Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Valli, D, Ooi, SA, Kaya, I, Thomassen, AB, Chaudhary, H, Weidner, T, Andrén, PE & Maj, M 2025, 'Cryo-Electron Microscopy Provides Mechanistic Insights into Solution-Dependent Polymorphism and Cross-Aggregation Phenomena of the Human and Rat Islet Amyloid Polypeptides', Biochemistry, vol. 64, no. 12, pp. 2583-2595. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biochem.5c00042

Gadeberg, TAF , Jørgensen, MH , Olesen, HG , Lorentzen, J , Harwood, SL, Almeida, AV, Fruergaard, MU , Jensen, RK, Kanis, P, Pedersen, H, Tranchant, E, Petersen, SV , Thøgersen, IB, Kragelund, BB, Lyons, JA , Enghild, JJ & Andersen, GR 2025, 'Cryo-EM analysis of complement C3 reveals a reversible major opening of the macroglobulin ring', Nature Structural and Molecular Biology, vol. 32, no. 5, 872536, pp. 884-895. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41594-024-01467-4

Jensen, RK , Miehe, M , Gandini, R , Jørgensen, MH , Spillner, E & Andersen, GR 2025, 'Cryo-EM Structure of FcεRI Bound IgE Reveals Multiple Defined Conformations of the Fab-Fc Hinge', Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.70132

Lindkvist, TT , Rasmussen, AP , Klinkby, N , Andersen, LH & Nielsen, SB 2025, 'Cryogenic Ion Spectroscopy of the Ortho Green Fluorescent Protein Chromophore Anion', Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, vol. 16, no. 51, pp. 13277-13283. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.5c03293

Mourot, R, Roddatis, V, Anesio, AM , Tranter, M & Benning, LG 2025, 'Cryo multi-scale microscopy visualization tools for studying microbial communities on glacier surfaces', Frontiers of Earth Science, vol. 13, 1572881. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2025.1572881

Martin, BAS, Chrysochou, P, Strong, CA & Mills, AJ 2025, 'Cryptocurrency Research: A Conceptual Model for Future Research', Psychology and Marketing, vol. 42, no. 11, pp. 2996-3004. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.70020

Kammereck, S, Bousrez, G, Renier, O, Paterlini, V, Smetana, V & Mudring, AV 2025, 'Crystal chemistry and luminescence properties of tetrabutylphosphonium tetrakis(8-quinolinato)lanthanidate [P₄₄₄₄][Ln(Q)₄]·2X (X = H₂O and (CH₃)₂CO)', New Journal of Chemistry, vol. 49, no. 38, pp. 16493-16500. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4nj03697b

Li, J, Zhou, X, Brochu, M, Chekir, N, Sixsmith, JJ & Zhao, YF 2025, 'Crystal introducing mechanism in laser wire directed energy deposition fabricated Ti6Al4V', Progress in Additive Manufacturing, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 1231-1241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-024-00701-1

Smetana, V, Bolla, G, Hiti, EA, Wineinger, H, Mudring, AV & Rogers, RD 2025, 'Crystallographic Snapshots of Pre- and Post-Lanthanide Halide Hydrolysis─Reaction Products Captured by the 4-Amino-1,2,4-triazole Ligand', Crystal Growth and Design, vol. 25, no. 15, pp. 6421-6428. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.5c00835

Andersen, HL, Saura-Múzquiz, M, Granados-Miralles, C, Klemmt, R , Bøjesen, ED & Christensen, M 2025, 'Crystal/magnetic structure and cation inversion in hydrothermally synthesized MnFe₂O₄, CoFe₂O₄, NiFe₂O₄, and ZnFe₂O₄ nanoparticles: a neutron powder diffraction study', CrystEngComm, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 850-864. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ce01001a

Vosegaard, ES 2025, 'Crystal Structures and Chemical Bonding in Materials Chemistry', PhD, Aarhus University.

Sørensen, KE 2025, CSDDD and Groups of Companies. https://blogs.law.ox.ac.uk/.

Høvring, CM 2025, CSR som Creating Shared Value (CSV) fra et kommunikativt perspektiv. in L Schmeltz & AK Kjeldsen (eds), Kommunikation af samfundsansvar: En grundbog. Samfundslitteratur, Frederiksberg, pp. 57-79.

