Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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McGregor, W 2003, 'Aspect, time, and associative relations in some Australian languages', Tidsskrift for sprogforskning, vol. 1, pp. 151-175.

Friedrichsen, A 2003, 'Aspekter af æstetisk kompetence: Faser i pædagogiske forløb med digte i fremmedsprogsundervisningen', Sprogforum, no. 28, pp. 2-11. <http://library.au.dk/betjeningssteder/campus-emdrup-dpb/infodokvelkommen/infodokogsprogforum/sprogforum-nr.-1-til-35/>

Jensen, OK 2003, 'Aspekter til belysning af non-specifikke rygsmerter - mekaniske lænderygsmerter eller begyndende kronisk smertesyndrom?', Månedskrift for Praktisk Lægegerning, vol. 81, pp. 263-76.

Thomsen, PH 2003, 'Asperger's disorder: a case report of repeated stealing and the collecting behavior of an adolescent patient', Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, vol. 107, no. 1, pp. 75-76.

Rees, SE, Malczynski, J, Korup, E, Kjærgaard, SC , Thorgaard, P, Andreassen, S, Toft, E, Mozon, JE (ed.) & Príncipe, JC (ed.) 2003, Assesing pulmonary congestion in left sited heartfailure using pulmonary gas exchange parameters. in Proceedings of the 25th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society : a new beginning for human health : 17-21 September, 2003, Cancún, Mexico. IEEE, Piscataway, N.J, pp. 433-438.

Lopes, A , Løvendahl, P & Callesen, H 2003, Assesment of number of ooocytes retrieved from individual cows can be based on few collections. in Proceedings 19th Scintific Meeting, AETE. pp. 182, Scintific Meeting, AETE, Rostock, Germany, 13/09/2003.

Vestergaard, M, Børsting, CF, Michalak, S, Kristensen, NB , Sejrsen, K & Hvelplund, T 2003, Assesment of the optimum level of leucine to stimulate milk protein yield in the dairy cow. in Progress in research on energy and protein metabolism, EAAP publication 109: W.B. Soufrant & C.C. Metges (Ed.). pp. 731-734, Assesment of the optimum level of leucine to stimulate milk protein yield in the dairy cow, Rostock-Warnemünde, Germany, 13/09/2003.

Tamstorf, MP , Aastrup, PJ & Tukiainen, T 2003, Assessing and monitoring the environmental impact of mining activities in Europe using advanced Earth Observation techniques: Project funded by the European Community under the Information Society Technology Programme (1998-2002). European Commission. <http://www.brgm.fr/mineo/SiteReport/Mineo_Arctic_Final_Report.pdf>

Møller, SH , Hansen, SW & Sørensen, JT 2003, 'Assessing animal welfare in a strictly synchronous production system: The mink case', Animal Welfare, vol. 12, pp. 699-703.

Knierim, U, Sundrum, A, Bennedsgaard, TW, Roiha, U & Johnsen, PF 2003, Assessing animal welfare in organic herds: (Chapter 9). in M Vaarst, S Roderick, V Lund & W Lockeretz (eds), Animal health and welfare in organic agriculture. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, pp. 189-204.

Brandl, N 2003, 'Assessing pigs' health status by image analysis of postural behaviour', The Pig Journal, vol. 52, pp. 71-78.

Nielsen, K, Sømod, B, Ellegaard, C & Krause-Jensen, D 2003, 'Assessing Reference Conditions According to the European Water Framework Directive Using Modelling and Analysis of Historical Data: An Example from Randers Fjord', Ambio, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 287-294.

Rosholm, M, D'Addio, AC, De Greff, I & Standing, G (ed.) 2003, Assessing unemployment traps in Belgium using panel data sample selection models. in Minimum Income Schemes in Europe. International Labour Office, Geneve.

Sørensen, PB, Brüggemann, R, Ahlf, W, Heise, S, Neumann-Hensel, H & Lerche, DB 2003, 'Assessment of complex sediment systems using partial order technique', SETAC Europe 13th Annual Meeting, Hamburg, Germany, 27/04/2003 - 01/05/2003.

Espelund, U , Hansen, TK, Ørskov, H & Frystyk, J 2003, 'Assessment of ghrelin', Acta Pathologica Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica, no. suppl. 109, pp. 140-145.

Theil, PK , Jørgensen, H & Jakobsen, K 2003, Assessment of heat production in lactating sows by different approaches. in Souffrant, W.B. and Metges, C.C. (eds.). Progress in research on energy and protein metabolism.: EAAP publication 109. pp. 565-568, Proc. International Symposium on energy & protein metabolism and nutrition, Rostock-Warnemünde, Germany, 13/09/2003.

