Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Thomsen, R, Libri, D, Boulay, J, Rosbash, M & Jensen, TH 2003, 'Localization of nuclear retained mRNAs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae', RNA, vol. 9, pp. 1049-1057. https://doi.org/10.1261/rna.5170303

Nielsen, JP, Tanggaard, C & Jones, MC 2003 'Local Linear Density Estimation for Filtered Survival Data, with Bias Correction' Aarhus School of Business, Department of Finance. <ftp://ftp.econ.au.dk/creates/rp/07/rp07_13.pdf>

Ghomrasni, R & Peskir, G 2003, Local time-space calculus and extensions of Itô's formula. in J Hoffmann-Jørgensen, MB Marcus & JA Wellner (eds), High dimensional probability III. Birkhäuser Verlag, pp. 177-192, International Conference on High Dimensional Probability, Sandbjerg, Denmark, 24/06/2002.

Marques Pereira, RN, Ohya, T, Itoh, KM & Nielsen, BB 2003, 'Local vibrational modes of bond-centered H in ²⁸Si, ²⁹Si and ³⁰Si crystals', Physica B, vol. 340-342, pp. 697.

Bjerre, T 2003, 'Locative Prepositions and Adverbs in Danish', Nordlyd. <http://www.ub.uit.no/baser/nordlyd/viewissue.php?id=1>

Jørgensen, B 2003, Locomotor disorders in pigs - genetical and environmental factors. in Book of Abstracts of the 54th Annual Meeting of the European Association for Animal Production, Rome, Italy, M5.3. pp. 213-213, Locomotor disorders in pigs - genetical and environmental factors, 18/12/2010.

Tan, Q, Bathum, L, Christiansen, L, De Benedictis, G, Dahlgaard, J, Frizner, N, Vach, W, Vaupel, JW, Yashin, AI, Christensen, K & Kruse, TA 2003, 'Logistic regression models for polymorphic and antagonistic pleiotropic gene action on human aging and longevity', Annals of Human Genetics, vol. 67, no. Pt 6, pp. 598-607.

Petersen, AK 2003, 'Løgner, nazist, svindler! Bidrag til større artikel om æresbegrebet i dag ved Carsten Juul', Weekendavisen, pp. 12.

Bjørn, GK 2003, 'Løg og gulerod - ligheder og forskelle', Havebladet, no. 5, pp. 12.

Thomsen, O & nullAndreasen, B (ed.) 2003, Logoslandet. in Om fortidens fremtid - forsvarstaler for det klassiske. Aarhus Universitetsforlag, Århus, pp. 116-135.

Jacobsen, A-CL 2003, 'Logos - Physician and Teacher: Christology and Soteriology in Contra Celsum', Adamantius, no. 9, pp. 78-94.

Bjørn, GK 2003, 'Løgsorter til langtidslagring', Dansk Løgavl, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 25-28.

Lundberg, G, Wahlgren, B, Book, B, Sivtoft, L, Jiewertz, U & Friberg, N 2003, Lokal utvärdering av Kunskapslyftet i Kristianstads kommun: Fråm utbildning och undervisning till lärande och stöd för lärande. 1 edn, Väglednings- och lärcentrum, Kristianstads Kommun.

Larsen, K & Frederiksen, A, Lolium perenne R2R3 MYB protein MYB1 (Myb1) mRNA, partial cds. GenBank Access No.AY178578, 2003, Dataset.

Larsen, K, Lolium perenne R2R3 MYB protein MYB4 (Myb4) mRNA. Partial cds.(GenBank Access. No. AY178579), 2003, Dataset.

Hasselbalch, O 2003, 'Lønfastsættelse ved domstolene - U 2002/2060 H', Ugeskrift for Retsvæsen, vol. B, pp. 64-68.

Thomsen, IK , Djurhuus, J & Christensen, BT 2003, 'Long continued applications of fertilizer N to cereals on sandy loam: grain and straw response to residual N', Soil Use and Management, vol. 19, pp. 57-64.

Jensen, PT, Groenvold, M, Klee, MC, Thranov, I, Petersen, MA & Machin, D 2003, 'Longitudinal study of sexual function and vaginal changes after radiotherapy for cervical cancer', International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 937-49.

