Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Bossen, C, Chen, Y & Pine, KH 2019, 'Information Infrastructures in healthcare and emergent data work occupations: The case of medical scribes and CDIS', Paper presented at 7th International Conference on Infrastructures in Healthcare, Wien, Austria, 30/05/2019 - 31/05/2019. https://doi.org/10.18420/ihc2019_014

Beheshti, N, Racine, JS & Soofi, ES 2019, 'Information measures of kernel estimation', Econometric Reviews, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 47-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/07474938.2016.1222236

Patnaik, B, Batch, A & Elmqvist, N 2019, 'Information olfactation: Harnessing scent to convey data', IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 25, no. 1, 8444077, pp. 726-736. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2018.2865237

Konzag, H & Mathiassen, L 2019, 'Information Systems Use in Shift Work', Paper presented at HITS - Pre-ICIS, Munich, Germany, 15/12/2019 - 15/12/2019.

Bozorgtabar, B, Mahapatra, D, von Teng, H, Pollinger, A, Ebner, L, Thiran, J-P & Reyes, M 2019 'Informative sample generation using class aware generative adversarial networks for classification of chest Xrays'.

Friedrichsdorf, SP, Chavez, VEA, Bradaschia-Correa, V, Cattaneo, PM & Dominguez, GC 2019, 'Infrared Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Effects on Orthodontic Tooth Movement', Brazilian Dental Journal, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 410-416. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201902416

Pool, M, Eertman, T, Sierra Parraga, J, 't Hart, N, Roemeling-van Rhijn, M, Eijken, M , Jespersen, B, Reinders, M, Hoogduijn, M, Ploeg, R, Leuvenink, H & Moers, C 2019, 'Infusing Mesenchymal Stromal Cells into Porcine Kidneys during Normothermic Machine Perfusion: Intact MSCs Can Be Traced and Localised to Glomeruli', International Journal of Molecular Sciences , vol. 20, no. 14, 3607. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20143607

Baunvig, KF 2019, 'Ingen nytårsforsæt - slet ingen fitness', Kristeligt Dagblad, vol. Sektion 1, pp. 10-10. <https://www.kristeligt-dagblad.dk/kommentar/ingen-nytaarsforsaet-slet-ingen-fitness>

Kjerkegaard, S 2019, Ingen panik og et mindre forsøg på at læse Inger Christensen. in Særnummer. Inger Christensen. Københavns Universitet, Trappe tusind, no. Særnummer maj, vol. 2019 , pp. 55-60.

Djuve, VL, Knutsen, CH & Wig, T 2019, 'Ingen regimer varer evig', VG. <https://www.vg.no/nyheter/meninger/i/rAOxx0/ingen-regimer-varer-evig>

Boelt, B 2019, 'Ingen sikker effekt af vækstregulering med nye midler', Froeavleren, no. 1, pp. 22-23. <https://froeavleren.e-pages.pub/titles/froeavleren/4732>

Kanstrup, N & Balsby, TJS 2019, 'Ingested shot in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) after the regulation of lead shot for hunting in Denmark', European Journal of Wildlife Research, vol. 65, 42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-019-1278-2

Bertram, HCS & Thøgersen, R 2019, 'Ingrediensindustrien kan hjælpe sundere kødprodukter på vej', Dansk Kemi, vol. 100, no. 2, pp. 14-16.

Skovdal, SM , Christiansen, SH , Johansen, KS , Viborg, O , Bruun, NH , Jensen-Fangel, S , Holm, IE , Vorup-Jensen, T & Petersen, E 2019, 'Inhaled nebulized glatiramer acetate against Gram-negative bacteria is not associated with adverse pulmonary reactions in healthy, young adult female pigs', PLoS One, vol. 14, no. 10, e0223647. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223647

Rasmussen, P , Spillner, E & Hoffmann, HJ 2019, 'Inhibiting phosphatase SHIP-1 enhances suboptimal IgE-mediated activation of human blood basophils but inhibits IgE-mediated activation of cultured human mast cells', Immunology Letters, vol. 210, pp. 40-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2019.04.003

Andersen, LW , Holmberg, MJ, Berg, KM, Donnino, MW & Granfeldt, A 2019, 'In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Review', JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 321, no. 12, pp. 1200-1210. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.1696

Glerup Lauridsen, K, Nadkarni, V & Løfgren, B 2019, 'In-hospital resuscitation team composition: Are three heads really better than six?', Journal of Critical Care, vol. 51, pp. 221-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2019.01.017

Basart, S, Benedictow, A, Bennouna, Y, Blechschmidt, A-M, Chabrillat, S, Christophe, Y, Cuevas, E, Eskes, HJ, Hansen, KM , Im, U, Kapsomenakis, J, Langerock, B, Schulz, M, Sudarchikova, N, Wagner, A & Zerefos, C 2019, Initial assessment of the CAMS global reanalysis for reactive gases and aerosols, January-June 2019.

