Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Haue, R & Møller, PU 2003, Nordisk Østforum, Nr. 1, 2003. 2003:1 edn, Oslo.

Holst, U, Dissing, T , Rawashdeh, YFH , Frøkiær, J , Djurhuus, JC & Mortensen, J 2003, 'Norepinephrine inhibits the pelvic pressure increase in response to flow perfusion', J. Urol., vol. 170, no. 1, pp. 268-271.

Holst, U, Dissing, T, Rawashdeh, YFH , Frøkiær, J , Djurhuus, JC & Mortensen, J 2003, 'Norepinephrine inhibits the pelvic pressure increase in response to flow perfusion', J. Urol., vol. 170, no. 1, pp. 268-271.

Holst, U , Dissing, T , Rawashdeh, YF , Frokiaer, J , Djurhuus, JC & Mortensen, J 2003, 'Norepinephrine inhibits the pelvic pressure increase in response to flow perfusion', The Journal of Urology, vol. 170, no. 1, pp. 268-71. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000069824.13258.14

Søndergaard, M, Dagnæs-Hansen, F , Flyvbjerg, A & Jensen, TG 2003, 'Normalisation of growth in hypophysectomized mice using hydrodynamic transfer of the human growth hormone gene', Am. J. Physiol., vol. 285, pp. 427-432.

Sondergaard, M , Dagnaes-Hansen, F , Flyvbjerg, A & Jensen, TG 2003, 'Normalization of growth in hypophysectomized mice using hydrodynamic transfer of the human growth hormone gene', A J P: Endocrinology and Metabolism (Online), vol. 285, no. 2, pp. E427-32. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00573.2002

Sorensen, D & Waagepetersen, R 2003, 'Normal linear models with genetically structured residual variance heterogeneity: a case study', Genetics Research, vol. 82, pp. 207-222.

Jørgensen, JOL , Hansen, TK, Møller, N, Christiansen, JS & Besser, M (ed.) 2003, Normal physiology of growth hormone in adults. in Neuroendocrinology, Hypothalamus, and Pituitary. pp. 0-0. <http://www.endotext.com>

Steiniche, T & Hauge, EH 2003, 'Normal structure and function of bone', . In: H. An. Yuehuei and M.L. Kylie (eds): Handbook of Histology Methods for Bone and Cartilage. Humana PressTotowa, New Jersey, pp. 59-72.

Andersen, LB & Blegvad, M 2003, 'Normer eller Egennytte? Professionelle og økonomiske incitamenter i dansk børnetandpleje', Politica, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 125-135.

Otto, T 2003, Normer og handling i et antropologisk perspektiv. in S Schaumburg-Müller & B Selmer (eds), Retlig mangfoldighed: En fælles udfordring for retsvidenskab og antropologi. Djøf Forlag, København, pp. 29-44.

Christensen, JG 2003, 'Normer og incitamenter i offentlig virksomhed', Distinktion - Scandinavian Journal of Social Theory, no. 7, pp. 91-103.

Danielsen, VO 2003, 'Norm på 6 gram lysin er god nok', SVIN, Svineproducentens Fagmagasin, vol. 10, pp. 32-33.

Theilgaard, P, Friggens, N, Sloth, KH & Ingvartsen, KL 2003, No simple relationship between dry period and early lactation response of plasma non-esterified acids to in vivo b-adrenergic challenge in Holstein Friesian cows. in Proc. 11th Int. Conf. Prod. Diseases in Farm Animals. pp. 299-299, International Conference on Production Diseases in Farm Animals, 18/12/2010.

Knudsen, BT 2003, '(N)Ostalgi: et konservativt eller et fremadrettet projekt', Vandfanget, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 7-12.

Buhl, T 2003, 'Nostalgi og røre i lavamarken. Anmeldelse af Kristín Marja Baldursdóttir, Mågelatter', Litteraturmagasinet Standart, no. 4, pp. 30.

Wegener, G 2003, 'NO-systemet - morgendagens psykofarmakologiske target?', Medicus, vol. 4, pp. 6-7.

Jørgensen, E 2003, Note concerning Non-informative priors in the context of sensitivity estimation. Internal Report - Notes, no. 3, vol. 2003.

Kjerkegaard, S 2003, 'Note om overskæg og kanoner', Vandfanget, vol. 8, no. 2.

Saensouk, S, Chantaranothai, P & Larsen, K 2003, 'Notes on the genus Alpinia (Zingiberaceae) in Thailand', Thai Forest Bulletin (BOT.), vol. 31, pp. 95-104.

Højberg, O, Mikkelsen, LL & Jensen, BB 2003, 'Novel groups of culturable bacteria are nomerically dominant in the porcine gastrointestinal tract', Novel groups of culturable bacteria are nomerically dominant in the porcine gastrointestinal tract, 18/12/2010.

