Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Pryds, K , Hjortbak, MV & Schmidt, MR 2019, 'Influence of cardiovascular risk factors, comorbidities, medication use and procedural variables on remote ischemic conditioning efficacy in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction', International Journal of Molecular Sciences , vol. 20, no. 13, 3246. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20133246

Joisten, N, Rademacher, A, Bloch, W, Schenk, A, Oberste, M, Dalgas, U, Langdon, D, Caminada, D, Purde, M-T, Gonzenbach, R, Kool, J, Zimmer, P & Bansi, J 2019, 'Influence of different rehabilitative aerobic exercise programs on (anti-) inflammatory immune signalling, cognitive and functional capacity in persons with MS - study protocol of a randomized controlled trial', BMC Neurology, vol. 19, no. 1, 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-019-1267-9

Faot, F, Martins, APP, Marcello-Machado, RM, Schuster, AJ, Bielemann, AM, Nascimento, GG, Melo, ACM & Pinto, LDR 2019, 'Influence of facial patterns on the masticatory function and quality of life of completely edentulous patients during the transition to implant-retained mandibular overdentures', Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, vol. 122, no. 5, pp. 450-458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2019.01.021

Panthi, RR, Sundekilde, UK, L. Kelly, A, Hennessy, D, Kilcawley, KN, Mannion, DT, Fenelon, MA & Sheehan, JJ 2019, 'Influence of herd diet on the metabolome of Maasdam cheeses', Food Research International, vol. 123, pp. 722-731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2019.05.026

Plejdrup, MS , Nielsen, O-K & Bruun, HG 2019, 'Influence of improved methodology and increased spatial resolution on gridded emissions', International Journal of Environmental Impacts, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 161-173. https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V2-N2-161-173

Faot, F, Bielemann, AM, Schuster, AJ, Marcello-Machado, RM, Del Bel Cury, AA, Nascimento, GG & Chagas-Junior, OL 2019, 'Influence of Insertion Torque on Clinical and Biological Outcomes before and after Loading of Mandibular Implant-Retained Overdentures in Atrophic Edentulous Mandibles', BioMed Research International, vol. 2019, 8132520, pp. 8132520. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8132520

Waziri, F , Karunanithi, Z , Løgstrup, BB , Hjortdal, V , Nielsen, PH & Poulsen, SH 2019, 'Influence of Mitroflow bioprosthesis structural valve deterioration on cardiac morbidity', Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery, vol. 14, no. 1, 62. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13019-019-0875-1

Orlowitz, E & Brandt, A 2019, Influence of Noise in Correlation Function Estimates for Operational Modal Analysis. in M Mains & B J. Dilworth (eds), Topics in Modal Analysis and Testing, Volume 9 - Proceedings of the 36th IMAC, A Conference and Exposition on Structural Dynamics 2018: Proceedings of the 36th IMAC, A Conference and Exposition on Structural Dynamics 2018. vol. 9, Springer, Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series, pp. 55-64, 36th Conference and Exposition on Structural Dynamics, Orlando, Florida, United States, 12/02/2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74700-2_6

Dalgaard, LB , Dalgas, U, Andersen, JL, Rossen, NB , Møller, AB , Stødkilde-Jørgensen, H , Jørgensen, JO, Kovanen, V, Couppé, C, Langberg, H, Kjær, M & Hansen, M 2019, 'Influence of Oral Contraceptive Use on Adaptations to Resistance Training', Frontiers in Physiology, vol. 10, 824, pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00824

Sizov, A, Reardon, H , Iversen, BB, Erhart, P & Palmqvist, AEC 2019, 'Influence of Phase Separation and Spinodal Decomposition on Microstructure of Mg₂Si_{1- x}Sn_x Alloys', Crystal Growth and Design, vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 4927-4933. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.9b00013

Urbanczyk, M , Bester, K, Borho, N, Schoknecht, U & Bollmann, UE 2019, 'Influence of pigments on phototransformation of biocides in paints', Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 364, pp. 125-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.10.018

D. Pedersen, B, Hoerlykke, T & Sørensen, KK 2019, 'Influence of pre-augering on ground surface displacements around driven piles in clay', Paper presented at 17th European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ECSMGE) , Reykjavik, Iceland, 01/09/2019 - 06/09/2019. https://doi.org/10.32075/17ECSMGE-2019-0416