Yanagi, Y, Abdullah Al Masud, HM, Watanabe, T, Sato, Y, Goshima, F, Kimura, H & Murata, T 2019, 'Initial characterization of the Epstein–Barr virus BSRF1 gene product', Viruses, vol. 11, no. 3, 285. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11030285

Kjeldsen, AM & Bækgaard, M 2019, 'Initiating Successful Collaboration? Collaborative Governance Impacts of Being European Capital of Culture', Paper presented at EGPA conference 2019, Belfast, 11/09/2019 - 13/09/2019 pp. 1-17.

Vos, BJPR, Dubois, AEJ, Rauber, MM, Pfützner, W, Miehe, M, Bohle, B, Möbs, C & Oude Elberink, JNG 2019, 'Initiating yellow jacket venom immunotherapy with a 100-μg dose: A challenge?', The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 1332-1334.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2018.09.005

Skajaa, N , Szépligeti, SK , Horváth-Puhó, E, Ghanima, W, Hansen, J-B & Sørensen, HT 2019, 'Initiation of statins and risk of venous thromboembolism: Population-based matched cohort study', Thrombosis Research, vol. 184, pp. 99-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2019.11.003

Amagat, J & Chen, M 2019, 'Injectable PLCL/gelatin core-shell nanofibers support noninvasive 3D delivery of stem cells', International Journal of Pharmaceutics, vol. 568, no. September, 118566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118566

Elfeki, H, Sørensen, MJ, Pedersen, AG, Lundby, L & Haas, S 2019, 'Injection of freshly collected autologous adipose tissue for treatment of a non-healing sacrococcygeal pilonidal disease patient: a video vignette', Colorectal Disease, vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 1341. https://doi.org/10.1111/codi.14806

Elfeki, H, Hougaard, HT, Duelund-Jakobsen, J & Lundby, L 2019, 'Injection of freshly collected autologous adipose tissue for treatment of perianal fistula in a patient with Crohn's disease a video vignette', Colorectal Disease, vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 981-982. https://doi.org/10.1111/codi.14663

Blomberg, SNF, Rosenkrantz, OCM, Lippert, F & Collatz Christensen, H 2019, 'Injury from electric scooters in Copenhagen: A retrospective cohort study', BMJ Open, vol. 9, no. 12, e033988. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033988

Wiese, C, Keil, D, Rasmussen, AS & Olesen, R 2019, 'Injury in yoga asana practice: Assessment of the risks', Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 479-488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2018.09.151

Duus-Otterström, G & Kelly, EI 2019, 'Injustice and the right to punish', Philosophy Compass, vol. 14, no. 2, 12565. https://doi.org/10.1111/phc3.12565

Skovlund, H 2019, Inklusion af børn med ADHD og ASF diagnoser. in AG Holtoug (ed.), Inklusion og eksklusion: en grundbog. Hans Reitzels Forlag, København, pp. 387-404.

Petersen, KE & Hedegaard Hansen, J 2019, Inklusion og eksklusion: en grundbog. 1. udgave edn, Hans Reitzels Forlag, København.

Hedegaard-Sørensen, L 2019, Inklusion og eksklusion. in T Vikær Andersen (ed.), Social- og specialpædagogik på pædagoguddannelsen. Hans Reitzels Forlag, København, pp. 88-102.

Nielsen, S 2019, 'In-memoriam: Deny Arnos Kwary 1 January 1975 – 4 June 2019', Kernerman Dictionary News, vol. 27.

