Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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During, S, Biskjaer, MM, Abrahamse, E & de Rooij, A 2026, How Epistemic Uncertainty Tolerance Affects Creative Idea Generation in Design. in Proceedings of the 2026 Design Research Society Conference (DRS 2026). Design Research Society, The 2026 Design Research Socity (DRS) Conference, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, 08/06/2026.

Hallinan, B 2026, How I Got an ERC Starting Grant: The Idea, Application, Interview, and Evaluation.

Cárdenas-Egúsquiza, AL , Rubin, DC, Hoyle, RH & Berntsen, D 2026, 'How individual differences in autobiographical memory relate to morality', Personality and Individual Differences, vol. 256, 113708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2026.113708

Houborg, E & Frank, VA 2026, 'How is Harm Reduction Policy Implemented in Local Contexts? Three Examples From Denmark', Contemporary Drug Problems, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 85-101. https://doi.org/10.1177/00914509251361949

Fage-Butler, A 2026, How regenerative thinking can promote futures literacy on sustainability: Inspiration from a participatory study with European students. in Futures Literacy and Foresight Unit. Unesco.

Munch, LA & Midtgaard, SF 2026, 'How Relationships Mitigate Paternalistic Complaints (When They Do)', Utilitas. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0953820826100235

Arjmand, S & Sellgren, CM 2026, 'How Soon Is Now?', Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science, vol. 6, no. 3, 100708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsgos.2026.100708

Korsgaard, O 2026, 'How to Create a Democratic ‘People’ through Education? ‘Dannelse’ in the Danish Context', History of European Ideas. https://doi.org/10.1080/01916599.2026.2617020

Green, A, Shibuya, Y, Trillò, T, Mizoroki, S, Scharlach, R, Hallinan, B, Park, PH, Segev, E, Shenhav, SR & Shifman, L 2026, 'How to do things with a keyword: a cross-cultural analysis of the meanings and functions of ‘values’ on Twitter', Information Communication and Society. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2026.2633222

Dragsbæk, L, Kjær, P, Krüger Jensen, R, Hancock, M, de Luca, K & Secher Jensen, T 2026, 'How to summarise or combine lumbar MRI-findings for studying associations with low back pain: A modified Delphi study', Musculoskeletal Science and Practice, vol. 81, 103446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msksp.2025.103446

Eriksen, DO , Krog, L , Ostenfeld, EB , Jensen, PT , Lycke, KD , Grønborg, TK, Wentzensen, N, Clarke, MA & Hammer, A 2026, 'HPV vaccination following cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 diagnosis and risk of progression', Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, vol. 105, no. 2, pp. 377-385. https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.70128

Thomsen, MR 2026, Human-Computer Relations in 2001: A Space Odyssey and the question of superiority. in U Dalvad Berthelsen, M Tannert & MR Thomsen (eds), Beyond the Turing Test: What science fiction can teach us about AI. Routledge.

Mogensen, N, Packer, C, Svenning, JC, Sankan, K & Buitenwerf, R 2026, 'Human-driven landscapes of fear for Africa's largest terrestrial predator in human-used conservation landscapes', Biological Conservation, vol. 313, 111599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111599

Horak, S, Tudoran, AA & Ahlstrom, D 2026, 'Human–machine collaboration and AI-augmented coding across cultures: a process model', European Journal of International Management, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1504/EJIM.2026.150396

Antonsen, KW , Mathiesen, H , Friis, HN , Sorensen, BS , Andersen, MN , Moestrup, SK , Etzerodt, A & Møller, HJ 2026, 'Human macrophage phagocytosis of lung cancer cells induced by CD47 blockade is augmented after knockdown of phagocytosis checkpoints mediated by siRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles', Journal of Leukocyte Biology. https://doi.org/10.1093/jleuko/qiag043

Liapi, E, Taylor, KD, Holts, AM, Rudinger-Thirion, J, Sauter, C & Vourekas, A 2026 'Human mascRNA interacts with SUMO E1 and reshapes nuclear SUMOylation'. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.01.19.700226

Muchina, P, Kinyua, J, Khamis, F, Tanga, CM, Bett, R, Ssepuuya, G, Nakimbugwe, D, Sinding, M-HS, Gebreyesus, G , Sahana, G & Cai, Z 2026, 'Human-mediated dispersal and breeding reshape global genomic patterns in black soldier flies', Genomics, vol. 118, no. 2, 111208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygeno.2026.111208

