Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Jensen, AS , Sonne, T & Lieberoth, A 2026, Longitudinal evidence for directions between screen use and early child development: a systematic review (preregistration). PROSPERO.

Dong, G, Rhee, J, Kumar, SJ, Drumm, ME, Lauridsen, H, Esmaily-Moghadam, M & Butcher, JT 2026, 'Longitudinal live imaging-derived 4D hemodynamics and dynamic tissue mechanics across outflow tract morphogenesis', Annals of Biomedical Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-026-04006-y

Noone, A, Dowling, K, O'Boyle, D, Carter, M, Golubeva, AV, Scaife, C, Bech, BH , Henriksen, TB, Gallagher, L, Mooney, C, Khashan, AS, Murray, DM & English, JA 2026, 'Longitudinal multi-omics analysis of umbilical cord blood and childhood serum in Autism', Molecular Psychiatry, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 701-713. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-025-03157-z

Carvalho, JP , Nielsen, AB , Goodwin, DL , Wili, N & Nielsen, NC 2026, 'Longitudinal Pulsed Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Transfer via Periodic Optimal Control', Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, vol. 17, no. 9, pp. 2517-2523. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.5c03708

Gao, Y, Yang, L, Kuhn, K, Li, W, Zanton, G, Bowman, M, Zhao, P, Zhou, Y, Fang, L, Cole, JB, Rosen, BD, Ma, L, Li, C, Baldwin, RL, Van Tassell, CP, Zhang, Z, Smith, TPL & Liu, GE 2026, 'Long read and preliminary pangenome analyses reveal breed-specific structural variations and novel sequences in Holstein and Jersey cattle', Journal of Advanced Research, vol. 79, pp. 137-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2025.04.014

Ek, M, Kvarnung, M, Ten Berk de Boer, E, La Fleur, L, Ljöstad, L, Lyander, A, Faergeman, SL , Drue, SO, Thonberg, H, Nordgren, A, Soller, MJ, Wirta, V, Eisfeldt, J & Lindstrand, A 2026, 'Long-read genome sequencing enhances diagnostics of pediatric neurological disorders', Genome Medicine, vol. 18, no. 1, 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-025-01596-5

Fogh, M , Østergaard, JN , Jørgensen, RM , Røssell, EL , Eg, M , Maindal, HT , Toft, G , Støvring, H & Bruun, JM 2026, 'Long-Term Effect of a Hospital-Based Intervention Program on BMI Trajectories in Danish Children and Adolescents With Overweight and Obesity: A 6-Year Follow-Up', Clinical Obesity, vol. 16, no. 1, e70052. https://doi.org/10.1111/cob.70052

Hermansen, N , Petersen, RJ , Hoffmann, CC , Kjeldgaard, A , Thodsen, H , Zak, DH , Kronvang, B , Larsen, SE & Audet, J 2026, 'Long-term evidence of nitrogen removal from four decades of wetland restoration in agricultural landscapes in Denmark', Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, vol. 395, 109924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2025.109924

Effing, SMA, Zhang, J, Tuffier, S, Cole-Hunter, T, Bergmann, M, Napolitano, GM, So, R, Brandt, J , Ketzel, M, Loft, S, Hart, JE, Lim, YH & Andersen, ZJ 2026, 'Long-term exposure to air pollution and 5-year mortality after lung cancer diagnosis: a Danish nurse cohort study', Environment International, vol. 209, 110168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2026.110168

Cole-Hunter, T, Antic, S, Lim, YH, Zhang, J, Mortensen, LH, de Hoogh, K, Loft, S, Napolitano, GM, Tuffier, S, Bergmann, ML, Brunekreef, B, Hoek, G, Ritz, B, Andersen, ZJ & So, R 2026, 'Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Incidence of Parkinson's Disease: A Danish Nationwide Administrative Cohort Study', Movement Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.70234

Fleischer, NL, Flachs, EM, Ketzel, M , Brandt, J , Khan, J, Gustavsson, P, Mehlum, IS, Böttcher, M, Sejbaek, CS, Bonde, JP & Wils, RS 2026, 'Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and risk of incident acute myocardial infarction in a nationwide register-based cohort study', International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, vol. 99, no. 2, 9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-025-02198-9

Zhang, J, So, R, Bergmann, ML, Tuffier, S, Nystedt, TA, Lawlor, C, Pira, K, Napolitano, G, Brandt, J , Ketzel, M, Loft, S, Malmqvist, E, Oudin, A, Lim, YH & Andersen, ZJ 2026, 'Long-term exposure to black carbon and incident asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults: The Danish Nurse Cohort', Environmental Research, vol. 289, 123357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2025.123357

Fleet, FA & Bregnballe, T 2026, 'Long-term Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) diet data as a tool for understanding fish–bird interactions in Danish coastal ecosystems (1980–2024)', Det 23. Danske Havforskermøde , Helsingør, Denmark, 20/01/2026 - 22/01/2026.

