Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Hansen, EM , Thomsen, IK , Skovgård, H & Enkegaard, A 2015, 'Vurdering af effekten på kvælstofudvaskningen af nye undtagelser til det eksisterende forbud mod jordbearbejdning', no. 1577921, 8 p., Dec 11, 2015..

Sørensen, AC 2015, 'Vurdering af en tysk geneksperts påstand om det ønskelige i far/datter parringer', no. 1580073, 1 p., Dec 15, 2015..

Hermansen, JE , Dalgaard, T , Knudsen, MT & Andersen, MS 2015, 'Vurdering af grøn biomasse: Forskningsplatform for samfundsmæssige og miljømæssige, økologiske og økonomiske vurderinger', Indvielse af pilotanlæg til hydrotermisk forvæskning (Hydro Thermal Liquefaction – HTL) af biomasse med henblik på at producere bio-o, Foulum, Denmark, 22/04/2015 - 22/04/2015.

Hansen, EM , Thomsen, IK & Christensen, BT 2015, 'Vurdering af kvælstofeffekten af naturstriber der ikke fraregnes markens kvælstofkvote', no. 1459737, 6 p., Jun 10, 2015..

Galatius, A , Dietz, R , Sveegaard, S & Teilmann, J 2015, 'Vurdering af muligheder for jagt på/regulering af sæler i Danmark', 14 p.. <http://dce.au.dk/fileadmin/dce.au.dk/Udgivelser/Notater_2016/Muligheder_for_jagt_regulering_af_saeler_opdateret22012016.pdf>

Berthelsen, JP 2015, 'Vurdering af muligheder og behov for udsætning af bæver (Castor fiber ) i Omme Å, Borris Skydeterræn 2014', 16 p., Notat fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi (2011-2019).

Holm, TE , Therkildsen, OR & Laursen, K 2015, 'Vurdering af nye aktivitetstidspunkter på skydeområde Rømø i 2015', No. 13685, 5 p., Feb 02, 2015. Notat fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi (2011-2019).

Hutchings, NJ 2015, 'Vurdering af nye ammoniak emissionstal til NEC-direktivet fra IIASA', no. 1387894, 7 p., Feb 09, 2015..

Paaske, K , Nicolaisen, M & Enkegaard, A 2015, 'Vurdering af relevante skadegørere for 3 forskellige plantearter', no. 1387898, 2 p., Feb 09, 2015..

Kjærgaard, C , Iversen, BV & Kristensen, IT 2015, 'Vurdering af ressourceforbrug ved landsdækkende kortlægning af potentielle områder til etablering af konstruerede minivådområder', no. 1550098, 2 p., Nov 06, 2015..

Madsen, J 2015, 'Vurdering af størrelsesorden af afskydning, der skal til, hvis den russisk/baltiske bestand af bramgås skal kontrolleres', 2 p., Notat fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi (2011-2019).

Stephensen, JL & Pedersen, PO 2015, 'V-v-Vertov R-r-Re-made: From Avant-Garde Documentary to Participatory Culture — the Digital Journey of Man With a Movie Camera', Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Film & Media Studies, vol. 9, no. 1, 4, pp. 77-106. https://doi.org/10.1515/ausfm-2015-0004

Stokkink, I & van Kersbergen, K 2015, Waarom en hoe de Deense senaat werd afgeschaft. in C van Baalen, A Bos, H Goslinga, J Ramakers, H Reiding & J Turpijn (eds), Jaarboek Parlementaire Geschiedenis 2015: De Eerste Kamer. Uitgeverij Boom, Amsterdam, pp. 72-83.

Horsboel, TA , Nielsen, CV , Nielsen, B , Andersen, NT & De Thurah, A 2015, 'Wage-subsidised employment as a result of permanently reduced work capacity in a nationwide cohort of patients diagnosed with haematological malignancies', Acta Oncologica, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 743-9. https://doi.org/10.3109/0284186X.2014.999871

Feys, P, Bibby, BM, Baert, I & Dalgas, U 2015, 'Walking capacity and ability are more impaired in progressive compared to relapsing type of multiple sclerosis', European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 207-210.

