Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Christensen, S 2015, 'The upgrading nation: to stay successful Singapore needs a new culture of lifelong learning', ASEMagazine, no. 06, pp. 10-12. <http://www.e-pages.dk/aarhusuniversitet/1060/>

Timm, S , Frydenberg, M, Janson, C, Campbell, B, Forsberg, B, Gislason, T, Holm, M, Jogi, R, Omenaas, E, Sigsgaard, T, Svanes, C & Schlünssen, V 2015, 'The Urban-Rural Gradient In Asthma: A Population-Based Study in Northern Europe', International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 13, no. 1, 93. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010093

Timm, S, Svanes, C, Janson, C, Sigsgaard, T, Johannessen, A, Gislason, T, Jogi, R, Omenaas, E, Forsberg, B, Torén, K, Holm, M & Schlünssen, V 2015, 'The urban-rural gradient in asthma: A population-based cohort study in Northern Europe', European Respiratory Journal, vol. 46, no. suppl 59, PA4048 . https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2015

Sørensen, BS , Knudsen, AB , Wittrup, CF , Nielsen, S , Aggerholm-Pedersen, N , Busk, M , Horsman, M , Høyer, M, Bouchelouche, PN, Overgaard, J & Alsner, J 2015, 'The usability of a 15-gene hypoxia classifier as a universal hypoxia profile in various cancer cell types', Radiotherapy & Oncology, vol. 116, no. 3, pp. 346-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2015.06.028

Poulsen, JR & Ovesen, NB 2015, 'The use of Acoustic Doppler instruments for high frequency stream data sampling in Denmark', Science for the environment 2015, Aarhus, Denmark, 01/10/2015 - 02/10/2015.

Nørregaard, RD , Bach, L & Sonne, C 2015, 'The use of common sculpins (Myoxocephalus scorpius) as a biomonitoring organism for biological effects around mining sites in Greenland', SETAC , Barcelona, Spain, 03/05/2015 - 07/05/2015.

Plauborg, F , Manevski, K , Zhenjiang, Z & Andersen, MN 2015, The use of computer simulation models in precision nutrient management. in JV Stafford (ed.), Precision agriculture '15. Wageningen Academic Publishers, pp. 407-412, 10th European Conference on Precision Agriculture, Volcani Center, Israel, 12/07/2015. https://doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-814-8_50

Petersen, AK 2015, The Use of Historiography in Paul: A case-study of the instrumentalisation of the Past in the context of Late Second Temple Judaism. in B-C Otto, S Rau & J Rüpke (eds), History and Religion: Narrating a Religious Past. De Gruyter, 978-3-11-044454-4, Religionsgeschichtliche Versuche und Vorarbeiten, vol. 68, pp. 63-92. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110445954-005

Vrešak, M, Olesen, MH , Gislum, R, Bavec, F & Jørgensen, JR 2015, 'The use of image-spectroscopy technology as a diagnostic method for seed health tests and variety identification', Final COBRA Conference, Vingsted, Denmark, 24/11/2015 - 25/11/2015.

Esser, A & Jensen, PM 2015, 'The use of international television formats by public-service broadcasters in Australia, Denmark and Germany', The International Communication Gazette (Online), vol. 77, no. 4, pp. 359-383. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048514568766

Pedersen, JN , Pedersen, JS & Otzen, DE 2015, 'The Use of Liprotides To Stabilize and Transport Hydrophobic Molecules', Biochemistry, vol. 54, no. 31, pp. 4815-4823. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00547

Melsen, B & Luzi, C 2015, The use of mini-implants in clinical orthodontics for the treatment of Class II malocclusions: The Aarhus anchorage system. in MA Papadopoulos (ed.), Skeletal anchorage in orthodontic treatment of Class II malocclusion: : Contemporary applications of orthodontic implants, miniscrew implants and mini plates. 1 edition edn, Mosby, pp. 143-146.

Hyltén-Cavallius, K 2015, The Use of Personal Identity Numbers in Sweden and Denmark: A Barrier to Union Citizens' Enjoyment of Free Movement Rights? in S Seubert & FV Waarden (eds), Being a Citizen in Europe. 1.0 edn, bEUcitizen, pp. 86-98.