Rosenlund, L, Guldbrandsen, K, Ahlborn, LB, Bloch, M, Skougaard, K, Albrecht-Beste, E, Nellemann, HM, Krakauer, M, Gørtz, PM, Fledelius, J, Nielsen, AL, Holdgaard, PC, Nielsen, SS, Grüner, JM, Højsgaard, A, Petersen, RH, Møller, LB, Dahl, M, Frank, MS, Ehlers, JH, Saghir, Z, Pøhl, M, Borissova, S, Land, LH, Kristiansen, C, McCulloch, T, Mortensen, LS, Christophersen, MS, Hilberg, O, Rasmussen, TL, Simonsen Schwaner, SH, Laursen, CB, Bodtger, U, Lonsdale, MN, Meyer, CN, Gerke, O, Mortensen, J, Rasmussen, TR , Hjorthaug, K, Larsen, KR, Meldgaard, P, Fischer, BM & Sorensen, BS 2025, 'ctDNA can detect minimal residual disease in curative treated non-small cell lung cancer patients using a tumor agnostic approach', Lung Cancer, vol. 203, 108528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2025.108528

Powles, T, Kann, AG, Castellano, D, Gross-Goupil, M, Nishiyama, H, Bracarda, S, Bjerggaard Jensen, J, Makaroff, L, Jiang, S, Ku, JH, Park, SH, Reig Torras, O, Ye, D, Maruzzo, M, Necchi, A, Morales-Barrera, R, Giunta, EF, Lee, JL, Tortora, G, Ürün, Y, Dolowy, L, Erdem, D, Pinto, A, Grando, F, Zou, W, Assaf, ZJ, Vuky, J, Degaonkar, V, Steinberg, EE, Bellmunt, J, Gschwend, JE & IMvigor011 Investigators 2025, 'ctDNA-Guided Adjuvant Atezolizumab in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer', The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 393, no. 24, pp. 2395-2408. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2511885

Dyrskjøt, L 2025, 'ctDNA-Guided Therapy in Bladder Cancer - Ready?', The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 393, no. 24, pp. 2470-2471. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe2514185

Junker, T, Stage, N, Thorlund, MG, Rasmussen, BSB, Mussmann, BR, Nielsen, TK, Johansen, JK & Graumann, O 2025, 'CT-Guided Percutaneous Cryoablation of Small Renal Masses: General Anesthesia Versus Conscious Sedation with Dexmedetomidine', Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, vol. 48, no. 10, pp. 1447-1454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00270-025-04079-7

Lakic, B, Beh, C, Sarkar, S, Yap, S-L, Cardoso, P, Valery, C, Hung, A, Jones, NC , Hoffmann, SV, Blanch, EW, Dyett, B & Conn, CE 2025, 'Cubosome lipid nanocarriers for delivery of ultra-short antimicrobial peptides', Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 677, no. Pt A, pp. 1080-1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2024.07.232

Fjaeldstad, AW 2025, 'Culinary cure? Improved subjective and measured sense of smell after a cooking rehabilitation program for patients with smell loss', International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, vol. 39, 101121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgfs.2025.101121

Heidarpoor, P, Katibeh, M, Shahmizad, M & Kalantarion, M 2025, 'Cultivating Connections: Leveraging Mobile Health to Enhance Online Health Community Engagement', International Journal of Community Based Nursing and Midwifery, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 164-166. https://doi.org/10.30476/ijcbnm.2025.104216.2616

Gylling-Andersen, T 2025, 'Cultivating Cultures of Care within Communities of Children in Schools – Exploring the Interdependence of Children’s Collective and Individual Development', Human Arenas. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42087-025-00472-3

Gylling-Andersen, T 2025, 'Cultivating Cultures of Care within Communities of Children – Towards a Caring Alternative to Neoliberal Rationalities in Western Education', PhD, Aarhus University.

Bruhn, A , Boderskov, T, Nielsen, MM, Schmedes, PS, Taylor, D, Høgslund, S, Hermannsen, L, Holding, J , Mostovaya, A , Christiansen, FS , Pedersen, SG , Vinbæk, SJ , Holst, N , Christiansen, SL & Ehrenreich, JL 2025, Cultivation of sugar kelp as a marine measure for mitigating eutrophication: Production in large-scale, nutrient removal efficiency, environmental impacts, and economy. Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, no. 663, vol. 2025, Aarhus University, DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy. <https://dce.au.dk/fileadmin/dce.au.dk/Udgivelser/Videnskabelige_rapporter_600-699/SR663.pdf>

Nørgård, RT , Holflod, K , Eriksson, E & Hansen, EA 2025, 'Cultural Game Jams: Inclusive, pluriversal, and transversal design approaches in game jams', Paper presented at NordMedia 2025, Odense, Denmark, 13/08/2025 - 15/08/2025.

