011) 195 and “Mathematical Modeling of Cyclic Voltammetry for EC2 Reaction”, in Russ. J. Electrochem. 47 (2011) 205', Russian Journal of Electrochemistry, vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 239–242. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1023193525700041

Wilkins, CL, Christensen, JW, Doherty, O, Fenner, K, Freire, R, Henshall, C & McGreevy, P 2025, 'Comments on Clayton et al. (2024): Facial pressure beneath a cavesson noseband adjusted to different tightness levels during standing and chewing', Equine Veterinary Journal, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 1703-1710. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14548

Doherty, O, Fenner, K, Christensen, JW, McLean, A, Thomson, P, Uldahl, M & McGreevy, P 2025, 'Comments on MacKechnie-Guire et al. (2024):: Noseband type and tightness level affect pressure on the horse's face at trot', Equine Veterinary Journal, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 1714-1718. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14549

Gomes, SIL, Scott-Fordsmand, JJ & Amorim, MJB 2025, 'Commercial nano-enabled fertilizer: unveiling its mechanisms of toxicity in non-target soil invertebrate species using a high-throughput transcriptomics approach', Environmental Science: Nano, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 4096-4106. https://doi.org/10.1039/d5en00314h

Bruun, H & Lassen, JMM 2025, 'Commissioning content in Danish online public service media', Paper presented at NordMedia 2025, Odense, Denmark, 13/08/2025 - 15/08/2025.

Reaz, F, Traneus, E & Bassler, N 2025, 'Commissioning of a multislit collimator system for experimental pMBRT studies with uniform target dose', Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol. 70, no. 13, 135001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ade04b

Carrer, M, Dibona, R, Frigo, D, Gorlanova, L, Hantemirov, R, Unterholzner, L, Normand, S, Treier, UA & Prendin, AL 2025, 'Common juniper, the oldest nonclonal woody species across the tundra biome and the European continent', Ecology, vol. 106, no. 1, e4514, pp. e4514. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.4514

Nørby, KD, Melander-Nyboe, P, Pihl-Thingvad, J, Steinmetz, J & Gehrt, TB 2025, 'Common Mental Health Symptoms in Personnel Working in Helicopter Emergency Medical Services: A Systematic Review', Air Medical Journal, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 420-428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amj.2025.06.019

Saltafossi, M, Heck, D, Kluger, DS & Varga, S 2025, 'Common threads: Altered interoceptive processes across affective and anxiety disorders', Journal of Affective Disorders, vol. 369, pp. 244-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.09.135

Mehdi, A, Hassan, SJU, Haider, Z, Kim, HY & Hussain, A 2025, 'Communication-Less Data-Driven Coordination Technique for Hybrid AC/DC Transmission Networks', Energies, vol. 18, no. 6, 1416. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18061416

Nissen, M 2025, Community, Affectivity, Aesthetics. in Intersubjectivity of Affect and Social Change.

Nissen, J 2025, Community and Ethics in the Gospel of John. in G-MF (ed.), Horizons in Johannine Spirituality: Contemporary Biblical Studies for Exploring the Spirituality of the Johannine Writings Vol. 1. Aletheia - Ecole Saint Jean, Fley, pp. 155-171.

Cohen, D, Schulz-Forberg, H & Quilligan, J 2025, 'Community-based economics: A Conversation with Dagan Cohen', Global Perspectives, vol. 6, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.1525/gp.2025.147094

Shrestha, R , Adhikari, TB , Khatri, B, Neupane, D, Paudel, S, Nielsen, RØ , Skejø, SD, Vaidya, A & Kallestrup, P 2025, 'Community-based promotion of physical activity in Nepal: study protocol for a cluster-randomized controlled trial', Current Controlled Trials in Cardiovascular Medicine, vol. 26, no. 1, 170. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-025-08885-9

Lorenzon, M, Gheorghiade, P & Al-Sababha, H 2026, Community outreach and Preservation: Towards Future Research. in Social Complexity in Northern Jordan in the First Millennium BCE. Assessing Settlement Patterns through Archaeological Survey and Excavation. Bloomsbury Academic, United Kingdom.

Cedzyński, M, Vorup-Jensen, T, Okrój, M & St Swierzko, A (eds) 2025, Community series in the role of complement in health and disease, volume II. Frontiers Media S.A. https://doi.org/10.3389/978-2-8325-6663-3

Hübel, C, Johansson, T, Mundy, J, Lin, Y, Petersen, LV, Isomaa, R & Birgegård, A 2025, 'Comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder complicates eating disorder treatment: A nationwide study', Psychiatry Research, vol. 351, 116563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116563

Asif, MR , Kass, MA, Herpe, M, Rawlinson, Z, Westerhoff, R, Larsen, JJ & Christiansen, AV 2025, 'Comparative analysis of deep learning and traditional airborne electromagnetic data processing: A case study', Geophysics, vol. 90, no. 3, pp. WA103-WA112. https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2024-0282.1

Liu, H, Wang, W, Peng, W, Chen, A, Diao, X, Yang, X, Chai, J, Yang, Y, Wang, K, Han, J & Zhou, H 2025, 'Comparative Analysis of Fecal Microbiota and Metabolomic Profiles in Male and Female Leizhou Goats Offered a 10% Crude Protein Diet Among Four Energy Levels', Animals, vol. 15, no. 15, 2174. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15152174

