Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Lillelund Sørensen, S , Jønsson, AB, Harvey, LA, Bierings-Sørensen, F & Nielsen, JF 2026, 'A robotic-assisted intervention (ROBERT®) to enhance muscle strength in the hip flexor muscles following spinal cord injury: A pilot within-person randomized controlled trial', The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 327-339. https://doi.org/10.1080/10790268.2025.2488573

Tilbæk, S , Petersen, SE, Stolarczyk, L, Laursen, KL, Hokland, SB, Biancardo, SBN, Jakobsen, KL, Havelund, R, Andersen, T, Mortensen, B, Madsen, CV, Vittrup, AS, Lindberg, H, Yakymenko, D, Søndergaard, J & Muren, LP 2026, 'A robustness-inclusive comparison of proton- versus photon-based whole-pelvic radiotherapy for prostate cancer within a randomised clinical trial', Radiotherapy and Oncology, vol. 217, 111404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2026.111404

Djurslev, CT & Sørensen, N (Translator) 2026, 'Artaxerxes’ Liv af Plutarch fra Chaironea: En perser-biografi fra det romerske Grækenland', Aigis: nordisk tidsskrift for klassiske studier, vol. 26, no. 1.

Andersen, AB , Beedholm, K , Frederiksen, K, Kolbæk, R & Søndergaard, SF 2026, 'Artefacts as a Starting Point for Studying Clinical Practice', Nursing Philosophy, vol. 27, no. 1, e70056. https://doi.org/10.1111/nup.70056

Samarasinghe, MB , Hernandez Castellano, LE , Kristensen, NB & Larsen, M 2026, 'Arterial blood ionised calcium activity in periparturient Holstein cows fed an alkaline low-energy density or acidifying high-energy density close-up prepartum rations', Animal, vol. 20, no. 2, 101753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2025.101753

Østergaard, SD 2026, 'Artificial Intelligence (AI) Chatbots and Mental Health: Have We Learned Nothing From the Global Social Media Experiment?', Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, vol. 153, no. 2, pp. 79-81. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.70057

Jalali, P, Wang, FM, Ourang, SAH, Zahedrozegar, S, Mohammad-Rahimi, H & Nosrat, A 2026, 'Artificial Intelligence Chatbots Taking American Board of Endodontics Simulated Oral Board Examination', Journal of Endodontics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2026.02.014

Ferreira, J, França, M, Regalo, MC, Rei, M, Peixoto, R, Aibar, JÁ, Robinson, T, Matias, R, Duprat, F, Mantegazza, M, Parlak, O, Ryvlin, P, Beniczky, S, Lopes, L, Perucca, E, Claro, J & Conde, C 2026, 'Artificial intelligence-driven closed-loop devices in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy prediction and prevention: Insights from persons with epilepsy and caregivers', Epilepsia, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 175-186. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.18647

Mah, D, Groß, N, Egloffstein, M & Prilop, CN 2026, 'Artificial intelligence in K-12 instruction: the role of teacher professional development', Smart Learning Environments, vol. 13, no. 1, 16, pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-026-00442-4

Knudsen, LED 2026, 'Arts-based research: En introduktion til en kunstbaseret forskningstilgang', Tegn, no. 2026, pp. 64-69.

Knudsen, LED & Rold, M (eds) 2026, Arts-based research. Kunstbaserede forskningsmetoder. Unge Pædagoger.

Salgarella, E & Petrakis, V (eds) 2026, ASASA(RAME) Vol. 1. The Wor(l)ds of Linear A: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Documents and Inscriptions of a Cretan Bronze Age Script. AURA Supplement, vol. 15, University of Athens Press. <https://epub.lib.uoa.gr/index.php/aura/article/view/2642>

Lieberoth, A & Artak, CET 2026 'A School-Based Intervention to Support Children’s Digital Social Support and Wellbeing: The OS Study' Openscienceframework.org.

Kang, S, Lei, C, Ding, C, Klausen, LH, Cui, B & Cui, L 2026, 'A self-sufficient biocatalytic photo-Fenton system using immobilized glucose oxidase', Green Chemistry, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 1748-1759. https://doi.org/10.1039/d5gc04388c

Schleper, C & Rodrigues-Oliveira, T 2026, 'Asgard archaea: have we found our microbial ancestors?', EMBO Journal, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 1836-1851. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44318-026-00719-x

Kjeldsen, CK & Hansen, LL 2026 'A short introduction to searching in SolrWayback' Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18606142

Rask, CU & Kallesøe, KH 2026, 'A short report: The Danish model for organization of healthcare for functional somatic disorders in children and adolescents', Journal of Psychosomatic Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2026.112606

Esmailbeygi, H 2026, 'ASIC Design for Spintronic-Based Wireless Sensor Nodes', PhD, Aarhus University.