Jørgensen, KA 2019, 'In My Element: Love Lies in Carbon', Chemistry - A European Journal, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 1117. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201804626

Meer, MT, Dillion, R, Nielsen, SM , Walther, R , Meyer, RL, Daamen, WF, Van Den Heuvel, LP, Van Der Vliet, JA, Lomme, RMLM, Hoogeveen, YL, Schultze Kool, LJ, Schaffer, JE & Zelikin, AN 2019, 'Innate glycosidic activity in metallic implants for localized synthesis of antibacterial drugs', Chemical Communications, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 443-446. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cc08737g

Dabrosin, N , Sloth Juul, K , Bæhr Georgsen, J , Andrup, S , Schmidt, H , Steiniche, T , Heide Øllegaard, T & Bønnelykke Behrndtz, L 2019, 'Innate immune cell infiltration in melanoma metastases affects survival and is associated with BRAFV600E mutation status', Melanoma Research, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 30-37. https://doi.org/10.1097/CMR.0000000000000515

Sayilekshmy, M, Hansen, RB, Delaissé, JM , Rolighed, L , Andersen, TL & Heegaard, AM 2019, 'Innervation is higher above Bone Remodeling Surfaces and in Cortical Pores in Human Bone: Lessons from patients with primary hyperparathyroidism', Scientific Reports, vol. 9, no. 1, 5361. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41779-w

Thrysøe, SA 2019, 'Innovation Boot Camp - Teaching Innovation in a Summer School Setting'.

Hölzle, K, Björk, J & Boer, H 2019, '“Innovation has a lot to do with your ability to recognise surprising and unusual phenomena.”―Herbert Simon', Creativity and Innovation Management, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 423-424. https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12349

Darsø, L 2019, Innovationspædagogik: kunsten at fremelske innovationskompetence. 2. edn, Samfundslitteratur, København.

Nørskov, S, Antorini, YM & Jensen, MB 2019, Innovative brand community members and their willingness to share ideas with companies. in A Brem, J Tidd & T Daim (eds), Managing Innovation: Understanding and Motivating Crowds. vol. 32, World Scientific, Series on Technology Management, vol. 32, pp. 145–169. https://doi.org/10.1142/9781786346490_0006

Aagaard, A 2019, 'Innovative medarbejdere trives ikke med overdreven målstyring. De vil påvirke deres job og udleve deres idéer', Jyllands-Posten.

Sun, H, Zhang, Y, Wu, S, Dong, R & Angelidaki, I 2019, 'Innovative operation of microbial fuel cell-based biosensor for selective monitoring of acetate during anaerobic digestion', Science of the Total Environment, vol. 655, no. March, pp. 1439-1447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.336

Gomes-Jr, L, Taninaka, IM, Rosa, M, Fonseca, K & Lucani Rötter, DE 2019, 'Inout Secure DB: Maximizing Security for Data INside and OUTside the Database', Journal of Data and Information Science, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 3-15. <https://periodicos.ufmg.br/index.php/jidm/article/view/12172>

Lind, M, Vanwoerden, S, Penner, F & Sharp, C 2019, 'Inpatient adolescents with borderline personality disorder features: Identity diffusion and narrative incoherence', Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 389-393. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000338

D'Arenzo, G, Casagrande, D, Reynolds, T & Fossetti, M 2019, 'In-plane elastic flexibility of cross laminated timber floor diaphragms', Construction and Building Materials, vol. 209, pp. 709-724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.060

Kumar, RR, Raevskaia, M, Pogoretskii, V, Jiao, Y & Ki Tsang, HK 2019, 'InP membrane micro-ring resonator for generating heralded single photons', Journal of Optics, vol. 21, no. 11, 115201. https://doi.org/10.1088/2040-8986/ab48d0

Bulbulia, J, Wildman, WJ, Schjoedt, U & Sosis, R 2019, 'In praise of descriptive research', Religion, Brain and Behavior, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 219-220. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2019.1631630

Cole, R 2019, 'In Pursuit of an Æsirist Ideology', Viking and Medieval Scandinavia, vol. 15, pp. 65-101.

Gabbett, TJ, Nielsen, RO , Bertelsen, ML, Bittencourt, NFN, Fonseca, ST, Malone, S, Møller, M, Oetter, E, Verhagen, E & Windt, J 2019, 'In pursuit of the 'Unbreakable' Athlete: What is the role of moderating factors and circular causation?', British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 53, no. 7, pp. 394-395. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099995

Spasaro, M & Zito, D 2019, Input Integrated Matching in RF LNA with Inductive Degeneration in Low-Power Regime. in 2018 25th IEEE International Conference on Electronics Circuits and Systems, ICECS 2018., 8618001, IEEE, pp. 825-828, 25th IEEE International Conference on Electronics Circuits and Systems, Bordeaux, France, 09/12/2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICECS.2018.8618001

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Revised 08.12.2025

Lise Refstrup Linnebjerg Pedersen