Andersen, CG , Bavnhøj, L , Brag, S , Bohush, A , Chrenková, A , Driller, JH & Pedersen, BP 2025, 'Comparative analysis of STP6 and STP10 unravels molecular selectivity in sugar transport proteins', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 122, no. 17, e2417370122. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2417370122

Liang, W, Herburger, K, Guo, K, Kirkensgaard, JJK, Hebelstrup, KH, Persson, S, Chen, S, Zhong, Y, Blennow, A & Ding, L 2025, 'Comparative analysis of supplemental irrigation effects on structure and digestion of normal and amylose-only barley starches', Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 370, 124378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124378

Bällgren, F, Svane, N, Ginosyan, A, Pedersen, ABV, Li, S, Mahajan, J, Nielsen, MS, Brodin, B & Loryan, I 2025, 'Comparative analysis of the uptake of the H⁺/OC antiporter substrate oxycodone across and into brain endothelial and parenchymal cells with in vitro–in vivo extrapolation', Fluids and Barriers of the CNS, vol. 22, no. 1, 109. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12987-025-00726-w

Lopez-Rodulfo, IM, Stentoft, EW & Martinez, MM 2025, 'Comparative assessment of polyphenol bioaccessibility in cold-pressed apple fractions using static and semi-dynamic digestion models', Food Research International, vol. 202, 115743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2025.115743

Schwarz, CW, Rasmussen, MK , Bertelsen, T , Iversen, L, Skov, L & Loft, N 2025, 'Comparative Cancer Risk in Patients With Psoriasis Treated With Adalimumab, Secukinumab, or Ustekinumab', JAMA Dermatology. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2025.3928

Keck, MK, Tietze, A, Bison, B, Avula, S, Engelhardt, J, Faure-Conter, C, Fenouil, T, Figarella-Branger, D, Goebell, E, Gojo, J, Haberler, C, Hakumäki, J, Hayden, JT, Korhonen, LS, Koscielniak, E, Kramm, CM, Kranendonk, MEG, Lequin, M, Ludlow, LE, Meyronet, D, Nyman, P, Øra, I, Perwein, T, Pesola, J, Rauramaa, T, Reddingius, R, Samuel, D, Schouten-van Meeteren, AYN, Sexton-Oates, A, Vasiljevic, A, von Kalle, T, Wefers, AK, Wesseling, P, Zamecnik, J, Zapotocky, M, von Hoff, K & Jones, DTW 2025, 'Comparative Clinical and Imaging-Based Evaluation of Therapeutic Modalities in CNS Embryonal Tumours With PLAGL Amplification', Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, vol. 51, no. 2, e70015. https://doi.org/10.1111/nan.70015

Thygesen, M 2025, 'Comparative Dramaturgy as a way of teaching contemporary Practices'.

Abedi, AA, Svensson, JM, Pedersen, AB, Varnum, C, Nielsen, SM, Laigaard, JH, Christensen, R & Overgaard, S 2025, 'Comparative effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing serious adverse events after primary total hip arthroplasty: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized trials', Acta Orthopaedica, vol. 96, pp. 640-649. https://doi.org/10.2340/17453674.2025.44482

Hansen, LS, Bouwman, AC, Sahana, G , Slagboom, M , Nielsen, HM & Ellen, ED 2025, 'Comparative evaluation of phenotypic, pedigree, and family-based selection in insect breeding using stochastic simulation', Animal, vol. 19, no. 4, 101475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2025.101475

Zhou, H, Clark, E, Guan, D, Lagarrigue, S, Fang, L, Cheng, H, Tuggle, CK, Kapoor, M, Wang, Y, Giuffra, E & Egidy, G 2025, 'Comparative Genomics and Epigenomics of Transcriptional Regulation', Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 73-98. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-111523-102217

Katua, K, Kitundu, GL, Gachanja, PW, Musangi, CR, Juma, BS, Mukhebi, DW, Kibiti, CM, Swaleh, S & Mbinda, WM 2025, 'Comparative genomics of aflatoxigenic A. flavus reveals mycotoxin diversity and postharvest adaptation in cashew nuts from coastal Kenya', Scientific Reports, vol. 15, no. 1, 42332. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-26433-y

Winkel, E 2025, 'Comparative Imaging – Adapting imaging tools beyond the clinic: A methodological challenge.', PhD, Aarhus University.

Kataya, A, Nascimento, JRS, Xu, C, Garneau, MG, Koley, S, Kimberlin, A, Mukherjee, T, Mooney, BP, Xu, D, Bates, PD, Allen, DK, Koo, AJ & Thelen, JJ 2025, 'Comparative Omics Reveals Unanticipated Metabolic Rearrangements in a High-Oil Mutant of Plastid Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase', Journal of Proteome Research, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 2675-2688. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c00947

Burau, V 2025, 'Comparative Perspectives on Health Governance as Political Practice: A Commentary', HealthcarePapers, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 24-28. https://doi.org/10.12927/hcpap.2025.27704

Dai, D, Si, J, Jiang, L, Han, B, Wang, K, Wang, X, Yan, S, Yin, Y, Chen, W, Mao, H, Pauciullo, A, Li, ST, Fang, L & Zhang, Y 2025, 'Comparative Single-Cell Transcriptomic Landscape Reveals the Regulatory Mechanisms of Lactation during Selective Breeding in Asian Water Buffalo', Advanced Science, vol. 12, no. 37, e08847. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202508847

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Revised 08.12.2025

Lise Refstrup Linnebjerg Pedersen