Skalshøi, O, Iversen, CH, Nielsen, DB , Jacobsen, J , Mechlenburg, I , Søballe, K & Sørensen, H 2015, 'Walking patterns and hip contact forces in patients with hip dysplasia', Gait & Posture. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.08.008

Johansen, I 2015, Walking Shadows: Reflections on the American Fantastic and the American Grotesque from Washington Irving to the Postmodern Era. Costerus, vol. 211, Brill, Holland.

Skyggebjerg, AK 2015, 'War in Contemporary Danish Children's Literature', Paper presented at The 22nd biennial congress of IRSCL, Worcester, United Kingdom, 08/08/2015 - 12/08/2015.

Schoon, PL, Heilmann-Clausen, C, Schultz, BP, Sinninghe Damsté, JS & Schouten, S 2015, 'Warming and environmental changes in the eastern North Sea Basin during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum as revealed by biomarker lipids', Organic Geochemistry, vol. 78, pp. 79-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2014.11.003

Zhang, X, Odgaard, R, Olesen, B , Lauridsen, TL , Søndergaard, M, Liu, Z & Jeppesen, E 2015, 'Warming shows differential effects on late-season growth and competitive capacity of Elodea canadensis and Potamogeton crispus in shallow lakes', Inland Waters, vol. 5, pp. 421-432.

Weil, NL, Termaat, MF, Rubinstein, SM, El Moumni, M, Zuidema, WP, Derksen, RJ, Krijnen, P, van Bodegom-Vos, L, Wendt, KW, van Kuijk, C, Rosendaal, FR, Breederveld, RS, Goslings, JC, Schipper, IB & van Tulder, MW 2015, 'WARRIOR-trial - is routine radiography following the 2-week initial follow-up in trauma patients with wrist and ankle fractures necessary: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial', Current Controlled Trials in Cardiovascular Medicine, vol. 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-015-0600-x

Elvert, J 2015, 'Warum soll es in der Geschichte keine Zufälle geben?', Erwaegen, Wissen, Ethik, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 484-486.

Blanke, L 2015, 'Washing the masses, washing the self: an architectural study of the Central Bathhouse in Gerasa', Syria, vol. 92, pp. 85-104.

Frei, KM, Coutu, AN, Smiarowski, K, Harrison, R, Madsen, KK, Arneborg, J, Frei, R, Gudmundsson, G, Sindbæk, SM, Woollett, J, Hartman, S, Hicks, M & McGovern, TH 2015, 'Was it for walrus? Viking Age settlement and medieval walrus ivory trade in Iceland and Greenland', World Archaeology, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 439-466.

Van Vlaenderen, W, Brulmans, J, Vermeulen, J & Schöning, J 2015, 'WatchMe: A Novel Input Method Combining a Smartwatch and Bimanual Interaction', -, pp. 2091-2095. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702613.2732789

Eaton, M 2015, 'Water, Conflict and Cooperation in the History of Canada-United States Relations', Paper presented at Nordic Association for Canadian Studies (NACS) XI Triannual Conference (A Land Shaped by Water: Perspectives on Canada), Turku, Finland, 12/08/2015.

Oh, C & Svendsen, GT 2015, 'Water Management Policy in California: The Status Quo of Command-And-Control', International Journal of Regional Development, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 61-70. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijrd.v2i2.8405

Rinschen, MM 2015, 'Water transport running deep. Focus on “deep proteomic profiling of vasopressin-sensitive collecting duct cells”', American Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology, vol. 309, no. 12, pp. C783-C784. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00280.2015

Højlund, M & Riis, MS 2015, 'Wavefront Aesthetics: Attuning to a dark ecology', Organised Sound, vol. 20, no. 02, pp. 249-262. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355771815000138

Krogh, PG, Markussen, T & Bang, AL 2015, Ways of Drifting: 5 Methods of Experimentation in Research through Design. in A Chakrabarti (ed.), ICoRD’15 – Research into Design Across Boundaries Volume 1.: Theory, Research Methodology, Aesthetics, Human Factors and Education.. Springer Publishing Company, pp. 39-50, International conference on research into design, Bangalore, India, 07/01/2015.

Krogh, P, Markussen, T & Bang, AL 2015, 'Ways of Drifting: 5 Methods of Experimentation in Research through Design', Paper presented at International conference on research into design, Bangalore, India, 07/01/2015 - 09/01/2015.