Vasconcelos, DL, Bezerra, FHR, Clausen, OR, Medeiros, WE, Castro, DLD, Vital, H & Barbosa, JA 2019, 'Inﬂuence of Precambrian shear zones on the formation of oceanic fracture zones along the continental margin of Brazil', Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol. 101, pp. 322-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.12.010

Alberto Lopes, J, Tsochatzis, ED, Robouch, P & Hoekstra, E 2019, 'Influence of pre-heating of food contact polypropylene cups on its physical structure and on the migration of additives', Food Packaging and Shelf Life, vol. 20, 100305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100305

Iachina, M, Ljungdalh, PM, Sørensen, RG, Kaerlev, L, Blaakær, J, Trosko, O, Qvist, N & Nørgård, BM 2019, 'Influence of Prior Psychiatric Disorders on the Treatment Course of Gynaecological Cancer – A Nationwide Cohort Study', Clinical Oncology, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 115-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clon.2018.11.006

Pignaton, TB , Wenzel, A, de Almeida Ferreira, CE, Martinelli, CB, Oliveira, GJPL, Marcantonio, E & Spin-Neto, R 2019, 'Influence of residual bone height and sinus width on the outcome of maxillary sinus bone augmentation using anorganic bovine bone', Clinical Oral Implants Research, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 315-323. https://doi.org/10.1111/clr.13417

Neuman, U, Guven, A, Gøran, T, Elsedfy, H, Darendeliler, F, Barhega, T, Hannema, S, Birkebæk, N, de Vries, L & Ahmed, F 2019, 'Influence of salt supplementation on drug therapy in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21 hydroxylase deficiency aged 0-3 years: Update on a retrospective multicenter analysis using the I-CAH registry', Hormone Research in Paediatrics, vol. 91, no. 1, P1-157, pp. 204-5. <https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/501868>

Sørensen, KK & Rezei, M 2019, Influence of structure on the compression behaviour of two very stiff fissured high plasticity Eocene clays. in 7th International Symposium on Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials, IS-Glasgow 2019. vol. 92, 05003, EDP Sciences, 7th International Symposium on Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials, Glasgow, United Kingdom, 26/06/2019. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199205003

Bezerra, F, de Oliveira, GJPL, Sousa, R, Pereira, LM, Tadashi, E, Sloten, JV, Quirynen, M, Teughels, W, Spin-Neto, R & Pessoa, R 2019, 'Influence of surface treatment on marginal bone loss–5‐years prospective clinical trial', 28th Annual Scientific Meeting of the European Association for Osseointegration, 26‐28 September 2019, Lissabon, Portugal, 26/09/2019 - 28/09/2019 pp. 324.

de la Rosa, APB, de León-Rodríguez, A, Laursen, B & Fomsgaard, IS 2019, 'Influence of the growing conditions on the flavonoids and phenolic acidsaccumulation in amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) leaves', Terra Latinoamericana, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 449-457. https://doi.org/10.28940/terra.v37i4.541

Zhou, Y, Ma, J, Zhang, Y, Li, J, Feng, L, Zhang, Y, Shi, K, Brookes, JD & Jeppesen, E 2019, 'Influence of the three Gorges Reservoir on the shrinkage of China's two largest freshwater lakes', Global and Planetary Change, vol. 177, no. June, pp. 45-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2019.03.014

Persson, P, Frier, C, Pedersen, L, Andersen, LV & Manuel, L 2019, Influence of uncertain parameters on modal properties of wood floors. in A Zingoni (ed.), Advances in Engineering Materials, Structures and Systems: Innovations, Mechanics and Applications - Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation, 2019. CRC Press, Leiden, pp. 127-132, 7th International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation, Cape Town, South Africa, 02/09/2019. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429426506

Mathiassen, SK 2019, Influence of weed growth stage and moisture stress on the efficacy of glyphosate. in LN Jørgensen, BJ Nielsen, SK Mathiassen, MS Hovmøller, PK Jensen, TM Heick, HS Kristjansen, P Hartvig & S Sørensen (eds), Applied Crop Protection 2018. DCA - Nationalt Center for Fødevarer og Jordbrug, Tjele, DCA rapport, vol. 152, pp. 94-97.