Steenberg, T 2003, Novel strategies for control of chicken mites (Dermnayssus gallinae) using autodissemination. in Invited symposium presentation, 36th annual meeting of the society for invertebrate pathology. 26-30 July 2003, Burlington Vermont, USA.. Novel strategies for control of chicken mites (Dermnayssus gallinae) using autodissemination, 18/12/2010.

Hansen, MF, Roesler-Friedenthal, A (ed.) & Nathan, J (ed.) 2003, Novelty in the Old and Age in the New: Spolia, Time, and Transformation in Early Christian Architecture. in The Enduring Instant: Time and the Spectator in the Visual Arts. Gebr. Mann Verlag, Berlin, pp. 165-175.

Overgaard, J 2003, Nowotwory (Polish Oncological Journal).

Ihssen, J, Horn, MA, Matthies, C, Gößner, A, Schramm, A & Drake, HL 2003, 'N₂O-producing microorganisms in the gut of the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa are indicative of ingested soil bacteria', Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 1655-1661. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.3.1655-1661.2003

Kristensen, IS , Halberg, N , Nielsen, AH , Dalgaard, R & Hutchings, N 2003, N turnover on Danish mixed dairy farms. in Seminar on: Nutrient balance approach for the environmental friendly agriculture in Korea. pp. 97-142, N turnover on Danish mixed dairy farms, Korea, Republic of, 18/12/2010.

Cortina-Gil, D, Fernandez-Vazquez, J, Attallah, F, Baumann, T, Benlliure, J, Borge, MJG, Chulkov, L, Forssén, C, Fraile, LM, Geissel, H, Gerl, J, Itahashi, K, Janik, R, Jonson, B, Karlsson, S, Lenske, H, Mandal, S, Markenroth, K, Meister, M, Mocko, M, Münzenberg, G, Ohtsubo, T, Ozawa, A, Parfenova, U, Pribora, V, Richter, A, Riisager, K, Schneider, R, Scheit, H, Schrieder, G, Shulgina, N, Simon, H, Sitar, B, Stolz, A, Strmen, P, Sümmerer, K, Szarka, I, Wan, S, Weick, H & Zhukov, MV 2003, 'Nuclear and Coulomb breakup of ⁸B', Nuclear Physics A, vol. 720, pp. 3-19.

Ovesen, T & Barrett, TQ 2003, 'Nuclear factor-kappaB in middle ear epithelial cells: a methodological study using an ELISA', Acta Oto-Laryngologica, vol. 123, no. 2, pp. 306-9.

Langanke, K 2003, Nuclear physics and core collapse supernovae. in Ricerca Scientifica ed Educazione Permanente. pp. 025002-1, Nuclear Reaction Mechanism, Varenna, Italy, Varenna, Italy, 17/12/2010.

Langanke, K & Martinez-Pinedo, G 2003, 'Nuclear Weak Interaction Processes in Stars', Review of Morden Physics, vol. 75, pp. 819-862.

Heger, A, Woosley, SE, Langanke, K, Kolbe, E, Rauscher, T & Hoffman, RD 2003, 'Nucleosynthesis of Heavy Elements in Massive Stars', Nuclear Physics A, vol. 718, pp. 159C-166C.

Vikner, S, Delsing, L-O (ed.), Falk, C (ed.), Josefsson, G (ed.) & Sigurdsson, HÁ (ed.) 2003, Null Objects under Coordination in Yiddish and Scandinavian. in Grammar in Focus: Festschrift for Christer Platzack, vol. II. Dept. of Scandinavian Languages, University of Lund, Lund, pp. 365-375. <http://www.hum.au.dk/engelsk/engsv/papers/vikn03a.pdf>

Rainsford, D 2003, 'Numbering Pain: Testimony, Quantification, and Need', Discourse, vol. 25, no. 1-2, pp. 19-35.

Booth, PJ, Viuff, D, Tan, SJ , Holm, P, Greve, T & Callesen, H 2003, 'Numerical chromosome errors in day 7 somatic nuclear blastocysts', Biology of Reproduction, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 922-928. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.102.007187

Mubiru, S, Romney, D, Halberg, N & Tenywa, JS 2003, Nutrient balances and options for their improvement under different levels of intensification of dairy production in Uganda. in Proceedings of the Livestock Systems Research Programme (LSRP) annual Scientific Workshop 2003. pp. 206-216, Nutrient balances and options for their improvement under different levels of intensification of dairy production in Uganda, 18/12/2010.