Brooks, DJ, Frey, KA, Marek, KL, Oakes, D, Paty, D, Prentice, R, Shults, CW & Stoessl, AJ 2003, 'Assessment of neuroimaging techniques as biomarkers of the progression of Parkinson's disease', Experimental Neurology, vol. 184, no. SUPPL. 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2003.08.008

Jensen, TS & Gottrup, H 2003, Assessment of Neuropathic Pain. in TS Jensen, PR Wilson & ASC Rice (eds), Clinical Pain Management: Chronic Pain. Arnold, London, pp. 113-124.

Romaniello, A, Cruccu, G, Frisardi, G, Arendt-Nielsen, L & Svensson, P 2003, 'Assessment of nociceptive trigeminal pathways by laser-evoked potentials and laser silent periods in patients with painful temporomandibular disorders', Pain, vol. 103, pp. 31-39.

Dahl, R, Backer, V, Ollgaard, B, Gerken, F & Kesten, S 2003, 'Assessment of patient performance of the Handihaler® compared with the Metered Dose Inhaler four weeks after instruction', Kokyuukika, vol. 97, pp. 1126-1133.

van der Keur, P, Ullum, M, Kjaer, J & Plauborg, FL 2003, Assessment of the MACRO model sensitivity for water balance in the unsaturated zone. in Proc. XII Symp. Pesticide Chemistry pesticide in air, plant, soil & water system. pp. 451-456, Assessment of the MACRO model sensitivity for water balance in the unsaturated zone, Piacenza, Italy, 18/12/2010.

Bindslev-Jensen, C, Sten, E, Earl, LK, Crevel, RW, Bindslev-Jensen, U, Hansen, TK, Stahl Skov, P & Poulsen, LK 2003, 'Assessment of the potential allergenicity of ice structuring protein type III HPLC 12 using the FAO/WHO 2001 decision tree for novel foods', Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 81-87.

Percy-Smith, A , Bromand, B & Jørgensen, V 2003, Assessment of the status of implementation of environmental regulations of agriculture in the Baltic and partly the North Sea areas. Report to the Nordic Council of Ministers 2003.

Percy-Smith, A , Bromand, B & Jørgensen, V 2003, Assessment of the status of implementation of environmental regulations of agriculture in the Baltic and portly the North Sea areas. Executive summary of Report to the Nordic Council of Ministers 2003. ANP 2003:736.

Noskova, VN, Rogov, VV, Löhr, F, Rozenberg, Y, Anderson, WF, Potekhin, SA & Rüterjans, H 2003, 'Assignments of ¹H, ¹⁵N and ¹³C resonances of the proline-rich matrix protein of Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (MA MoMuLV) [7]', Journal of Biomolecular NMR, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 261-262. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022844300474

Nygaard, H, Sander, K, Stadil, F (ed.), Lund, B (ed.) & Nordling, J (ed.) 2003, Assisteret cirkulation og hjertelungemaskinen. in Kirurgisk Kompendium: 3. udgave. Nyt Nordisk Forlag, Arnold Busck, København, pp. 578-589.

Bruun, JM, Verdich, C, Toubro, S, Astrup, A & Richelsen, B 2003, 'Association between measures of insulin sensitivity and circulating levels of interleukin-8, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Effect of weight loss in obese men', European Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 148, no. 5.

Bruun, JM, Verdich, C, Toubro, S, Astrup, A & Richelsen, B 2003, 'Association between measures of insulin sensitivity and circulating levels of interleukin-8, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. Effect of weight loss in obese men', European Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 148, no. 5, pp. 535-542. https://doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1480535

Niemann, T, Labouriau, R, Sorensen, HT, Thorsgaard, N & Nielsen, TT 2003, Association between results of exercise testing and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, and myocardial infarction: A population-based long-term follow-up study. in Proc. XIX Nordic Congress of Cardiology. pp. 70, Nordic Congress of Cardiology, Odense, Denmark, 04/06/2003.

Anderson, S 2003, Associationless Children: Inner city sports and local society in Denmark. in E Gulløv & KF Olwig (eds), Children's Places: Cross-cultural pespectives. 1. udg. edn, Routledge, London, pp. 138-161.