Skibsted, E 2003, 'Long-range scattering of three-body quantum systems: Asymptotic completeness', Inventiones Mathematicae, vol. 151, pp. 65-99.

Skibsted, E 2003, 'Long-range scattering of three-body quantum systems, II', Annales Henri Poincare, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 276-299.

Lazaridou-Terzoudi, T, Kiyak, HA, Moore, R & Athanasiou, AE 2003, 'Long-term assessment of psychologic outcomes of orthognathic surgery', Journal of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 545-552. <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10774174_Long-Term_Assessment_of_Psychologic_Outcomes_of_Orthognathic_Surgery>

Larsen, DK, Wagner, I, Gustavson, K, Forbes, V & Lund, T 2003, 'Long-term effect of Sea-Nine on natural coastal phytoplankton communities assessed by pollution induced community tolerance', Aquatic Toxicology, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 35-44.

Birkeland, SA, Hamilton-Dutoit, SJ & Bendtzen, K 2003, 'Long-term follow-up of kidney transplant patients with posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder: duration of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder-induced operational graft tolerance, interleukin-18 course, and results of retransplantation', Transplantation, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 153-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.TP.0000072015.08302.E9

Beutler, KT, Masilamani, S, Turban, S, Nielsen, J, Brooks, HL, Ageloff, S, Fenton, RA, Packer, RK & Knepper, MA 2003, 'Long-term regulation of ENaC expression in kidney by angiotensin II', Hypertension, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1143-50. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000066129.12106.E2

Beutler, KT, Masilamani, S, Turban, S, Nielsen, J, Brroks, HL, Ageloff, S, Fenton, RA, Packer, RK & Knepper, MA 2003, 'Long-term regulation of ENaC expression in kidney by angiotensin II.', Hypertension, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1143-50.

Andersen, S, Tarnow, L, Cambien, F, Rossing, P, Juhl, TR, Deinum, J & Parving, H-H 2003, 'Long-term renoprotective effects of losartan in diabetic nephropathy', Diabetes Care, vol. 26, pp. 1501-1506.

Stavropoulos, A, Mardas, N & Karring, T 2003, 'Long-term stability of PAL-gain achieved by guided tissue regeneration with resorbable membranes – results after 1 and 6-7 years.', 82nd General Session of IADR, Sweden, 12/06/2003.

Ambelas Skjøth, C, Hertel, O , Ellermann, T , Frohn, LM & Frydendall, J 2003, 'Long term study of atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the Kattegat Sea', EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly, Nice, France, 06/04/2003 - 11/04/2003.

Sørensen, HT, Thulstrup, AM, Mellemkjær, L, Jepsen, P, Christensen, E, Olsen, JH & Vilstrup, H 2003, 'Long-term survival and cause-specific mortality in patients with cirrhosis of the liver: a nationwide cohort study in Denmark', Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, vol. 56, pp. 88-93.

Østergaard, S, Hansen, MM, Loeschcke, V & Nielsen, EE 2003, 'Long-term temporal changes of genetic composition in brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) populations inhabiting an unstable environment', Molecular Ecology, vol. 12, no. 11, pp. 3123-35.

Østergaard, S, Hansen, MM, Loeschcke, V & Nielsen, EE 2003, 'Long-term temporal changes of genetic composition in brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations inhabiting an unstable environment', Molecular Ecology, vol. 12, pp. 3123-3135.

Godwin, KS, Hafner, SD & Buff, MF 2003, 'Long-term trends in sodium and chloride in the Mohawk River, New York: The effect of fifty years of road-salt application', Environmental Pollution, vol. 124, no. 2, pp. 273-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(02)00481-5

Hisdal, H, Holmqvist, E, Hyvärinen, V, Jónsson, P, Kuusisto, E, Larsen, SE, Lindström, G, Ovesen, NB & Roald, LA 2003, Long time series: A review of Nordic studies. Prepared for the CWE project. - Report 2, vol. ISBN 9979-68-125-X, Nordic Council of Ministers. <http://www.os.is/cwe>

Hasselbalch, O 2003, 'Lønmodtagerfravær på grund af "force majeure"', Ugeskrift for Retsvæsen, no. afdeling B, pp. 87.

