Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Rasmussen, C , Søndergaard, J & Jørgensen, CJ 2026, 'Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometry and multivariate statistics for geochemical fingerprinting and pollution source determination at a legacy mine site in East Greenland.', Arctic Science Summit Week 2026, Aarhus, Denmark, 25/03/2026 - 01/04/2026.

Donskov, AO, Gaster, T, Hauge, EM , De Thurah, A , Nørgaard, M & Keller, KK 2026, 'Positive predictive value of a register-based method to identify polymyalgia rheumatica in primary and secondary care: a validation study in Denmark', Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. https://doi.org/10.1080/03009742.2026.2628455

Kanstrup, H & Danish Familial Hypercholesterolemia Study Group 2026, 'Positive Predictive Values of Familial Hypercholesterolemia Diagnoses in the Danish National Patient Registry and the Danish Familial Hypercholesterolemia Registry–A Validation Study', Clinical epidemiology, vol. 18, 12475835. https://doi.org/10.2147/CLEP.S556764

Terkelsen, MH , Baun, AM , Stokholm, MG , Danielsen, EH, Møller, M, Valdemarsen, RN , Møller, A , Brooks, DJ, Tolosa, E & Pavese, N 2026, 'Positron emission tomography imaging of the cholinergic system in parkinsonian tremor', Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, vol. 144, 108212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2026.108212

Lean, C, Latham, AJ, Sandrussi, A & Rogers, W 2026, Possibilidade real de recuperação de espécies extintas não pode comprometer leis de proteção ambiental. The Conversation. https://doi.org/10.64628/ADE.pmpydafph

Jørgensen, ME, Vequaud, D, Wang, Y, Andersen, CB, Bayer, M, Box, A, Braune, KB, Cai, Y, Chen, F, Cuesta-Seijo, JA, Dong, H, Fincher, GB, Gojkovic, Z, Huang, Z, Jaegle, B, Kale, SM, Krsticevic, F, Le Roux, P-M, Lozier, A, Lu, Q, Mascher, M, Murozuka, E, Nakamura, S, Simmelsgaard, MU, Pedas, PR, Pin, PA, Podzimska-Sroka, D, Sato, K, Spannagl, M, Rasmussen, MW, Russell, J, Schreiber, M, Thomsen, HC, Thomsen, NW, Tulloch, S, Voss, C, Skadhauge, B, Stein, N, Willerslev, E, Waugh, R & Dockter, C 2026, 'Postdomestication selection of MKK3 shaped seed dormancy and end-use traits in barley', Science, vol. 391, no. 6780, eadx2022, pp. 90-95. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adx2022

Lund, M , Troelsen, FS , Kousholt, A , Frøslev, T & Erichsen, R 2026, 'Postimaging Colorectal Cancer After Computed Tomography Colonography: A Danish Nationwide Study', American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. Publish Ahead of Print. https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000003849

Schulten, I, Maselli, V, King, EL, Schmidt, M, Hensen, C, Müller, T, Asioli, A, Micallef, A, Berndt, C, Brown, CJ, Córdoba-Ramírez, F, Elger, J, Hölz, S, Kotliarov, A, Kurylyk, B, Yu, S & Nedimović, MR 2026, 'Post-LGM sedimentation history and deglaciation processes in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada', Quaternary Science Reviews, vol. 372, 109715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2025.109715

Achiam, M & Irwin, A 2026, 'Post-normal science communication? Evidence of third-order thinking among sustainability scientists', Public Understanding of Science, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 159-176. https://doi.org/10.1177/09636625251390482

Mølhave, M, Svanesøe, S, Aggerholm, W, Bertelsen, JB & Zainali-Gill, K 2026, 'Post-operative care and complications following transoral robotic surgery for obstructive sleep apnoea', Danish Medical Journal, vol. 73, no. 1, A05250396. https://doi.org/10.61409/A05250396

Jensen, SS , Gundtoft, PH, Gjertsen, JE & Pedersen, AB 2026, 'Postoperative mobility is associated with risk of reoperation and increased mortality after hip fracture: a nationwide cohort study of 33,486 patients', Acta Orthopaedica, vol. 97, pp. 156-163. https://doi.org/10.2340/17453674.2026.45552