Lykke, MR , Veres, K & Horváth-Puhó, E 2026, 'Long-Term Health Care Utilization Among Mothers of Children with Epilepsy–Including Psychiatric and Surgical Services: A 20-Year National Cohort Study', Clinical epidemiology, vol. 18, 540413. https://doi.org/10.2147/CLEP.S540413

Jeremiassen, N 2026, 'Long-term leaching dynamics of lead, zinc, and fluorine from mine waste at the Ivittuut mine, South Greenland', PhD, Aarhus University.

Ostenfeld, EB , Bjørnholt, SM, Sponholtz, SE, Frøding, LP, Fuglsang, K, Markauskas, A, Parner, E & Jensen, PT 2026, 'Long-term lymphedema and quality of life following lymph node staging in early cervical cancer: 3-year follow-up in the prospective multicenter SENTIREC CERVIX study', American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 234, no. 2, pp. 417-431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2025.09.020

Shang, Y , Tang, X, Zaman, F, Wu, X, Guo, Y, Liu, D, Peng, J & Cui, Z 2026, 'Long-term manure addition restores soil microbial network complexity disrupted by chemical fertilization across 3 m soil profiles', Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, vol. 401, 110300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2026.110300

Koeckerling, D, Reddy, RK, Howard, JP, Bansal, R, Bernstein, H, Lehmann, L, Frey, N, Buszman, PP, Buszman, PE, Christiansen, EH, Park, S-J, Serruys, PW, Stone, GW & Ahmad, Y 2026, 'Long-Term Mortality After PCI or CABG for Left Main Stem Disease: Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials Using Reconstructed Individual-Participant Survival Data', Journal of the American College of Cardiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2026.01.079

Springer, JS, Johnsen, SP, Olesen, C, Valentin, JB & Tuckuviene, R 2026, 'Long-term neurological and psychiatric outcomes after paediatric arterial ischaemic stroke and cerebral sinovenous thrombosis', Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.70202

Noori, M, Christiansen, EH, Hougaard, M, Eftekhari, A, Jakobsen, L, Ellert, J, Jensen, RV, Hansen, KN, Støttrup, NB, Raungaard, B, Lassen, JF, Kahlert, J, Junker, A & Jensen, LO 2026, 'Long-Term Outcomes After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With the Polymer-Free Biolimus-Coated BioFreedom Stent Versus the Biodegradable-Polymer Sirolimus-Eluting Orsiro Stent in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes', Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.70549

Hultgren, M, Blennow Nordström, E, Ullén, S, Nielsen, N, Dankiewicz, J, Jakobsen, JC, Heimburg, K, Moseby-Knappe, M, Bělohlávek, J, Bohm, M, Cariou, A, Eastwood, G, Friberg, H, Grejs, AM, Hammond, N, Hänggi, M, Hrečko, J, Iten, M, Keeble, TR, Leithner, C, Levin, H, Mion, M, Rylander, C, Schrag, C, Thomas, M, Wise, MP, Young, P, Cronberg, T & Lilja, G 2026, 'Long-Term Outcomes and Recovery Trajectories in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A 2-Year Follow-Up of the Randomized Clinical TTM2 Trial', JAMA Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2025.5614

Bogdanov, K, Bhople, P, Bondi, G, Nunan, N, Elsgaard, L, Herrmann, AM, Richards, KG, Ros, M, Wall, D, Brennan, F, Morales, SE & Clough, TJ 2026, 'Long-term P management has limited impacts on soil microbial communities, with unique patterns driven by location, land use, and soil depth', Applied Soil Ecology, vol. 220, 106877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2026.106877