Kokhanovsky, A, Chevrollier, LA, Wehrlé, A, Segl, K & Chabrillat, S 2026, 'A simple analytical model for the reflection function of flat glacier ice surfaces and its application for optical remote sensing of glaciers', Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, vol. 351, 109717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2025.109717

Skriver, SA , Arjmand, S , Andersen, AB , Wegener, G & Hansen, M 2026, 'A single S-ketamine injection enhances mTOR signaling in rat skeletal muscle', Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility, vol. 47, no. 1, 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10974-025-09720-z

Volder, S & Baggesgaard, MA 2026, A small, benevolent country: Colonial innocence and racism in Danish literature from the long nineteenth century. in R Rix, C Duffy, M Roos & E-L Bergström (eds), The Exceptional North: Past and Present Perspectives on Nordicness. De Gruyter, Oldenbourg, pp. 153-172. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112205266-009

Jakobsen, AMSØ & Vanhaverbeke, W 2026, 'A Socio-Technical Perspective on Product Configuration Systems: Insights from Grundfos', Technological Forecasting and Social Change, vol. 225, 124564, pp. 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2026.124564

Faurskov, TSS 2026, 'A Solid Future for Batteries Hydridoborates as Solid Electrolytes', PhD, Aarhus University.

Scientific and Research Committee of the E-AHPBA 2026, 'ASO Visual Abstract: Adenosquamous Carcinoma of the Pancreas: Outcomes of a Multicenter European Study (ADESQUPAN Project)', Annals of Surgical Oncology. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-026-19188-x

Gunnþórsdóttir, H, Ahlholm, M, Lindholm, A, Andersen, LK, Peskova, RE & Slotte, A 2026, 'Aspects of quality teaching for L2 students in Nordic lower secondary classrooms', Teaching and Teacher Education, vol. 172, 105406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2026.105406

Lassen, AS, Petersen, TL , Kirkegaard, H , Laursen, MG , Østergaard, JN & Ryom, K 2026, 'Assessing changes in community readiness in two Danish communities after implementing a participatory systems approach targeting childhood mental health', Discover mental health, vol. 6, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44192-026-00382-y

Petrova, Y, Vilhelmsson, A & Nordén, LL 2026, 'Assessing cross-currency predictability in forex markets: Insights from limit order book data', International Journal of Forecasting. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijforecast.2025.12.007

Zhao, Q, Meng, F, Cao, L, Zhang, J, Gu, D, Batbayar, N, Rozenfeld, SB, Solovyeva, DV, Bysykatova-Harmey, I, Damba, I, Shimada, T, Lee, H, Xie, Y & Fox, AD 2026, 'Assessing exchange rates of individuals between biogeographical populations of East Asian goose and swan species', Ibis, vol. 168, no. 2, pp. 805-814. https://doi.org/10.1111/ibi.70019

Zhou, Y , Ata-Ul-Karim, ST , Yin, J , Canicatti, M , Tóth, L , Wang, S, Ma, Y, Wu, C, Andersen, MN & Cammarano, D 2026, 'Assessing in-season crop nitrogen status based on UAV multispectral imaging and AI-driven model optimization', Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol. 246, 111638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.111638

Pignatti, F, El-Galaly, TC, Kaiser, M, Porkka, K, Doeswijk, R, Mol, P, Rivera, DR, Lerro, CC, Rohr, UP, Verpillat, P, Valachis, A, Trapani, D, Di Maio, M, Latino, N, Cordoba, R, Cherny, N, Koopman, M, Martins-Branco, D, Pentheroudakis, G & Postmus, D 2026, 'Assessing Overall Survival Benefits in Advanced Cancers: The Role of External Comparator Cohort Studies with Real-World Data', Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol. 119, no. 4, pp. 1080-1087. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.70213

Hamad, IY, Sheikh, M & Staehr, PAU 2026, 'Assessing seagrass ecological health in Zanzibar using an integrated index of drone and in situ indicators', Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 226, 119348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119348

Zabihi, M, Shojaei, M, Motevalli, A, Mostafazadeh, R & Hashemi, F 2026, 'Assessing spatio-temporal changes in landscape structure: An index-based approach in a forested watershed', Geographical Journal.

Romero-Expósito, M, Pasariček, L, Arbor, N, Brkić, H, Cimmino, A, Horváth, D, Jacobsen, VL, Lefebvre, B, Stolarczyk, L, Majer, M, Versaci, R & Saint-Hubert, MD 2026, 'Assessing stray neutron dose variability across Monte Carlo codes in a proton therapy scenario', Physica Medica, vol. 141, 105686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2025.105686

Natal-da-Luz, T, Alves, D, Cunha, L, Jänsch, S, Krogh, PH, Mendes, S, Reis, F, Rojo, V, Römbke, J, Sapkota, R, Scheffczyk, A, Schmelz, RM, Scopel, L, Martins da Silva, P, Vierna, J, Vizcaíno, A & Sousa, P 2026, 'Assessing suitability of metabarcoding based on DNA from soil and organism samples to evaluate biodiversity of collembolan communities', Ecology and Evolution.