Nonboe, MH, Napolitano, G, Schroll, JB, Andersen, B, Christiansen, S, Frandsen, AP, Pedersen, H, Lynge, E, Bonde, J & Høgdall, E 2026, 'Human papillomavirus genotype distribution in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2+ from childhood vaccinated women: The Trial23 cohort study', Vaccine, vol. 73, 128142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.128142

Lieberkind, J 2026, Hvad blev der af Utopien? in SB Wehl (ed.), Utopia: Om unges forestillingsevne og fremtidshåb. Økotopia, pp. 16-25.

Rasmussen, C 2026, 'Hvad laver lermineralet vermiculit i laboratoriet?', Laboranten, vol. 1-2026, pp. 12-16. <https://reader.livedition.dk/hk/2747/>

Kofoed, J 2026, Hvad nu hvis .... Afmagtsblog.

Petersen, KT 2026, 'Hvad udad tabes, skal udad vindes: Den sønderjyske bevægelse i Danmark 1839-1901', PhD, Aarhus University.

Alstrup, AKO & Kinze, C 2026, 'Hvaldiversiteten er i forandring omkring Danmark', Habitat.

Wivel, A & Pedersen, RB 2026, 'Hvem bestemmer i udenrigspolitikken? Dansk udenrigspolitik i en krise- og forandringstid', Økonomi og Politik.

Uldbjerg, S 2026, Hvem er offeret? in C Sand-Iversen (ed.), NY HUD. Really Simple Syndication Press, København, pp. 98-101.

Borup, J 2026, 'Hvis den hårde woke er død, skal det ikke begrædes', Information.

Pedersen, NA 2026, Hvis høringssvarene hemmeligholdes, vil dåbskommissionens motiver blive draget i tvivl. kirke.dk. <https://www.kirke.dk/debat/hvis-hoeringssvarene-hemmeligholdes-vil-daabskommissionens-motiver-blive-draget-i-tvivl>

Mariager-Anderson, K 2026, 'Hvor bor motivationen – og hvad betyder det for din vejledning?', Vejlederen.

Thorup, M 2026, 'Hvordan elsker man mænd i en patriarkalsk kultur? Anmeldelse af bell hooks, Viljen til forandring', Information.

Vilmar, TW 2026, 'Hvordan lyder noget ovalt?', Litteraturmagasinet Standart.

Kraglund, RA 2026, 'Hvorfor er romanen vigtig? Karl Ove Knausgårds Kødets ingeniører', Litteraturmagasinet Standart, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 29-31.

Særkjær, C & Lund, ML 2026, '“Hvorfor må vi ikke røre ved dem, hvis det er vores værker?” – Børns møder med kulturarv', BUKS - Tidsskrift for Børne- og Ungdomskultur, vol. 42, no. 72, pp. 19-38. https://doi.org/10.7146/buks.v42i72.165759

Nemati Karimooy, A , Ranjkesh, B , Leonhardt, D & Løvschall, H 2026, 'Hydraulic fast-setting calcium silicate cement for crown cementation', Journal of Prosthodontics. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopr.70107

Dreyer, AF, Hansen, SB, Borresen, SW, Al-Jorani, H, Bislev, LS, Boesen, VB, Christensen, LL, Glintborg, D, Jensen, RC, Jørgensen, NT, Klose, MC, Lund, ML, Frederiksen, JSS , Tei, R, Feldt-Rasmussen, U, Jorgensen, JOL & Andersen, MS 2026, 'Hydrocortisone replacement therapy in patients with glucocorticoid withdrawal syndrome after cessation of glucocorticoid treatment: REPLACE, a multicentre, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, 16-week study protocol', BMJ Open, vol. 16, no. 2, e111334. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2025-111334

Petersen, RJ , Lærke, PE , Pugliese, L , Hoffmann, CC , Frederiksen, RR , Larsen, SE & Zak, DH 2026, 'Hydrological complexity and nitrate removal versus phosphorus release in a shallow-drained riparian peatland', Journal of Hydrology, vol. 667, 134908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.134908