Ærtebjerg, G, Carstensen, J , Conley, DJ, Ærtebjerg, G (ed.), Andersen, JH (ed.) & Schou Hansen, O (ed.) 2003, Nutrient concentrations, nutrient ratios and nutrient limitation. in GA Ærtebjerg, SH J.H. & O. (eds.) (eds), Nutrients and Eutrophication in Danish Marine Waters: A Challenge for Science and Management. National Environmental Research Institute, pp. 36-45. <http://www.dmu.dk/1_viden/2_Publikationer/3_Ovrige/rapporter/ospar.asp>

Hejzlar, J, Boers, P, Kronvang, B, Karaer, F, Gnauck, AAH (ed.) & R. (Eds.) (ed.) 2003, Nutrient retention - A key element in evaluating Reference Conditions of Lakes and Reservoirs for the EU Water Framework Directive. in AAH Gnauck & R. (Eds.) (eds), The Information Society and Enlargement of the European Union. 17th International Conference Informatics for Environmental Protection, Cottbus 2003 : Part 1: Concepts and Methods. Marburg: Metropolis-Verlag für Ökonomie, Geselschaft und Politik GmbH, pp. 357-364.

Kronvang, B, Jensen, JP, Andersen, T, Arheimer, B, Behrendt, H, Hejzlar, J & Boers, P 2003, 'Nutrient retention in surface water in 17 European catchments', International Specialised Conference on Diffuse Pollution and Basin Management, Dublin, Ireland, 17/08/2003 - 22/08/2003.

Kronvang, B, Jensen, JP, Andersen, T, Arheimer, B, Behrendt, H, Hejzlat, J & Boers, P 2003, 'Nutrient retention in surface waterin 17 European catchments', 7th International Conference on Diffuse Pollution and Basin Management, Dublin, Ireland, 17/08/2003 - 22/08/2003.

Larsen, SE , Kronvang, B & Andersen, HE 2003, 'Nutrient trends in 17 European Catchments', 7th International Specialised Conference on Diffuse Pollution and Basin Management, Dublin, Ireland, 17/08/2003 - 22/08/2003.

Boisen, S 2003, Nutritional value of Nordic crops in relation to a new evaluation system for pig feeds. in Niemeläinen, O. & Topi-Hulmi, M. (Eds.) Proceedings of the NJF's 22nd Congress "Nordic Agriculture in Global Perspective". pp. 46-46, Nutritional value of Nordic crops in relation to a new evaluation system for pig feeds, 18/12/2010.

Nielsen, OS 2003, 'Ny behandling af sarkomer: Et nyt behandlingsgennembrud?', Fokus på Kræft og Sygepleje, vol. 2, pp. 9-11. <http://forskningsbasen.deff.dk/Share.external?sp=S1d8a7330-9561-11da-bee9-02004c4f4f50&sp=Sau>

Nielsen, LO 2003, 'Ny dansk film og dens realistiske tradition', Filmmagasinet 16:9, no. 4. <http://www.16-9.dk>

Kiertzner, L 2003, 'Ny dansk revisorlov 2003', Nordisk Tidsskrift for Selskabsret, no. 3, pp. 310-327.

Kiertzner, L 2003, 'Ny dansk revisorlovgivning', AUD-nyt, no. 2, pp. 2-4.

Thorbjørnsen, S, Johansen, MR , Bukh, PN & Mouritsen, J 2003, Nye erfaringer med videnregnskaber: Implementering af videnledelse i offentlige organisationer. in Per Nikolaj Bukh og Steen Hildebrandt (red.) (ed.), Offentlig Økonomistyring - Børsen Ledelseshåndbøger. Børsen Forum A/S, København, pp. Afsn. 4.5. <http://www.borsenhandboger.dk/handboger/52/index.html>

Nielsen, BJ 2003, Nye fungicider til bekæmpelse af kartoffelskimmel. in 20. Danske Planteværnskonference: Korn, kartofler, skadedyr, miljø og postere. Danmarks JordbrugsForskning, DJF rapport, markbrug, no. 89, pp. 53-67, Nye fungicider til bekæmpelse af kartoffelskimmel, 18/12/2010.

Thøgersen, S 2003, 'Nye ideer om undervisning: Debat om kvaliteten i kinesisk uddannelse', Kinabladet, no. 18, pp. 10-13.

Hovmøller, MS & Jensen, JW 2003, Nye informationer om meldugresistens i byg og gulrustresistens i hvede. in 20. Danske Planteværnskonference: Status og fremtid. Danmarks JordbrugsForskning, DJF rapport, markbrug, no. 88, pp. 95-104, Nye informationer om meldugresistens i byg og gulrustresistens i hvede, 18/12/2010.

Sørensen, BH 2003, 'Nye læringsformer med digitale medier', Tilt.

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