Gebremikael, MT, Medrano, D & Kristensen, HL 2026, 'Assessing the Agronomic Quality of Compost from a Novel Rapid Composting System for Agri-Food Waste Valorization', Waste and Biomass Valorization. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-026-03528-9

Chen, L , Brask, MJ, Sembech, L, Thorup, VM & Østergaard, S 2026, 'Assessing the carbon footprint of converting confinement dairy production to seasonal grazing in a dairy herd: a scenario study', Livestock Science, vol. 304, 105881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2025.105881

Hashemi, F , Mogensen, L , Eriksen, J , Ambye-Jensen, M , Andrade, TA , Møller, HB , Jørgensen, U , Wahid, R , Dupont, YL, Cong, W, Zhen, H , Dorca-Preda, T & Knudsen, MT 2026, 'Assessing the carbon footprint of leaf protein concentrate and biomethane from organic multispecies grasslands', EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 03/05/2026 - 08/05/2026. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-14447

Valorenzos, AC, Kibsgaard, L & Bertelsen, T 2026, 'Assessing the Effect of Adalimumab in Granuloma Annulare: A Case Series and Literature Review', JEADV Clinical Practice. https://doi.org/10.1002/jvc2.70250

Hallak, J, Afonso Teixeira, T, Gismondi, JPM, Pato, EZS, Aitken, RJ, Firmbach Pasqualotto, F & Esteves, SC 2026, 'Assessing the epigenetic consequences of ART in male infertility: what risks to embryo and offspring health?', Epigenomics, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 255-267. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501911.2026.2633977

Hieronymus, F, Huneke, NTM, Månsson, D, Rehn, EM, Hagsäter, M, Woodham, RD, Soares, JC, Young, AH, Vieira, RM, Selvaraj, S & Fu, C 2026, 'Assessing the presence of biasing and non-biasing unblinding in a randomized controlled trial of a home-use tDCS device: An exploratory analysis', Journal of Affective Disorders, vol. 405, 121553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2026.121553

Pent, M, Bahram, M, Hindriksoo, H & Põldmaa, K 2026, 'Assessing the specificity of bacterial-fungal interactions for biocontrol strategies', Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol. 137, no. 3, lxag050. https://doi.org/10.1093/jambio/lxag050

Becattini, A, Rasmussen, SE , Christensen, KS, Carrozzino, D, Guiducci, S, Romanazzo, S & Cosci, F 2026, 'Assessing the structural validity of the SCL-Dep6 depression subscale using rasch analysis', Journal of Affective Disorders, vol. 403, 121446, pp. 121446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2026.121446

Coates, MM, Rowe, SL, Sullivan, SG, Munoz, FM, Arah, OA & Regan, AK 2026, 'Assessing the Use of Medical Insurance Claims and Electronic Health Records to Measure COVID-19 Vaccination During Pregnancy', Drug Safety. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40264-025-01641-7

Pedersen, J , Hafner, SD , Romio, C & Pacholski, A 2026, 'Assessment of ammonia emission mitigation efficiency of established and novel field application techniques for anaerobically digested slurry', Atmospheric Environment: X, vol. 29, 100415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2026.100415

Graungaard, S, Arlien-Søborg, MC, Bruun, NH, Gjersdal, E, Jørgensen, JOL & Dal, J 2026, 'Assessment of body composition in active and controlled acromegaly by bioelectrical impedance analysis and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry', Growth Hormone and IGF Research, vol. 83, 101678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ghir.2025.101678

Highlow investigators 2026, 'Assessment of clinical probability scores for pulmonary embolism diagnosis during pregnancy and postpartum in women with a history of venous thromboembolism: a Highlow ancillary study', Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis, vol. 10, no. 1, 103281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpth.2025.103281

Faria, T, Daoudi, ASS , Bossi, R, Johnson, MS, Vorkamp, K, Martins, V & Almeida, SM 2026, 'Assessment of human exposure to particle-associated organic pollutants in home environments of Lisbon, Portugal', Environmental Research, vol. 293, 123821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2026.123821

Bouquet, AER & Cai, Z 2026, Assessment of opportunities to switch to polled bulls in organic cattle production in relation to genetic issues. Advisory report from DCA – National Center for Food and Agriculture, DCA - Nationalt Center for Fødevarer og Jordbrug.

Paravar, A, Hay, FR, Abdollahi, F & Pritchard, HW 2026, 'Assessment of Physio-biochemical Processes During Seed Filling in Lallemantia Species Under Drought Stress', Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 780-800. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-025-11906-1

Ali, Z, Thomsen, K , Vestergaard, C & Thomsen, SF 2026, 'Assessment of Quality and Utility of Patient-Taken Smartphone Photographs of Atopic Dermatitis: Clinical Survey Study', JMIR dermatology, vol. 9, e72916. https://doi.org/10.2196/72916

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Lise Refstrup Linnebjerg Pedersen