Ladegaard, J 2003, 'Lorcas mørke passion: Diktaturets skygger i Lorcas "Sonetter om den mørke kærlighed"', www.litteratursiden.dk.

Brückner, L 2003, Løse blade: Fortælleren, kritikeren og læseren Walter Benjamin. Forlaget Spring, København.

Christensen, EI, Devuyst, O, Dom, G, Nielsen, R, Van der Smissen, P, Verroust, P, Leruth, M, Guggino, WB & Courtoy, PJ 2003, 'Loss of chloride channel ClC-5 impairs endocytosis by defective trafficking of megalin and cubilin in kidney proximal tubules', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), vol. 100, pp. 8472-8477.

Pedersen, TH , Clausen, T & Nielsen, OB 2003, 'Loss of force induced by high extracellular K⁺ in rat muscle - effect of temperature, lactic acid and β₂ agonist', Journal of Physiology, vol. 551, pp. 277-286.

Hansen, LL, Justesen, J, Dieffenbach, CW (ed.) & Dveksler, GS (ed.) 2003, Loss of heterozygosity, a multiplex PCR method to define narrow deleted chromosomal regions of a tumor genome. in CW Dieffenbach & GS Dveksler (eds), PCR Primer: A Laboratory Manual. second Edition edn, vol. 1, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, pp. 223-236.

Hansen, LL, Justesen, J, Dieffenbach, CW (ed.) & Dveksler, GS (ed.) 2003, Loss of Heterozygosity, a multiplex PCR method to define narrow deleted chromosomal regions of a tumor genome. in PCR Primer: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, pp. -.

Liu, F, Andersen, MN & Jensen, CR 2003, 'Loss of pod set caused by drought stress is associated with water status and ABA content of reproductive structures in soybean', Functional Plant Biology, vol. 30, pp. 271-280.

Rasmussen, P, Louise og Papaya, 2003, Pictures, Video and sound recordings (digital).

Kristensen, LH & Sørensen, P 2003, Lovbekendtgørelse 2002-09-16 nr. 777 om retsplejelov. in B von Eyben, J Pedersen & J Nørgaard (eds), Karnovs Lovsamling 2002. 18. edn, vol. 3., Karnov Group, København, pp. 3899-4027.

Warburton, D, Matthews, R (ed.) & Roemer, C (ed.) 2003, Love and War in the Late Bronze Age: Egypt and Hatti. in Ancient Perspectives on Egypt. UCL Press, London, pp. 75-100.

Christensen, LP & Petersen, L 2003, 'Lovende ny metode: Kan metoden bioassaystyret fraktionering afklare vækstproblemer i sphagnum?', Gartner Tidende, vol. 119, no. 12, pp. 20.

Sommer, T 2003, Lovgivning om patentering. in Ikke angivet. Biosam, Patent på mennesker, Folketingets fremtidspanel om bioetik, 08/10/2003.

Latrup-Pedersen, T 2003, Lov nr. 204 af 26. marts 2003 om ændring af lov om visse spil, lotterier og væddemål og andre love og om ophævelse af lov om væddemål i forbindelse med heste- og hundevæddeløb. in B von Eyben, J Pedersen & T Rørdam (eds), Karnovs Lovsamling Gult hæfte 3. Karnov Group, pp. 7074-7077.

Latrup-Pedersen, T 2003, Lov nr. 302 af 30. april 2003 om statsautoriserede og registrerede revisorer. in B von Eyben, J Pedersen & T Rørdam (eds), Karnovs Lovsamling Gult hæfte 5. Karnov Group, pp. 7157-7165.

Latrup-Pedersen, T 2003, Lov nr. 305 af 30. april 2003 om midlertidig, kontraktsbetinget driftsstøtte til bygning af visse skibstyper. in B von Eyben, J Pedersen & T Rørdam (eds), Karnovs Lovsamling Gult hæfte 4. Karnov Group, pp. 7152-7153.

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