Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Paulrud, CO & Rasmussen, MD 2003, Effect of machine milking on teat canal keratin. in Proc. IDF World Dairy Summit & Centenary "100 years with liners and pulsators in machine milking". pp. 555-556, IDF World Dairy Summit & Centenary "100 years with liners and pulsators in machine milking", Bruges, Belgium, 18/12/2010.

Bennedsgaard, TW, Enevoldsen, C, Thamsborg, SM & Vaarst, M 2003, 'Effect of mastitis treatment and somatic cell counts on milk yield in Danish organic dairy cows', Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 86, no. 10, pp. 3174-3183.

Hansen, CF, Bach Knudsen, KE & Jensen, BB 2003, Effect of meal feed and coarse grinding of pelleted feed on performance, microbiology, and physico-chemical properties of digesta materials in growing-finishing pigs. in Proceeding of the 9th International Symposium on Digestive Physiology of Pig, Banff, AB, Canada, May 14-18, 2. pp. 280-282, Effect of meal feed and coarse grinding of pelleted feed on performance, microbiology, and physico-chemical properties of digesta materials in growing-finishing pigs, 18/12/2010.

Hansen, CF, Bach Knudsen, KE & Jensen, BB 2003, Effect of meal feed and zylanase on Salmonella, gastro-intestinal health and productivity of finishers. in Proceeding of the 9th International Symposium on Digestive Physiology of Pig, Banff, AB, Canada, May 14-18, 2. pp. 308-310, Effect of meal feed and zylanase on Salmonella, gastro-intestinal health and productivity of finishers, 18/12/2010.

Rubak, SLM , Lauritzen, T , Christensen, B , Sandbæk, A & Borch-Johnsen, K 2003, Effect of Motivational Interviewing on the patient views regarding Type 2 diabetes. (THE ADDITION STUDY, DENMARK). in IDF abstract book. pp. 58, International Diabetes Federation, IDF, Paris, France, 17/12/2010.

Svensson, P, Wang, K & Arendt-Nielsen, L 2003, 'Effect of muscle relaxants on experimental jaw-muscle pain and jaw-stretch reflexes: a double-blind and placebo-controlled trial', European Journal of Pain, vol. 7, pp. 449-456.

Søegaard, K 2003, 'Effect of N-fertilization on growth and quality of intensively managed, cut and grazed grass/clover', -, vol. 8, pp. 25-28.

Daugaard, H , Sørensen, L & Løschenkohl, B 2003, 'Effect of plant spacing, nitrogen fertilisation, post-harvest defoliation and finger harrowing in the control of Botrytis cinerea pers. in strawberry', European Journal of Horticultural Science, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 77-82.

Juncher, D, Rønn, B, Hansen, TB, Karlsson, AH, Skibsted, LH, Bertelsen, G & Henckel, P 2003, 'Effect of pre-slaughter physiological conditions on the oxidative stability of colour and lipid during chill storage of sliced, retail packed roasted ham', Meat Science, vol. 63, pp. 151-159.

Michalak, S , Weisbjerg, MR & Hvelplund, T 2003, 'Effect of ration composition fed to cows on the mobile bag digestibility', Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, vol. 12, pp. 23-32.

Jensen, M 2003, 'Effect of seed maturity and pretreatment on dormancy and germination of Sorbus mougeotii seeds', Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 479-486. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827580310016935

Malmkvist, J , Hansen, SW & Damgaard, BM 2003, 'Effect of serotonin agonist buspirone on behaviour and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in confident and fearful mink', Physiology & Behavior, vol. 78, pp. 229-240.

Ruusunen, M, Vainionpää, J, Puolanne, E, Lyly, M, Lähteenmäki, L, Niemistö, M & Ahvenainen, R 2003, 'Effect of sodium citrate, carboxymethyl cellulose and carrageenan levels on quality of low-salt and low-fat bologna type sausages. Effect of sodium citrate, carboxymethyl cellulose and carrageenan levels on quality of low-salt and low-fat bologna type sausages.', Meat Science, vol. 64, pp. 371-381.

Jørgensen, H, Zheng, CT, Theil, PK & Jakobsen, K 2003, Effect of specific structured trigylcerides on energy metabolism in broiler chickens. in Progress in research on energy and protein metabolism. Proc. International Symposium on energy & protein metabolism and nutrition, Rostock-Warnemünde, Germany, 13-18 Sept.: EAAP publication 109. Souffrant, W.B. and Metges, C.C. (eds.)., pp. 417-420, Effect of specific structured trigylcerides on energy metabolism in broiler chickens, 18/12/2010.

Jensen, PK 2003, Effect of spraying techniques on pesticide pollution. in H Wolffhechel (ed.), Proceedings of the Crop Protection Conference for the Baltic Sea Region, 28-29 April 2003, Poznan. pp. 249-254, The first Crop Protection Conference for the Baltic Sea Region, Poznan, Poland, 28/04/2003.

Juhl, HJ , Kristensen, K & Eskildsen, JK 2003, Effect of Store Loyality. in Ikke angivet. University of Minho, pp. s. 162-165, First International Conference on Business Excellence, Performance Measures, Benchmarking and Best Practice in New Economy, Portugal, 10/06/2003.