Storgaard Jensen, S , Gundtoft, PH, Gjertsen, J-E & Pedersen, AB 2026, 'Postoperative mobility is associated with risk of reoperationand increased mortality after hip fracture: a nationwide cohort study of 33,486 patients', Acta Orthopaedica, vol. 97, pp. 156-163. https://doi.org/10.2340/17453674.2026.45552

Liu, X , Christiansen, E , Bergink, V , Kjeldsen, M-MZ , Mægbæk, ML & Munk-Olsen, T 2026, 'Postpartum self-harm thoughts and subsequent risk of intentional self-harm', BMJ Mental Health, vol. 29, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjment-2025-302282

Montomoli, J, Baldassarre, M, Sandahl, TD, Naldi, M, Glavind, E, Pompili, E, Jepsen, P, Palmese, F, Caraceni, P, Vilstrup, H & Domenicali, M 2026, 'Post-Translational Changes in Serum Albumin in Patients with Alcohol-Associated Hepatitis', International Journal of Molecular Sciences , vol. 27, no. 3, 1503. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031503

Nygaard, C, Schytz, HW, Odgaard, L , Kinnerup, MB, Nicolaisen, AB, Hellemose, LA , Eggertsen, PP, Skandsen, T, Thastum, MM , Stabel, HH , Pedersen, CB , Kothari, SF & Nielsen, JF 2026, 'Post-traumatic headache two to four months after mild traumatic brain injury: A description of phenotypes and treatment patterns', Cephalalgia : an international journal of headache, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 3331024261423477. https://doi.org/10.1177/03331024261423477

Olsen, SG, Reinecke-Tellefsen, CJ & Østergaard, SD 2026, 'Potentially Harmful Consequences of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Chatbot Use Among Patients With Mental Illness: Early Data From a Large Psychiatric Service System', Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, vol. 153, no. 4, pp. 301-303. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.70068

Taghizadeh-Toosi, A, Nielsen, SV & Elofsson, K 2026, 'Potential of crop residues management for soil organic carbon sequestration in European countries until 2050: a simplified modelling approach', Soil Security, vol. 22, 100221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soisec.2025.100221

Khan, MI, Rehman, MU, Sarfraz, R , Fakhar, A & Kim, GW 2026, 'Potential of mycorrhizal fungi in soil C sequestration under climate change scenario: current research and prospects', Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, vol. 31, no. 1, 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-025-10270-5

Yasuda, S, Palomo, A, Smets, BF & Terada, A 2026, 'Potential survival strategies of novel comammox and nitrite-oxidizing Nitrospira synthesizing osmoprotectants in a wastewater microbiome treating high-ammonia brackish landfill leachate', Microbiome, vol. 14, no. 1, 98. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-026-02351-7

Ravn, KS 2026, Poul Martin Møller's Poems. in N Bravo, FG Jensen & J Stewart (eds), Poul Martin Møller: Poet, Philosopher and Philologist . vol. 16, Brill, Leiden and Boston, Danish Golden Age Studies, vol. 16, pp. 305.

Ravn, KS 2026, Poul Martin Møller's The Adventures of a Danish Student. in N Bravo, FG Jensen & J Stewart (eds), Poul Martin Møller: Poet, Philosopher and Philologist . vol. 16, Brill, Leiden and Boston, Danish Golden Age Studies, vol. 16, pp. 239.

Hatamzadeh, E 2026, 'Power Management IC Design for IoT Applications', PhD, Aarhus University.