Christiansen, S, Bøje, RB & Frederiksen, K 2015, 'The use of problem- and simulationsbased learning: The students perspective', Nordic Journal of Nursing Research, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 186-192. https://doi.org/10.1177/0107408315591777

Laszlo, AM, Hulman, A, Csicsman, J, Bari, F & Nyari, TA 2015, 'The use of regression methods for the investigation of trends in suicide rates in Hungary between 1963 and 2011', Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 249-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-014-0926-9

Lladó Grove, G, Langager Høgh, A, Nielsen, J & Sandermann, J 2015, 'The use of the "Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills" as an Assessment Tool Among Danish Vascular Surgeons in Training', Journal of Surgical Education, vol. 72, no. 5, pp. 1052-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2015.03.013

Thøgersen, R , Petrat-Melin, B , Young, JF & Rasmussen, MK 2015, 'The use of the porcine intestinal derived cell-line IPEC-J2 to study food-drug interactions', DSFTM Annual Meeting 2015, Sønderborg, Denmark, 19/10/2015 - 20/10/2015.

Jensen, JL, Lomborg, S & Ørmen, J 2015, The use of Twitter in the Danish EP elections 2014. in A Bruns, G Enli, E Skogerbo, A Larsson & C Christensen (eds), The Routledge Companion to Social Media and Politics. RoutledgeFalmer, London.

van den Berg, I 2015, 'The use of whole sequence data for genomic selection in dairy cattle'.

Bardzell, J & Bardzell, S 2015, 'The User Reconfigured: On Subjectivities of Information', Aarhus Series on Human Centered Computing, vol. 1, no. 1. <http://ojs.statsbiblioteket.dk/index.php/ashcc/article/view/21298/18772>

Meier, KJ, Winter, SC, O'Toole, LJ, Favero, N & Andersen, SC 2015, 'The Validity of Subjective Performance Measures: School Principals in Texas and Denmark', Public Administration, vol. 93, no. 4, pp. 1084-1101. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12180

Ørts, LM , Ottesen, AL , Bjerregaard, A-L , Maindal, HT & Sandbæk, A 2015, 'The value of including spirometry in health checks - a randomized controlled study in primary health care', Nordisk kongres i almen medicin, Gøteborg, Sweden, 15/06/2015 - 18/06/2015.

Gilchrist, G, Merkel, FR , Sonne, C, Gilliland, SG, Mosbech, A & Iverson, S 2015, 'The value of Inuit participation when conserving the common eider duck in Arctic Canada and Greenland', 2nd World Seabird Conference, Cape Town, South Africa, 26/10/2015 - 30/10/2015.

Obwegeser, N, de Araujo Burcharth, AL & Carugati, A 2015, The Value of IT: Explaining the Strategic Role of Information Systems for Fast Growing SMEs. in AIS Electronic Library . Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems, Samos, Greece, 03/10/2015. <http://aisel.aisnet.org/mcis2015/>

Jakobsen, SB 2015, 'The value of political values: An exploration into the communication of political values by coalition government parties'.

Kreis, G 2015, The Varieties of Perception: Nonconceptual Content in Kant, Cassirer, and McDowell. in JT Friedman & S Luft (eds), The Philosophy of Ernst Cassirer: A Novel Assessment. De Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 313–38.

Hammer-Hansen, N, Akram, J & Damsgaard, TE 2015, 'The Versatility of Autologous Fat Transplantation in Correction of Facial Deformities: A Single-Center Experience', Plastic Surgery International. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/703535

Pade, M 2015, 'The Vitae Statii of Niccolò Perotti and Pomponio Leto', Renæssanceforum, vol. 9, pp. 139-55. <http://www.renaessanceforum.dk/rf_9_2015.htm>

Tønnesvang, J & Hedegaard, NB 2015, The Vitalising Model - what it is and how it can be used in practice. Klim, Aarhus.

Ngomba, T 2015, The Voice of the International Community: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Immigration Reports in the Copenhagen Post. in O Ogunyemi & WAC Stewart (eds), Journalism, Audiences and Diaspora. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, Hampshire, pp. 104-120.

Vium, C & Colberg, J, The Wake: - Sorry Business, 2015, Pictures, Video and sound recordings (digital), FOAM Magazine, Amsterdam .

Pfattheicher, S & Keller, J 2015, 'The watching eyes phenomenon: The role of a sense of being seen and public self-awareness', European Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 560-566. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2122

Chamindu, TKKD, de Jonge, LW, Kawamoto, K, Komatsu, T & Moldrup, P 2015, 'The Water-Induced Linear Reduction Gas Diffusivity Model Extended to Three Pore Regions', Vadose Zone Journal, vol. 14, no. 10. https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2015.04.0051

Smith-Sivertsen, H & Brügger, N 2015, 'The web archive as historical source: The case of recent music history', Paper presented at Web Archives as scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives, Aarhus, Denmark, 08/06/2015 - 10/06/2015.