Deshmukh, A, Babu, SK, Unnikrishnan, R, Ramesh, S, Anitha, P & Bhavani, RR 2019, Influencing Hand-washing Behaviour With a Social Robot: HRI Study With School Children in Rural India. in 2019 28th IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication, RO-MAN 2019., 8956367, IEEE, 28th IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication, RO-MAN 2019, New Delhi, India, 14/10/2019. https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN46459.2019.8956367

Christiansen, CF , Thomsen, RW , Schmidt, M , Pedersen, L & Sørensen, HT 2019, 'Influenza vaccination and 1-year risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, pneumonia, and mortality among intensive care unit survivors aged 65 years or older: a nationwide population-based cohort study', Intensive Care Medicine, vol. 45, no. 7, pp. 957-967. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-019-05648-4

Brodkorb, A, Egger, L, Alminger, M, Alvito, P, Assunção, R, Ballance, S, Bohn, T, Bourlieu-Lacanal, C, Boutrou, R, Carrière, F, Clemente, A, Corredig, M, Dupont, D, Dufour, C, Edwards, C, Golding, M, Karakaya, S, Kirkhus, B, Le Feunteun, S, Lesmes, U, Macierzanka, A, Mackie, AR, Martins, C, Marze, S, McClements, DJ, Ménard, O, Minekus, M, Portmann, R, Santos, CN, Souchon, I, Singh, RP, Vegarud, GE, Wickham, MSJ, Weitschies, W & Recio, I 2019, 'INFOGEST static in vitro simulation of gastrointestinal food digestion', Nature Protocols, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 991-1014. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-018-0119-1

Mortensen, J, Dich, N, Clark, AJ, Ramlau-Hansen, CH, Head, J, Kivimäki, M, Kumari, M & Rod, NH 2019, 'Informal caregiving and diurnal patterns of salivary cortisol: Results from the Whitehall II cohort study', Psychoneuroendocrinology, vol. 100, pp. 41-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.09.030

Martin, DG 2019, 'Informantes, Escogidos, Ejércitos, Ene Enes, Testimonios: Múltiples actores de la memoria en la literatura colombiana reciente', Iberoamericana, Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 77-85. https://doi.org/10.16993/iberoamericana.448

Caspersen, ME, Gal-Ezer, J, McGettrick, A & Nardelli, E 2019, 'Informatics as a fundamental discipline for the 21 ^st century', Communications of the ACM, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 58-63. https://doi.org/10.1145/3310330

Bossen, C, Chen, Y & Pine, KH 2019, 'Information Infrastructures in healthcare and emergent data work occupations: The case of medical scribes and CDIS', Paper presented at 7th International Conference on Infrastructures in Healthcare, Wien, Austria, 30/05/2019 - 31/05/2019. https://doi.org/10.18420/ihc2019_014

Beheshti, N, Racine, JS & Soofi, ES 2019, 'Information measures of kernel estimation', Econometric Reviews, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 47-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/07474938.2016.1222236

Patnaik, B, Batch, A & Elmqvist, N 2019, 'Information olfactation: Harnessing scent to convey data', IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 25, no. 1, 8444077, pp. 726-736. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2018.2865237

Konzag, H & Mathiassen, L 2019, 'Information Systems Use in Shift Work', Paper presented at HITS - Pre-ICIS, Munich, Germany, 15/12/2019 - 15/12/2019.

Bozorgtabar, B, Mahapatra, D, von Teng, H, Pollinger, A, Ebner, L, Thiran, J-P & Reyes, M 2019 'Informative sample generation using class aware generative adversarial networks for classification of chest Xrays'.