Tesfamariam, YM, Christensen, MH, Diehl, S, Klein, T, Lingnau, JM, Normann, S, Hagelauer, E, Herbert, M, Reimer, S, Joshi, RP, Engels, P, Pritzl, S, Fontana, P, Zillinger, T, Hartmann, G, Eis-Hübinger, A, Lam, MC, Walgenbach, KJ, Meissner, F, Wu, H & Schmidt, FI 2026, 'Poxvirus dsDNA genomes differentially activate AIM2 or NLRP3 inflammasomes in human primary cells', EMBO Journal, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 1728-1759. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44318-025-00690-z

Kunisch, S, Leicht-Deobald, U, Laamanen, T, Schulte Steinberg, A & Ambos, B 2026, 'Practice Adoption in MNCs: A Multi-Level Interactionist Model of Trait Activation', Global Strategy Journal. https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.70014

Kousholt, D, Sander, O, Nissen, M & Huniche, L 2026, 'PRACTICE RESEARCH – THE DANISH TRADITIONS', Forum Kritische Psychologie - Neue Folge.

Gulmann, M, Christensen, L & Aarkrog, V 2026, PRAKSISFAGLIGHED SOM ERHVERVSRETTET UNDERVISNING I FOLKESKOLEN. Københavns Professionshøjskole og Aarhus Universitet.

Luque, NM, Leader, L, Lowe, SM, Horrowitz, SD, Tare, M, Hinkley, V, Matchkov, VV, Costantine, MM, Markus, I, Liu, L, Sandow, SL & Murphy, TV 2026, 'Pravastatin Corrects Endothelial Dysfunction in Ex Vivo Uterine Radial Arteries in Preeclampsia', Acta Physiologica, vol. 242, no. 4, e70186. https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.70186

Larsen, KB 2026, Praying Like Socrates? Prayer in Johannine Literature and Ancient Philosophical Tradition. in TBA.

Bønding, EW , Thunbo, MM & Agersnap, A 2026, Preaching During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Quantitative Close Reading of Danish Sermons during National Lockdowns. in Aarhus University. (2026). DHNB 2026 - Lost in Abundance (Book of Abstracts). Zenodo.. pp. 34-35, DHNB 2026: Lost in Abundance: Encounters with the Non-Canonical., Aarhus, Denmark, 09/03/2026. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18835192

Thunbo, MM 2026, 'Preaching in Occupied Land: Crisis and Sermons in Wartime Denmark (1940–1945)', Studia Theologica - Nordic Journal of Theology, pp. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/0039338X.2026.2622675

Hove, MF, Hobolt, SB, van Dalen, A & de Vreese, C 2026, 'Preaching to the choirs. Political parties’ online targeting strategies in multi-party systems', Party Politics. https://doi.org/10.1177/13540688251408777

Brix, LD, Madsen, TW, Geisler, A, Birkild, M, Collin, T, Thomsen, T, Lassen, KL, Gamst-Jensen, H, Mortensen, LG & Nielsen, AH 2026, 'Pre-Anaesthesia Assessments of Adults Undergoing Elective Surgery: A Scoping Review', Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, vol. 70, no. 2, e70177. https://doi.org/10.1111/aas.70177

Hoffmann-Lücke, E , Steffensen, EH , Samson, MH & Greibe, E 2026, 'Pre-analytical stability of drugs of abuse in urine for confirmatory testing: a systematic review', Journal of Analytical Toxicology. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaf106

Kettig, T & Hejná, M 2026, 'Pre-aspiration and longitudinal voice quality trends in Received Pronunciation: The case of Queen Elizabeth II', JASA Express Letters, vol. 6, no. 3, 035204. https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0042363

Chalil Oglou, R , Linding Frederiksen, M , Leidinger, PM , Ceccato, M , Bentien, A & Lauritsen, JV 2026, 'Precatalytic Surface Roughness of Fe-Modified Ni Electrodes Translates into Intrinsic Sites for Oxygen Evolution Reactivity', Energy & Environmental Science.

Chalil Oglou, R , Frederiksen, ML , Leidinger, PM , Ceccato, M , Bentien, A & Lauritsen, JV 2026, 'Precatalytic surface roughness of Fe-modified Ni electrodes translates into intrinsic sites for oxygen evolutzion reactivity', Energy and Environmental Science. https://doi.org/10.1039/d5ee07465g

Lu, Y , Simonsen, NP , Djurhuus, JC , Olsen, LH , Mutsaers, HAM & Nørregaard, R 2026, 'Precision-Cut Bladder Slices: A Novel Model for the Study of Bladder Fibrosis and Potential Anti-Fibrotic Agents', International Journal of Urology, vol. 33, no. 3, e70396. https://doi.org/10.1111/iju.70396