Eriksson, E, Costa, CE, Goncalves, M, Nunes, I, Groen, M, Niederer, S, Holflod, K & Nørgard, RT 2025, Cultural Game Jams with Youth: A Multiple-Site Case Study. in N Yamashita, V Evers, K Yatani & X Ding (eds), CHI EA 2025 - Extended Abstracts of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems., 666, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, pp. 1-8, CHI '25: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Yokohama, Japan, 26/04/2025. https://doi.org/10.1145/3706599.3706667

Martin, F, Kalisa, J, Isingizwe, BB, Gashugi, Y, Cheonga, F, Ishimwe, E, Uwizeye, P, Wicker, S, Ong, SY, Gishoma, D & Sezibera, V 2025, 'Culturally and structurally embedded pathways to youth self-harm in Rwanda: perspectives from young people, parents, and healthcare providers', BMC Psychology, vol. 13, no. 1, 1394. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03676-y

Kolind, T, Allaste, AA, Cuomo, G, Fabricius, VA & Rolando, S 2025, 'Culturally informed risk perceptions among young adult drinkers in Denmark, Estonia and Italy', Health, Risk and Society, vol. 27, no. 1-2, pp. 89-106. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698575.2025.2456272

Ozer, S & Schwartz, SJ 2025, 'Cultural Orientation, Social Support, and Discrimination in regard to Adjustment among Foreign Workers in Denmark', Nordic Psychology, vol. 77, no. 2, pp. 126-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2024.2310814

Jacobs, E, Wei, C, Erbe, C & Mann, J 2025, 'Cultural transmission of animal tool use driven by trade-offs: insights from sponge-using dolphins', Royal Society Open Science, vol. 12, no. 7, 241900. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.241900

Iversen, R & Riede, F 2025, Culture change in archaeology. in M Robbeets & M Hudson (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Archaeology and Language. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 156-168. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192868350.013.35

Larsen, AH, Dam Christensen, H & Sørensen, AS 2025, 'CultureSustain. Et netværks tilblivelse, udvikling og resultater', Nordisk Museologi/The Journal Nordic Museology , vol. 39, no. 2025. Nr. 2, pp. 10-21. https://doi.org/10.5617/nm.13179

Viola, TW, Giuberti, P, Garcia, MG, Baldi, BBC, Berlaver, ST, Lodi, MA, Machado, GC & Grassi-Oliveira, R 2025, 'Cumulative effects of severe childhood maltreatment and flood-related residential displacement on PTSD risk among pregnant women in southern Brazil', Child Abuse and Neglect, vol. 170, 107765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2025.107765

Andersen, JW , Troelsen, FS , Haldrup, D , Krogh, K, Hart, A & Dige, A 2025, 'Cumulative incidence and risk factors for advanced neoplasia following inflammatory bowel disease-related low-grade dysplasia: a Danish nationwide cohort study', Journal of Crohn's and Colitis, vol. 19, no. 12, jjaf219. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaf219

Stormlund, S, Sopa, N, Zedeler, A, Bogstad, J, Prætorius, L, Nielsen, HS, Klajnbard, A, Englund, ALM, Kitlinski, ML, Freiesleben, NLC, Polyzos, NP, Bergh, C, Humaidan, P, Andersen, AN, Løssl, K & Pinborg, A 2025, 'Cumulative live birth rates in a freeze-all or fresh transfer strategy after one ART cycle in ovulatory women', Reproductive Biomedicine, vol. 50, no. 6, 104449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2024.104449

Akerkar, A, Rønn, PF, Kosjerina, V, Hansen, CS, Hulman, A, Persson, F, Rasmussen, A, Rossing, P & Ahluwalia, TS 2025, 'Cumulative risk of diabetic foot complications in risk groups of type 1 and type 2 diabetes: Real-world evidence from a 22-year follow-up study', Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 2284-2287. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.16200

Lipperman-Kreda, S, Sanders, E, Peach, J, Brantley, S, Hunt, G & Antin, TMJ 2025, 'Cumulative Social Disadvantage and Medicinal Cannabis Use among Younger Adults in Rural Communities: A Mixed Methods Approach', Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2025.2449919

Baun, AM, Iranzo, A, Terkelsen, MH , Stokholm, MG , Stær, K, Serradell, M, Otto, M , Svendsen, KB, Garrido, A, Vilas, D, Santamaria, J, Møller, A, Gaig, C, Brooks, DJ , Borghammer, P, Tolosa, E, Eskildsen, SF & Pavese, N 2025, 'Cuneus atrophy and Parkinsonian phenoconversion in cognitively unimpaired patients with isolated REM sleep behavior disorder', Journal of Neurology, Supplement, vol. 272, no. 1, 59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-024-12762-x

Tyżlik-Carver, M 2025, 'Curating Data: activating critical curatorial practices against data determinism', 10th STS Italia Conference. Technoscience for Good, Milan, Italy, 11/06/2025 - 13/06/2025 pp. 480-1.