Martin-Nielsen, J 2015, 'Ways of Knowing Climate: Hubert H. Lamb and Climate Research in the UK', Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 465-477. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.349

Hafner, CM, Laurent, S & Violante, F 2015 'Weak diffusion limits of dynamic conditional correlation models' CREATES Research Paper, no. 2015-03, Institut for Økonomi, Aarhus Universitet, Aarhus.

Yamashita, M, Bellotti, FF, Frederico, T, Fedorov, DV , Jensen, AS & Zinner, NT 2015, 'Weakly bound states of two- and three-boson systems in the crossover from two to three dimensions', Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, vol. 48, no. 2, 025302. https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/48/2/025302

Birch, TE 2015, Weapons, Metal. in KB Metheny & MC Beaudry (eds), Archaeology of Food: an Encyclopedia. Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, MD, pp. 538-540.

Kunst, JR, Thomsen, L, Sam, DL & Berry, JW 2015, '“We Are in This Together”: Common Group Identity Predicts Majority Members’ Active Acculturation Efforts to Integrate Immigrants', Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, vol. 41, no. 10, pp. 1438-1453. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167215599349

Fibiger, MQ 2015, '"Weasternization" of the West: Kumbh Mela as a Pilgrimage Place for Spiritual Seekers from the West', Bulletin for the Study of Religion, vol. 44/number 2, no. 10.1558/bsor.v44i2.26351, pp. 15-21. https://doi.org/10.1558/bsor.v44i2.26351

Klokmose, CN, Eagan, JR, Baader, S, Mackay, W & Beaudouin-Lafon, M 2015, Webstrates: Shareable Dynamic Media. in UIST'15 Proceedings of the 28th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology (UIST '15). Association for Computing Machinery, ACM User Interface Software and Technology Symposium, Charlotte, United States, 08/11/2015. https://doi.org/10.1145/2807442.2807446

Nichols, V, Verhulst, N, Cox, R & Govaerts, B 2015, 'Weed dynamics and conservation agriculture principles: A review', Field Crops Research, vol. 183, pp. 56-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.07.012

Jabran, K & Chauhan, BS 2015, 'Weed management in aerobic rice systems', Crop Protection, vol. 78, pp. 151-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2015.09.005

Scherner, A 2015, 'Weed seed germination in winter cereals under contrasting tillage systems', NJF Report, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 18-18.

Kjær, A , Yin, H, Verstappen, F, Bouwmeester, H, Ivarsen, E, Fretté, X, Porskjær Christensen, L, Grevsen, K & Jensen, M 2015, 'Week long effects of applied stress on the production of artemisinin and precursors in Artemisia annua L. plants', Journal of Plant Biology Research, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 83-93. <http://www.inast.org/issue%2014%202015/4-V110115%20final%20proof.pdf>

Thomsen, R, Edwards, S, Jensen, BB , Rousing, T & Sørensen, JT 2015, 'Weight and season affects androstenone and skatole occurrence in entire male pigs in organic pig production', Animal, vol. 9, no. 9, pp. 1577-1586. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731115000786

Aadal, L , Mortensen, J & Nielsen, JF 2015, 'Weight reduction after severe brain injury. A challenge during the rehabilitation course', Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 85.

Lecocq, A, Kryger, P, Vejsnæs, F & Bruun-Jensen, A 2015, 'Weight watching and the effect of landscape on honeybee colony productivity: Investigating the value of colony weight monitoring for the beekeeping industry', Nordic Baltic Apicultural Research Symposium, Købehavn, Denmark, 28/01/2015 - 30/01/2015.

Lecocq, A, Kryger, P, Vejsnæs, F & Jensen, AB 2015, 'Weight Watching and the Effect of Landscape on Honeybee Colony Productivity: Investigating the Value of Colony Weight Monitoring for the Beekeeping Industry', PLoS One. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132473

Hymøller, L & Jensen, SK 2015, 'We know next to nothing about vitamin D in horses!', Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 785-792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2015.06.010

Ridgway, R 2015, Welcome to the City of Discipline.

Christensen, KR 2015, 'Welcoming and taking good care of the new PhD student - experiences from the PhD programme', University of Ghana Doctoral Students Research Conference, Accra, Ghana, 05/11/2015 - 06/11/2015.

Møller, SH , Hansen, SW , Malmkvist, J, Vinke, CM, Lidfors, L, Gaborit, M & Botreau, R 2015, Welfare assessment protocol for mink. Fur Europe.

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