Peng, K, Qin, Z, Feng, T, Jeppesen, E, Wei, J, Liu, J, Cai, Y & Gong, Z 2026, 'Hydrological period conversions induce micro-eukaryotic community homogenization along the eastern route of China's South-to-North Water Diversion Project', Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 401, 128873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.128873

Karade, SS, Sharma, R, Gyergyek, S, Morgen, P, Andersen, BP , Karlsen, MA , Ravnsbæk, D & Andersen, SM 2026, 'Hydrolysis synthesis of iridium oxide (IrO_x) on carbon for acidic oxygen evolution: Influence of heat-treatment on structure and electrocatalytic activity', Surfaces and Interfaces, vol. 81, 108451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2026.108451

Marrakchi, F, Toor, SS, Pedersen, TH & Rosendahl, LA 2026, 'Hydrothermal co-liquefaction of rye straw, shellfish, and beef tallow using CaO-MgO-apatite composite catalyst: Hybrid models of biomacromolecules under sub-, near, and supercritical conditions for predicting yield and properties of multiphase HTL products', Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 527, 170589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.170589

Yamamoto, S, Nakajima, R, Hirai, Y, Kawamura, YK, Makita, Y, Kitazawa, T, Kimura, M & Kitazawa, Y 2026, 'Hydroxylated iodinated boron clusters: a tunable platform for enhanced membrane transport and biocompatibility', Chemical Communications, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 879-882. https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cc04085j

Skov, K, Sædder, EA, Madsen, GK, Uhrbrand, PG , Eiset, AH & Garvey, LH 2026, 'Hypersensitivity to Opioids: Prevalence, Mechanisms, Diagnosis and Management', Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, vol. 138, no. 2, e70182. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.70182

Hughson, MD, Ali, AA, Okabayashi, Y, Puelles, VG & Bertram, JF 2026, 'Hypertension and age-related focal global glomerulosclerosis are associated with biomarkers for cellular senescence', Physiological Reports, vol. 14, no. 3, e70730. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70730

Fauth, SR 2026, '›hyplogagoiske‹ nonsenssonetter som infernalsk gentagelsesmusik: Anmeldelse af Peter Adolphsens »Din grønklop«', Litteraturmagasinet Standart, vol. 40, no. 1.

Leunbach, TL 2026, 'Hypospadias disease area study: epidemiology, hormones, and outcomes', PhD, Aarhus University.

Oleksowicz, M, Wray, KB & Jarmuzek, T (eds) 2026, Hypotheses in Science. Springer, Cham, Switzerland.

Coskun, ÖK, Orsi, WD, Marshall, IPG, Muschler, KA, Mitschke, N, Ferdelman, TG & Gomez-Saez, GV 2026, 'Hypoxia increases microbial carbon assimilation of taurine in a seasonally anoxic fjord', The ISME Journal. https://doi.org/10.1093/ismejo/wrag057

Tvilum, MS , Nielsen, CB, Steensgaard, I, Poulsen, TB , Johannsen, M & Tørring, T 2026, 'Hypoxia-induced production of the cyclolipodepsipeptide BE-43547 by Micromonospora sp. RV43', Microbiology, vol. 172, no. 2, 001662. https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.001662

Bjerre, J 2026, 'I 2025 blev universiteterne halet ind i den ustabile geopolitik. Det udfordrer den frie forskning', Altinget.

Holm, C 2026, 'I 90’erne kom fokus på det enkelte barns udvikling. Så eksploderede mistrivslen', Folkeskolen. <https://www.folkeskolen.dk/debat/i-90erne-kom-fokus-paa-det-enkelte-barns-udvikling-saa-eksploderede-mistrivslen/?SNSubscribed=true&mtm_campaign=mail-a&utm_campaign=Han%20bruger%20%22provokerende%20simpel%22%20l%C3%B8sning%20til%20at%20hj%C3%A6lpe%20urolige%20klasser%2C03-02-2026-0520&utm_source=morgen>

Brøndum, T 2026, '‘I adapt to wherever I am’: religious minority students’ orientations in Danish further education', British Journal of Sociology of Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2026.2624680

Brøndum, T 2026, '“I adapt to wherever I am”. Religious minority students’ orientations across Danish vocational and higher education', British Journal of Sociology of Education.

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