Schierle, F, Bolmgren, JL, Deleuran, M, Welter, O & Gebauer, V 2026, 'Precision dermatology 2050: AI-driven personalized monitoring and individualized treatment', Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 431-439. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.70248

Manoharan, M 2026, 'Precision parameter estimation of multi junction solar cells using the Bonobo Optimiser Algorithm', Discover Computing, vol. 29, no. 1, 155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10791-026-09955-5

van der Minnen, LM, Vendelbo, JH , Pedersen, LH & Painter, RC 2026, 'Preconception metformin and hyperemesis gravidarum in Denmark: clinical implications of growth differentiation factor 15’s etiological role', American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2025.12.060

Wang, S, Khaipho-Burch, M, Johnson, LC, Miller, ZR, Bradbury, PJ, Speed, D, Allen, WJ, Romay, MC, Xue, J, Buckler, ES, Ramstein, GP & Song, B 2026, 'Predicted protein 3D structures provide essential insights into the genetic architecture underlying phenotypic diversity in maize', Genome Research, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 214-225. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.280514.125

Holst, IR, Buhl, SF, Thilsing, T, Storsveen, MM, Wehberg, S, Carstensen, TBW & Jarbøl, DE 2026, 'Predicting avoidant coping in individuals recently diagnosed with serious illness: a cross-sectional study', Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 17, 1773360. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1773360

Zubia-Aranburu, J, Gardin, A, Paffen, L, Tollemeto, M, Alberdi, A, Termenon, M, Grisoni, F & Patiño Padial, T 2026, 'Predicting DNA Origami Stability in Physiological Media by Machine Learning', Small Structures, vol. 7, no. 2, e202500784. https://doi.org/10.1002/sstr.202500784

Castro de la Guardia, L, Bartsch, I, Hop, H, Niedzwiedz, S, Düsedau, L, Diehl, N, Krause-Jensen, D , Sejr, M , Ager, TG, Gattuso, JP, Schlegel, RW, Miller, CA, Filbee-Dexter, K & Duarte, P 2026, 'Predicting potential Arctic kelp distribution and lower-depth biomass from seafloor irradiance', Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, vol. 24, no. 3, e70018. https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.70018

Matthes, J, Reinhardt, A, Hodzic, S, Kaňková, J, Binder, A, Bojic, L, Maindal, HT, Paraschiv, C & Ryom, K 2026, 'Predicting the Intention to Use Generative Artificial Intelligence for Health Information: Comparative Survey Study', Journal of Medical Internet Research, vol. 28, e75648. https://doi.org/10.2196/75648

Hansen, L , Damgaard, JG, Lundin, RM, Danielsen, AA & Østergaard, SD 2026, 'Predicting the need for electroconvulsive therapy via machine learning trained on electronic health record data', Acta Neuropsychiatrica, vol. 38, e19, pp. 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1017/neu.2026.10063

Zaalberg, RM , Andersen, LB , Noel, SJ , Buitenhuis, AJ , Jensen, K & Gebreyesus, G 2026, 'Prediction of amino acid content in live black soldier fly larvae using near infrared spectroscopy', Journal of Insects as Food and Feed. https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-bja10381

Agrawal, M, Hansen, AV, Julsgaard, M, Colombel, JF & Jess, T 2026, 'Prediction of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Based on Early Life Risk Factors in a Population-based Cohort', Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2026.01.034

Farooq, F, Roy, T, Ali, MH, Ridoy, MAR, Kashem, A, Rahman, L & Das, A 2026, 'Prediction of mechanical strengths of geopolymer concrete using optimized machine learning models with graphical user interface', Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation, vol. 11, no. 1, 31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41024-025-00704-7

Banaschewski, MT, Mathys, C, Winkler, I, Todd, J & Auksztulewicz, R 2026, 'Predictive Processing Over the Course of Aging: Multiple Timescales of Effective Connectivity', European Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 63, no. 1, e70387. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70387

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Lise Refstrup Linnebjerg Pedersen