Russell-Jones, D, Danne, T, Hermansen, K, Niswender, K, Robertson, K, Thalange, N, Vasselli, JR, Yildiz, B & Häring, HU 2015, 'The weight-sparing effect of insulin detemir: a consequence of central nervous system-mediated reduced energy intake?', Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.12493

Henriksen, B 2015, The welfare of farmed mink should be easy to assess in a correct way and lead to animal welfare improvements. in Proceedings - NJF Seminar 485 - Autumn Meeting in Fur Animal Research 2015. pp. 9-17, NJF seminar 485 - 2015, Turku, Finland, 29/09/2015.

Andersen, TM 2015, The welfare state and economic performance: Bilaga 4, Långtidsutredningen. vol. 2015:53, Statens Offentliga Utredningar (Sverige).

Gerstner, EM, Bachmann, Y, Hahn, K, Lykke, AM & Schmidt, M 2015, 'The West African Data and Metadata Repository - a long-term data archive for ecological datasets from West Africa', Flora et Vegetatio Sudano-Sambesica, vol. 18, pp. 3-10.

Hansen, JG , Lassen, P, Hodson, D & Hovmøller, M 2015, The Wheat Rust Toolbox: Management and visualization of global wheat rust data. in Abstracts : 14th International Cereal Rusts and Powdery Mildews Conference 2015. pp. 25-25, 14th International Cereal Rusts and Powdery Mildews Conference 2015 , Helsingør, Denmark, 05/07/2015.

Topp, CW, Østergaard, SD, Søndergaard, S & Bech, P 2015, 'The WHO-5 Well-Being Index: A Systematic Review of the Literature', Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, vol. 84, no. 3, pp. 167-76. https://doi.org/10.1159/000376585

Wray, KB 2015, 'The wisdom of baboon decisions', Science, vol. 349, no. 6251. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.349.6251.935-b

Meinert, L 2015, The Work of the Virus: Cutting and Creating Relations in an ART project . in WP Geissler (ed.), Para-States and Medical Science: Making African Global Health. Duke University Press, pp. 257-280.

Gan, E 2015, The World is Dead. Long Live the World. <http://socialtextjournal.org/periscope/>

Antonio, N, Bønnelykke-Behrndtz, ML, Ward, LC, Collin, J, Christensen, IJ, Steiniche, T , Schmidt, H, Feng, Y & Martin, P 2015, 'The wound inflammatory response exacerbates growth of pre-neoplastic cells and progression to cancer', EMBO Journal, vol. 34, no. 17, pp. 2219-36. https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.201490147, https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.201490147

Delorme-Axford, E, Guimaraes, RS, Reggiori, F & Klionsky, DJ 2015, 'The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: an overview of methods to study autophagy progression', Methods, vol. 75, pp. 3-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.12.008

Kjærgaard, T, Desdorf, R, Heuck, A , Olsen, A & Lykke-Hartmann, K 2015, 'The zinc finger RNA binding protein, ZFR, contributes to axon guidance in Caenorhabditis elegans', Gene, vol. 557, no. 1, pp. 11-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2014.11.063

Matchkov, V, Hangaard, L, Staehr, C , Lykke-Hartmann, K, Xie, Z & Aalkjær, C 2015, 'The α2 Isoform of Na,K-ATPase Modulates Vascular Tone via Activation of Src kinase (Src) Signalling Pathway: a Lesion from Mouse Model for Familial Hemiplegic Migraine Type 2 (FHM2)', The FASEB Journal, vol. 29, no. 844.818.

Linnebjerg, J, Tremblay, Y, Mosbech, A , Frederiksen, M & Åkesson, S 2015, 'Thick-billed murres from the High Arctic have the luxury of being lazy!', 2nd World Seabird Conference, Cape Town, South Africa, 26/10/2015 - 30/10/2015.

Hasselholt, S, Lykkesfeldt, J & Overgaard Larsen, J 2015, 'Thick Methacrylate Sections Devoid of Lost Caps Simplify Stereological Quantifications Based on the Optical Fractionator Design', The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology, vol. 298, no. 12, pp. 2141-50. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23266

Blichfeld, AB & Iversen, BB 2015, 'Thin-films of the zinc-antimony system - ICT2015', International Conference on Thermoelectrics - ICT2015, Dresden, Germany, 28/06/2015 - 02/07/2015.

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