Gnech, M, Pakkasjärvi, N, t Hoen, L, Radmayr, C, Bogaert, G, Burgu, B, Castagnetti, M, Kennedy, U, O’Kelly, F, Quaedackers, J, Bujons, A, Van Uitert, A, Skott, M, Silay, MS, Zachou, A, Yuan, Y & Rawashdeh, YF 2026, 'Long-term sexual function, fertility, and quality of life after childhood treatment for posterior urethral valves: a systematic review of clinical outcomes', Journal of Sexual Medicine, vol. 23, no. 3, qdag035. https://doi.org/10.1093/jsxmed/qdag035

Schmidt, SAJ , Farkas, DK , Deleuran, MS , Vestergaard, C , Sørensen, HT , Skipper, N & Langan, SM 2026, 'Long-term socioeconomic outcomes in Danish children with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis', Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 79-89. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.70085

Abdullah Al, M, Xu, Z, Zuo, J, Xiao, P, Xue, Y, Li, S, Yan, X, Mo, Y, Yan, Q, Xu, H, Majaneva, M, Jeppesen, E & Yang, J 2026, 'Long-term study shows cyanobacterial blooms reduce ciliate functional stability by altering network complexity', Algal Research, vol. 94, 104534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2026.104534

Merrell, WN, Vossoughi, N, Kteily, NS & Ho, AK 2026, 'Looking White But Feeling Asian: The Role of Perceived Membership Permeability and Perceived Discrimination in Multiracial-Monoracial Alliances', Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 141-160. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672241267332

Mason , A & Midtgaard, SF 2026, Lookism: The Morality of Appearance Discrimination. in G Kuipers & O Sarpila (eds), Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Springer Science+Business Media, Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research, vol. Part F1460, pp. 383-394. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-08035-6_29

Grøn, CH & Jacobsen, CB 2026, 'Love thy neighbour? Management team environment and effective leadership behaviour in public organizations', Public Management Review , vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 521-539. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2025.2466653

Cerkauskaite, D, Klimovskij, M, Bordeianou, LG, Vigorita, V, Emmertsen, KJ, Keane, C, Juul, T, Oliveira, L, Marinello, F, Martellucci, J, Denost, Q & Dulskas, A 2026, 'Low anterior resection syndrome: Real-world insights from an international survey', Colorectal Disease, vol. 28, no. 3, e70417. https://doi.org/10.1111/codi.70417

Vinther, D , Thorup Boel, LW , Uhrenholt, L & Hansen, K 2026, 'Low bone mineral density increases the risk of multiple rib and sternal fractures during cardiopulmonary resuscitation', Resuscitation, vol. 219, 110952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110952

Andersen, MH , Jensen, JM , Kanstrup, H, Sand, NPR, Busk, M, Hansen, MK , Thrane, PG , Olesen, KKW, Nordestgaard, BG, Maeng, M, Blaha, MJ, Nørgaard, BL & Mortensen, MB 2026, 'Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, coronary plaque burden, and myocardial infarction in adults aged 76-92 years: The Western Denmark Heart Registry', European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwag108

Possover, M & Abrao, HM 2026, 'Low-frequency antidromic pelvic neuromodulation as a potential enhancer of recovery after spinal cord injury: hypothetical promotion of spinal Renshaw cells and corticovagal plasticity', Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 388-394. https://doi.org/10.1080/10790268.2024.2414146

Yao, W, Niinemets, Ü, Niklas, KJ, Damgaard, CF & Shi, P 2026, 'Low size inequality in stomatal area distributions detected for 12 tree and shrub Magnoliaceae species: evidence of hydraulic optimization', Botany letters, vol. 173, no. 1, pp. 72-84. https://doi.org/10.1080/23818107.2025.2587064

Andreassen, MD, Adolphsen, L, Brüner, M , Kragstrup, TW & Lykke-Hartmann, K 2026, 'LPS-induced TLR4 activation enhances NF-κB signalling in human ovarian granulosa-like tumor cell line and induced primordial Follicle activation in mouse ex vivo ovary assay', Journal of reproductive immunology, vol. 174, 104856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jri.2026.104856

Frandsen, HV 2026, L'univers dans l'art - selon K. E. Løgstrup. in Cosmos: Milieu, environnement, univers.: Actes du 40e Congrès de l'Association des sociétés de philosophie de langue francaise. Vrin.