Shetty, NP, Kristensen, BK, Newman, MA, Møller, K, Jørgensen, HJL & Gregersen, PL 2003, 'Association of hydrogen peroxide with restriction of Septoria tritici in resistant wheat', Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 333-346. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-5765(03)00079-1

Zachariae, R, Pedersen, CG, Jensen, AB, Ehrnrooth, E, Rossen, PB & Maase, HVD 2003, 'Association of perceived physician communication style with patient satisfaction, distress, cancer-related self-efficacy, and perceived control over the disease', British Journal of Cancer, vol. 88, no. 5, pp. 658-665. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6600798

Zachariae, R , Pedersen, CG , Jensen, AB, Ehrnrooth, E, Rossen, PB & von der Maase, H 2003, 'Association of perceived physician communication style with patient satisfaction, distress, cancer-related self-efficacy, and perceived control over the disease.', British Journal of Cancer, vol. 88, no. 5, pp. 658-65. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6600798

Hansen, ÅM, Kaergaard, A , Andersen, JH & Netterstrøm, B 2003, 'Associations between repetitive work and endocrinological indicators of stress: Work and Stress', Work and Stress, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 264-276. <http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-1642496765&partnerID=40&md5=8d88ff1c2141119a6c588b59886fa30e>

Rubaire-Akiiki, C, Nasinyama, G, Vaarst, M, Okello-Onen, J & Musunga, D 2003, Associations between tick borne diseases and farmers actions related to disease in three agro-ecological zones in Mbale District, Uganda. in Proc. 10th International Symposium of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (on CD-rom), Abstract 382. pp. 3-3, Associations between tick borne diseases and farmers actions related to disease in three agro-ecological zones in Mbale District, Uganda, Vina del Mar, Chile, 18/12/2010.

Jakobsen, L, Aaslyng, JM & Rosenqvist, ESK 2003, Asters og dynamisk klimastyring: En IntelliGrow rapport.

Wogelius, P , Poulsen, S & Sørensen, HT 2003, 'Asthma, ear problems, and dental anxiety among 6- to 8-year-olds in Denmark: a population-based cross-sectional study', European Journal of Oral Sciences, vol. 111, pp. 472-6.

Østergaard, S , Sørensen, JT & Houe, H 2003, 'A stochastic model simulating milk fever in a dairy herd', Preventive Veterinary Medicine, vol. 58, pp. 125-143.

Ernst, E 2003, A Stratification of Class Family Dependencies. in T D'Hondt (ed.), Technology of object-oriented languages, systems and architectures. Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 16-30.

Jensen, NA, Pedersen, K-M, Lihme, F, Rask, L, Nielsen, JV, Rasmussen, TE & Mitchelmore, C 2003, 'Astroglial c-Myc overexpression predisposes mice to primary malignant gliomas', Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 278, no. 10, pp. 8300-8. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M211195200

Elklit, A 2003, A study of adult childhood sexual abuse victims seeking treatment. in European Psychotherapy. VIII European Conference on Traumatic Stress, 22-25 May, Berlin, 17/12/2010.

Bærentsen, KB , Stødkilde-Jørgensen, H , Mammen, J, Green, AC & Hartman, T 2003, A study of continuous meditation using fMRI. in Neuroimage, 19(2 part 2), Abstract no. 17515 (Poster number 358): Available on CD-Rom. The Organization for Human Brain Mapping, pp. e665-e667, 9th Annual Meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping, New York, United States, 18/06/2003.

Chatskikh, D , Olesen, JE , Berntsen, J, Regina, K & Yamulki, S 2003, A study of the N2O emission from grassland with the FASSET farm model. in Abstracts for the 12th N workshop. pp. 24-24, A study of the N2O emission from grassland with the FASSET farm model, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom, 21/09/2003.

Di Mauro, MP, Christensen-Dalsgaard, J & Paternò, L 2003, A study of the solar-like properties of β Hydri. in Asteroseismology across the HR diagram. Astrophysics and Space Science, pp. 229-232, Asteroseismology across the HR diagram, 17/12/2010.

Lauridsen, O 2003, 'A Stylish Grammar', Paper presented at EURO-Call, September, 18/12/2010.

Jørgensen, KA 2003, 'Asymmetric Friedel-Crafts Reactions: Catalytic Enantioselective Addition of Aromatic and Heteroaromatic C-H Bonds to Activated Alkenes, Carbonyl Compounds, and Imines', Synthesis, vol. 7, pp. 1117-1125.

Jacobsen, MF & Skrydstrup, T 2003, 'Asymmetric Mannich-Type Reactions for the Synthesis of Aspartic Acid Derivatives from Chiral N-tert-Butanesulfinylimino Esters', J. Org. Chem., vol. 68, pp. 7112-7114.

Polka, L & Bohn, O-S 2003, 'Asymmetries in vowel perception', Speech Communication, vol. 41, pp. 221-231.

Asmussen, S, Foss, S & Korshunov, D 2003, 'Asymptotics for sums of random variables with local subexponential behaviour', Journal of Theoretical Probability, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 489-518. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023535030388

Andersen, JE & Hansen, SK 2003 'Asymptotics of the Quantum Invariants for Surgeries on the Figure 8 Knot' MaPhySto, University of Aarhus, Århus. <http://www.maphysto.dk/cgi-bin/w3-msql/publications2/index.html>

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