Kareiva, A, Mathur, S, Jørgensen, J-E & Tautkus, S 2003, 'Effect of strontium substitution on superconductivity in YBa2Cu4O8', Philos. Mag., vol. 83, pp. 1917-1927.

Petersen, LJ, Skov, PS & Petersen, LJ 2003, 'Effect of terbutaline and bambuterol on immediate-type allergic skin responses and mediator release in human skin', Inflammation Research, vol. 52, no. 9, pp. 372-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-003-1187-3

Bahl, MI, Sørensen, SJ, Hansen, LH & Licht, TR 2003, 'Effect of tetracycline on transfer of the conjugative transposon Tn916 between Enterococcus faecalis cells in the instetine of gnotobiotic rats', FEMS conference 2009, Göteborg, Sweden, 28/06/2009 - 02/07/2009.

Wang, JF, Li, DF, Jensen, BB , Jakobsen, K, Xing, JJ, Gong, LM & Zhu, YH 2003, 'Effect of type and level of fibre on gastric microbial activity and short-chain fatty acid concentrations in gestating sows', Animal Feed Science and Technology, vol. 104, pp. 95-110.

Nielsen, HM, Groen, AF, Christensen, LG & Berg, P 2003, Effect of uncertain economic values on efficiency of selection in dairy cattle. in Book of Abstracts. pp. 75, Annual Meeting of EAAP, Rome, Italy, 31/08/2003.

Bardow, A, ten Cate, JM, Nauntofte, B & Nyvad, B 2003, 'Effect of unstimulated saliva flow rate on experimental root caries', Caries Research, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 232-236.

Riis, T & Hawes, I 2003, 'Effect of wawe exposure on vegetation abundance, richness and depth distribution of shallow water plants in a New Zealand lake', Freshwater Biology, vol. 48, pp. 75-87.

Nielsen, B, Thamsborg, SM, Andersen, HR & Kristensen, T 2003, 'Effect of winter feeding level and season on herbage intake in dairy breed steers on perennial ryegrass/white clower pasture', Animal Science, vol. 76, pp. 341-352.

Kai, P, Ellermann, T, Mikkelsen, T, Løfstrøm, P & Jørgensen, HE 2003, Effect on stack height on close range dispersion of exhaust air from pig houses. in Proc. int. symp. on Gaseous and odour emissions from animal production facilties. Scandic Hotel Bygholm Park, Horsens, Denmark. ISBN 87-88976-66-1. pp. 264-272, Effect on stack height on close range dispersion of exhaust air from pig houses, 18/12/2010.

Sonne, C , Dietz, R , Riget, FF, Born, EW, Hyldstrup, L, Leifsson, PS, Riget, F (ed.), Christensen, J (ed.) & Johansen, P (ed.) 2003, Effects. in F Riget, J Christensen & P Johansen (eds), AMAP Greenland and the Faroe Islands 1997-2001: Vol. 2: The Environment of Greenland. Ministry of the Environment, pp. 155-193.

Brain, RA, Johnson, DJ, Sanderson, H, Mabury, SA, Lam, M & Solomon, KR 2003, 'Effects of 25 Pharmaceutical Compounds to Lemna gibba using 7-day Static Renewal Test', Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol. 23, pp. 371-382.

Vestergaard, P, Hermann, AP, Stilgren, L, Tofteng, CL, Sorensen, OH, Eiken, P, Nielsen, SP & Mosekilde, L 2003, 'Effects of 5 years of hormonal replacement therapy on menopausal symptoms and blood pressure - a randomised controlled study', Maturitas, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 123-132.

Cumming, P, Rosa-Neto, P, Watanabe, H, Smith, D, Bender, D, Clarke, PB & Gjedde, A 2003, 'Effects of acute nicotine on hemodynamics and binding of [11C]raclopride to dopamine D2,3 receptors in pig brain', NeuroImage, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 1127-1136.

Cumming, P , Rosa, P, Watanabe, H, Smith, DF, Bender, D, Clarke, PB & Gjedde, AH 2003, 'Effects of acute nicotine on hemodynamics and binding of [11C]raclopride to dopamine D2,3 receptors in pig brain', NeuroImage, vol. 19, pp. 1127-1136.

Cumming, P , Rosa, P, Watanabe, H, Smith, D , Bender, D, Clarke, PBS & Gjedde, A 2003, 'Effects of acute nicotine on hemodynamics and binding of [11C]raclopride to dopamine D2,3 receptors in pig brain.', NeuroImage, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 1127-36.

Clausen, T 2003, 'Effects of age and exercise training on Na⁺,K⁺ pumps in skeletal muscle', American Journal of Physiology, vol. 285, pp. R720-R721.

Møller, N, Gormsen, L, Fuglsang, J & Gjedsted, J 2003, 'Effects of ageing on insulin secretion and action', Hormone Research, vol. 60, no. Suppl. 1, pp. 102-104.