Cehov, M, Sheyanth, IN, Kelly, B & Mohanakumar, S 2026, 'Lymphatic phenotype characterisation by MR lymphangiography and near-infrared fluorescence imaging in a patient with pleural effusions and oedema', BMJ Case Reports, vol. 19, no. 2, e265897. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2025-265897

Ostenfeld, EB , Bjørnholt, SM & Jensen, PT 2026, 'Lymph node removal and long-term lymphedema in cervical cancer', American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 234, no. 4, pp. e135-e135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2025.10.043

Kempf, ON, Thorsen, LBJ, Nerup, N, Kjær, DW, Sanberg, J, Siemsen, M, Dikinis, S, Bendixen, M, Bæksgaard, L & Achiam, MP 2026, 'Lymph node yield and its impact on survival outcomes: a retrospective multicenter cohort study from Denmark', Diseases of the Esophagus, vol. 39, no. 1, doag014. https://doi.org/10.1093/dote/doag014

Aspari, M , Greisen, S , Hvid, M, Ong, VH, Denton, CP, Abraham, D & Deleuran, B 2026, 'Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3 Regulation of Profibrotic Cytokines and Type I Collagen Production in Patients With Systemic Sclerosis', ACR Open Rheumatology, vol. 8, no. 1, e70120. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr2.70120

Wanner, N, Keller, J, Liaukouskaya, N, Andrieux, G, Laufer, SD, Rogg, M, Bork, T, Liang, W, Braun, F, Haas, F, Wong, MN , Puelles, VG, Gies, SE, Meyer, C, Boerries, M, Helmstädter, M, Kretz, O, Hild, I, Metzger, E, Schüle, R, Bechtel-Walz, W & Huber, TB 2026, 'Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1a regulates nephron development and long-term transcriptional programming', JCI Insight, vol. 11, no. 5, e190283. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.190283

Thorn, A, Lavery, JA, Baad-Hansen, T, Forsberg, JA, Petersen, MM & Holm, CE 2026, 'Machine learning and logistic regression in estimating survival in patients with high-malignant deep-seated soft tissue sarcomas: development and analysis based on a population-based retrospective cohort', Acta Orthopaedica, vol. 97, pp. 185-193. https://doi.org/10.2340/17453674.2026.45509

Ejaz, U 2026, Machine Learning Application Based on Big Data for Prediction of Wastewater Quality. in TA Kurniwan & A Anouzla (eds), Handbook of Digitalization and Big Data in the Water Sector: Role of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. vol. 1, CRC Press, London, pp. 194-212. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003535959-11

Li, B, Dong, M & Li, Q 2026, 'Macroscale superlubricity under high pressure enabled by partially oxidized MXene nanosheets', Materials Today Nano, vol. 33, 100748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtnano.2025.100748

Hansen, EB , Løbner, MH , Frøstrup, NFA , Junge, JY & Kidmose, U 2026, Madspild i professionelle køkkener.

Thorup, M 2026, 'Mainstreamkulturen producerer lort på lort – og vi jubler i kor. Anmeldelse af William David Marx: Blank Space – A Cultural History of the Twenty-First Century', Information. <https://www.information.dk/kultur/anmeldelse/2026/02/mainstreamkulturen-producerer-lort-paa-lort-jubler-kor?check_logged_in=1>

Rummel, PS , Rasmussen, MR, Saghaï, A, Merl, T, Hallin, S, Mueller, CW & Koren, K 2026, 'Maize root growth, oxygen and N availability drive formation of N₂Ohotspots in soil', Geoderma, vol. 467, 117734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117734

Mogensen, D & Thøgersen, J 2026, 'Make it easy: Addressing sludge and procrastination in energy renovation decisions', Energy Policy, vol. 208, 114896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114896

Carleton, WC, Lawrence, D, Brotherson, D, Ebert, CE, Lobo, J, Ortman, SG, Smith, ME, Tho, T, Romanowska, I, Klassen, S & Roberts, P 2026, 'Making comparative archaeological and historical urbanism rigorous and open access through the URBank data platform', Antiquity. https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2026.10287

Helms-Lorenz, M, Heikkinen, H, Plauborg, H & Bjerkholt, E (eds) 2026, Making Sense of European Teacher Induction and Mentoring Practices. Key Issues in Teacher Education: Policy, Research and Practice, vol. 5, Brill.

Becker-Larsen, A 2026, 'Making Sense of Mental Health An Ethnographic Study of Mental Health in the Everyday Lives of Young Elite Athletes', PhD, Aarhus University.

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