Tyżlik-Carver, M & Krysa, J (eds) 2025, Curating Superintelligences: Reader on AI and Future Curating. DATA Browser, vol. 10, Open Humanities Press. <https://www.data-browser.net/pdf/DB10_Curating_Superintelligences.pdf>

Mengozzi, A, Bot, F, Uysal-Unalan, I & Chiavaro, E 2025, 'Cured meat packaging: A whole system approach to the food product centric packaging solutions', Food Research International, vol. 221, no. Part 1, 117112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117112

Steglich-Petersen, A & Varga, S 2025, 'Curiosity and zetetic style in ADHD', Philosophical Psychology, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 897-921. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2023.2227217

Nijkamp, J, Knäusl, B, Aznar, M, Georg, D, Thorwarth, D, Thwaites, D, Muren, LP & van der Heide, UA 2025, 'Current advances in automation in radiotherapy', Radiotherapy and Oncology, vol. 205, 110779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2025.110779

Kaur, G, Ali, SO, Santos, A, Okdahl, T, Wegeberg, AM, Ahluwalia, TS, Hansen, CS, Wishart, D, Wewer Albrechtsen, NJ, Brock, B, Jensen, TS, Rossing, P, Brock, C, Legido-Quigley, C & Sulek, K 2025, 'Current advances in diabetic neuropathy: Proteins as therapeutic targets', iScience, vol. 28, no. 10, 113466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2025.113466

Kuhn, M, Olefeldt, D, Arndt, KA, Bastviken, D, Bruhwiler, L, Crill, P, DelSontro, T, Fluet-Chouinard, E, Grosse, G, Hovemyr, M, Hugelius, G, MacIntyre, S, Malhotra, A, McGuire, AD, Oh, Y, Poulter, B, Treat, CC, Turetsky, MR, Varner, RK, Walter Anthony, KM, Watts, JD & Zhang, Z 2025, 'Current and future methane emissions from boreal-Arctic wetlands and lakes', Nature Climate Change, vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 986-991. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-025-02413-y

Li, B, Xu, M, Zhang, D, Zhang, Y, Li, Q & Dong, M 2025, 'Current-carrying friction of atomically thin molybdenum disulfide', Applied Surface Science, vol. 685, 162021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2024.162021

Bank-Mikkelsen, EM, Grimm, D & Wehland, M 2025, 'Current Knowledge About Aprocitentan in Hypertension', International Journal of Molecular Sciences , vol. 26, no. 23, 11431. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262311431

Jespersen, FE, Grimm, D, Krüger, M & Wehland, M 2025, 'Current Knowledge of the Impact of Vitamin D in Coronary Artery Disease', International Journal of Molecular Sciences , vol. 26, no. 11, 5002. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26115002

Nathan, M, Chatzistamatiou, K, Gallio, N, Cappello, C, Loughlin, P, Bock, S, Blanco, JL, Sendagorta, E, Etienney, I, Albuquerque, A, Vieira-Baptista, P, Schmidt, PT, Gultekin, M, Surmont, M, Ahmad, S, Bowring, J, Lyons, D, Cuming, T, Preti, M, Cruickshank, ME & on behalf of the ANNECA Survey Group 2025, 'Current practices in HPV-related anogenital neoplasia care in Europe – a survey analysis', BMC Cancer, vol. 25, no. 1, 1223. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-025-14564-4

Ali, DS, Alsarraf, F, Alrob, HA, Alexander, RT, Almoulia, A, Appelman-Dijkstra, NM, Beck-Nielsen, SS, Biosse-Duplan, M, Brandi, ML, Carpenter, TO, Chaussain, C, Cohen-Solal, M, Crowley, RK, Dandurand, K, Florenzano, P, Gagnon, C, Goodyer, P, Grimbly, C, Hussein, S, Imel, EA, Jan De Beur, SM, Javaid, MK, Lehman, A, Lems, WF, Lewiecki, EM, Mcdonnell, C, Mirza, RD, Morgante, E, Portale, AA, Rhee, Y, Siggelkow, H, Tosi, LL, Ward, LM, Guyatt, G & Khan, AA 2025, 'Current Practices in Monitoring Children and Adults With X-linked Hypophosphatemia: A Global Survey of Expert Experience', Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 110, no. 7, pp. e2347-e2361. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaf180

Sinclair, JS, Stubbington, R, Welti, EAR, Aroviita, J, Baker, NJ, Cañedo-Argüelles, M, Csabai, Z, Cunillera-Montcusí, D, Domisch, S, Ferréol, M, Floury, M, Forio, MAE, Goethals, PLM, González-Ferreras, AM, Huttunen, KL, Johnson, RK, Kuglerová, L, Larrañaga, A, Muotka, T, Paavola, R, Pařil, P, Rasmussen, JJ, Schäfer, RB, Vannevel, R, Várbíró, G, Wilkes, M & Haase, P 2025, 'Current protected areas provide limited benefits for European river biodiversity', Nature Communications, vol. 16, no. 1, 11146. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-67125-5

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Revised 08.12.2025

Lise Refstrup Linnebjerg Pedersen