Møller, N, Gormsen, L, Fuglsang, J & Gjedsted, J 2003, 'Effects of ageing on insulin secretion and action', Hormone Research, vol. 60, no. Suppl 1, pp. 102-104.

Berendregt, A, ter Laak, TL, Jensen, J & Hermens, JLM 2003, 'Effects of ageing on the bioavailability of PAHs in soil measured via solid phase microextraction', SETAC EUROPE, 13th Annual Meeting, Hamburg, Germany, 27/04/2003 - 01/05/2003.

Jessen, N, Pold, R, Buhl, ES, Jensen, LS , Schmitz, O & Lund, S 2003, 'Effects of AICAR and exercise on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, signaling, and GLUT-4 content in rat muscles', J. Appl. Physiol., vol. 94, pp. 1373-1379.

Brattico, E, Tervaniemi, M & Picton, TW 2003, 'Effects of brief discrimination-training on the auditory N1 wave', NeuroReport, vol. 14, no. 18, pp. 2489-92. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.wnr.0000098748.87269.a1

Christensen, JW , Nielsen, BL , Young, JF & Nøddegaard, F 2003, 'Effects of calcium deficiency in broilers on the use of outdoor areas, foraging activity and production parameters', Applied Animal Behaviour Science, vol. 82, pp. 229-240.

Damgaard, BM, Børsting, CF, Ingvartsen, KL & Fink, R 2003, 'Effects of carbohydrate-free diets on the performance of lactating mink (Mustela vison) and the growth performance of suckling kits', Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A - Animal Science, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 127-135.

Olesen, JE , Rubæk, GH & Heidmann, T 2003, Effects of climate change and CO2 on productivity and nitrogen cycling of arable crop rotations. in P Braun (ed.), Agriculture, climate change and economic consequences - from description to mitigation: Proceedings of EC-sponsored workshop under the European Phenological Network. Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, pp. 8-8, Effects of climate change and CO2 on productivity and nitrogen cycling of arable crop rotations, 18/12/2010.

Sejerkilde, M, Sørensen, JG & Loeschcke, V 2003, 'Effects of cold- and heat hardening on thermal resistance in Drosophila melanogaster', Journal of Insect Physiology, vol. 49, pp. 719-726. <http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jinsphys>

Nielsen, US, Aamand, GP, Andersen, O, Bendixen, C , Nielsen, VH & Agerholm, JS 2003, 'Effects of complex vertebral malformation on fertility traits in Holstein Cattle', Livestock Production Science, vol. 79, no. 3, pp. 233-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(02)00170-7

Pernin, C, Krogh, PH, Cortet, J, Joffre, R & Ambrosi, JP 2003, 'Effects of copper-enriched sludge on both soil mesofauna and decomposition of oak leaves in mesocosms', SETAC Europe 13th Annual Meeting, Hamburg, Germany, 27/04/2003 - 01/05/2003.

Brandt, K, Ejlersen, A, Nørbæk, R & Lindhard Pedersen, H 2003, 'Effects of cultivation conditions for apples on growth rates of fruit fly larvae and contents of phenolics', Effects of cultivation conditions for apples on growth rates of fruit fly larvae and contents of phenolics, 18/12/2010.

Brandt, K, Ejlersen, A, Nørbæk, R & Lindhard Pedersen, H 2003, 'Effects of cultivation conditions for apples on growth rates of fruit fly larvae and contents of phenolics', New Functional Ingredients and Foods, København, Denmark, 18/12/2010.

Long, M, Laier, P, Vinggaard, AM, Raun Andersen, H, Lynggaard, J & Bonefeld-Jørgensen, EC 2003, 'Effects of currently used pesticides in the AhR-CALUX assay: comparison between the human TV101L and the rat H4IIE cell line', Toxicology, vol. 194, no. 1-2, pp. 77-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2003.08.001

Damgaard, BM, Børsting, CF, Engberg, RM & Jensen, SK 2003, 'Effects of dietary levels of fresh or oxidised fish oil on performance and blood parameters in female mink (Mustela vison) during the winter, reproduction, lactation and early growth periods', Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A - Animal Science, vol. 53, pp. 136-146.

Mikkelsen, LL, Jakobsen, M & Jensen, BB 2003, 'Effects of dietary oligosaccharides on microbial diversity and fructo-oligosaccharide degrading bacteria in faeces of piglets post-weaning', Animal Feed Science and Technology, vol. 109, pp. 133-150.

Rivellese, AA, Maffettone, A, Vessby, B, Uusitupa, M, Hermansen, K, Berglund, L, Louheranta, A, Meyer, BJ & Riccardi, G 2003, 'Effects of dietary saturated, monounsaturated and n-3 fatty acids on fasting lipoproteins, LDL size and post-prandial lipid metabolism in healthy subjects', Atherosclerosis, vol. 1, no. 167, pp. 149-158.

McKenna, MJ, Gissel, H & Clausen, T 2003, 'Effects of electrical stimulation and insulin on Na⁺,K⁺ ATPase (³H-ouabain binding) in rat skeletal muscle', Journal of Physiology, vol. 547, pp. 567-580.

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