Friedrichsdorf, SP, Chavez, VEA, Bradaschia-Correa, V, Cattaneo, PM & Dominguez, GC 2019, 'Infrared Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Effects on Orthodontic Tooth Movement', Brazilian Dental Journal, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 410-416. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201902416

Pool, M, Eertman, T, Sierra Parraga, J, 't Hart, N, Roemeling-van Rhijn, M, Eijken, M , Jespersen, B, Reinders, M, Hoogduijn, M, Ploeg, R, Leuvenink, H & Moers, C 2019, 'Infusing Mesenchymal Stromal Cells into Porcine Kidneys during Normothermic Machine Perfusion: Intact MSCs Can Be Traced and Localised to Glomeruli', International Journal of Molecular Sciences , vol. 20, no. 14, 3607. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20143607

Baunvig, KF 2019, 'Ingen nytårsforsæt - slet ingen fitness', Kristeligt Dagblad, vol. Sektion 1, pp. 10-10. <https://www.kristeligt-dagblad.dk/kommentar/ingen-nytaarsforsaet-slet-ingen-fitness>

Kjerkegaard, S 2019, Ingen panik og et mindre forsøg på at læse Inger Christensen. in Særnummer. Inger Christensen. Københavns Universitet, Trappe tusind, no. Særnummer maj, vol. 2019 , pp. 55-60.

Djuve, VL, Knutsen, CH & Wig, T 2019, 'Ingen regimer varer evig', VG. <https://www.vg.no/nyheter/meninger/i/rAOxx0/ingen-regimer-varer-evig>

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Kanstrup, N & Balsby, TJS 2019, 'Ingested shot in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) after the regulation of lead shot for hunting in Denmark', European Journal of Wildlife Research, vol. 65, 42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-019-1278-2

Bertram, HCS & Thøgersen, R 2019, 'Ingrediensindustrien kan hjælpe sundere kødprodukter på vej', Dansk Kemi, vol. 100, no. 2, pp. 14-16.

Skovdal, SM , Christiansen, SH , Johansen, KS , Viborg, O , Bruun, NH , Jensen-Fangel, S , Holm, IE , Vorup-Jensen, T & Petersen, E 2019, 'Inhaled nebulized glatiramer acetate against Gram-negative bacteria is not associated with adverse pulmonary reactions in healthy, young adult female pigs', PLoS One, vol. 14, no. 10, e0223647. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223647

Rasmussen, P , Spillner, E & Hoffmann, HJ 2019, 'Inhibiting phosphatase SHIP-1 enhances suboptimal IgE-mediated activation of human blood basophils but inhibits IgE-mediated activation of cultured human mast cells', Immunology Letters, vol. 210, pp. 40-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2019.04.003

Andersen, LW , Holmberg, MJ, Berg, KM, Donnino, MW & Granfeldt, A 2019, 'In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Review', JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 321, no. 12, pp. 1200-1210. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.1696

Glerup Lauridsen, K, Nadkarni, V & Løfgren, B 2019, 'In-hospital resuscitation team composition: Are three heads really better than six?', Journal of Critical Care, vol. 51, pp. 221-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2019.01.017

Basart, S, Benedictow, A, Bennouna, Y, Blechschmidt, A-M, Chabrillat, S, Christophe, Y, Cuevas, E, Eskes, HJ, Hansen, KM , Im, U, Kapsomenakis, J, Langerock, B, Schulz, M, Sudarchikova, N, Wagner, A & Zerefos, C 2019, Initial assessment of the CAMS global reanalysis for reactive gases and aerosols, January-June 2019.

Yanagi, Y, Abdullah Al Masud, HM, Watanabe, T, Sato, Y, Goshima, F, Kimura, H & Murata, T 2019, 'Initial characterization of the Epstein–Barr virus BSRF1 gene product', Viruses, vol. 11, no. 3, 285. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11030285

Kjeldsen, AM & Bækgaard, M 2019, 'Initiating Successful Collaboration? Collaborative Governance Impacts of Being European Capital of Culture', Paper presented at EGPA conference 2019, Belfast, 11/09/2019 - 13/09/2019 pp. 1-17.

Vos, BJPR, Dubois, AEJ, Rauber, MM, Pfützner, W, Miehe, M, Bohle, B, Möbs, C & Oude Elberink, JNG 2019, 'Initiating yellow jacket venom immunotherapy with a 100-μg dose: A challenge?', The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 1332-1334.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2018.09.005

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Revised 08.12.2025

Lise Refstrup Linnebjerg Pedersen