Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Naum, ME 2019, 'Enchantment of the underground. Touring mines in early modern Sweden', Journal of Tourism History, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2019.1592241

Gehrt, TB , Niziurski, JA , Frostholm, L & Berntsen, D 2019, 'Encoding and retrieval biases for health-related scenes in patients with severe health anxiety', Memory, vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 1110-1121. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2019.1626437

Matthiesen, N & Klitmøller, J 2019, 'Encountering the stranger: Hannah Arendt and the shortcomings of empathy as a moral compass ', Theory & Psychology, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 182-199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354319828174

Rattan, S (ed.) 2019, Encyclopedia of Biomedical Gerontology. vol. 1-3, Academic Press, London.

Zynda, HM, Scare, JA, Steuer, AE, Anderson, HP & Nielsen, MK 2019, 'Encysted cyathostomin larval counts: Mucosal digestion revisited', Veterinary Parasitology, vol. 273, pp. 86-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.08.009

Wilkening, J, Pearson-Prestera, W, Mungi, NA & Bhattacharyya, S 2019, 'Endangered species management and climate change: When habitat conservation becomes a moving target', Wildlife Society Bulletin, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 11-20. https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.944

Schou Pallesen, CM 2019, En del af nationen? minoriteter, medborgerskab og kunsten at dele på den rigtige måde. in A Sybrandt Hansen, S Højlund, CM Schou Pallesen & M Rytter (eds), Hvad vi deler: antropologiske perspektiver på deling som socialt fænomen. Aarhus Universitetsforlag, Aarhus , Antropologiske Studier, no. 5, pp. 109-122.

Iversen, OS , Dindler, C & Smith, RC 2019, En Designtilgang til Teknologiforståelse. Dafolo.

Hansen, BB 2019, 'Endnu en oliekrig', Dagbladet Information.

Khan, S, Taverna, F, Rohlenova, K, Treps, L, Geldhof, V, de Rooij, L, Sokol, L, Pircher, A, Conradi, L-C, Kalucka, J, Schoonjans, L, Eelen, G, Dewerchin, M, Karakach, T, Li, X, Goveia, J & Carmeliet, P 2019, 'EndoDB: a database of endothelial cell transcriptomics data', Nucleic Acids Research, vol. 47, no. D1, pp. D736-D744. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gky997

Schuurman, B, Lindekilde, L, Malthaner, S, O'Connor, F, Gill, P & Bouhana, N 2019, 'End of the Lone Wolf: The Typology that Should Not Have Been', Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, vol. 42, no. 8, pp. 771-778. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2017.1419554

Mavroeidi, P, Arvanitaki, F, Karakitsou, A-K, Vetsi, M, Kloukina, I, Zweckstetter, M, Giller, K, Becker, S, Sorrentino, ZA, Giasson, BI, Jensen, PH, Stefanis, L & Xilouri, M 2019, 'Endogenous oligodendroglial alpha-synuclein and TPPP/p25α orchestrate alpha-synuclein pathology in experimental multiple system atrophy models', Acta Neuropathologica, vol. 138, no. 3, pp. 415-441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-019-02014-y

Guimarães Marques, MJ, Real, CC, Victorino, DB, Britto, LR, Cavalheiro, EA, Scorza, FA, Ferraz, HB & Scorza, CA 2019, 'Endogenous protection against the 6-OHDA model of Parkinson's disease in the Amazonian rodent Proechimys', Neuroscience Letters, vol. 709, 134381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134381

van der Weijden, VA, Puntar, B, Rudolf Vegas, A, Milojevic, V, Schanzenbach, CI, Kowalewski, MP, Drews, B & Ulbrich, SE 2019, 'Endometrial luminal epithelial cells sense embryo elongation in the roe deer independent of interferon-tau†.', Biology of Reproduction, vol. 101, no. 5, pp. 882-892. https://doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioz129

Christensen, LH 2019, En dom om finansiel sikkerhedsstillelse. in T Iversen, S Karstoft & LHG Madsen (eds), Festskrift til Bent Iversen. Djøf Forlag, Kbh., pp. 67-79.

Mahmood, Z , Steenberg, T , Mahmood, K , Labouriau, R & Kristensen, M 2019, 'Endophytic Beauveria bassiana in maize affects survival and fecundity of the aphid Sitobion avenae', Biological Control, vol. 137, 104017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2019.104017

Ghiasi, SM, Dahlby, T, Hede Andersen, C, Haataja, L, Petersen, S, Omar-Hmeadi, M, Yang, M, Pihl, C, Bresson, SE, Khilji, MS, Klindt, K, Cheta, O, Perone, MJ, Tyrberg, B, Prats, C, Barg, S, Tengholm, A, Arvan, P, Mandrup-Poulsen, T & Marzec, MT 2019, 'Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone Glucose-Regulated Protein 94 Is Essential for Proinsulin Handling', Diabetes, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 747-760. https://doi.org/10.2337/db18-0671

Shelke, GV, Yin, Y, Jang, SC, Lasser, C, Wennmalm, S, Hoffmann, HJ, Li, L, Gho, YS, Nilsson, JA & Lotvall, J 2019, 'Endosomal signalling via exosome surface TGFβ-1', Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, vol. 8, no. 1, 1650458. https://doi.org/10.1080/20013078.2019.1650458

Ardestani, SB , Matchkov, V, Eftedal, I & Pedersen, M 2019, 'Endothelial Function and Cardiovascular Stress Markers in ApoE Knockout Rats After a Single Simulated Heliox Dive', 3rd Joint Meeting of the European-Society-for-Microcirculation (ESM) and the European-Vascular-Biology-Organization (EVBO), Maastricht, Netherlands, 01/04/2019 pp. 13-13.

Comerma Steffensen, SG, Risso, A, Ascanio-Evanoff, E & Zerpa, H 2019, 'Endothelium-dependent relaxation mechanisms involve nitric oxide and prostanoids in the isolated bovine digital vein', Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 361-367. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12758

Sørensen, KE, Dreyer, P , Rasmussen, M , Simonsen, CZ & Andersen, G 2019, 'Endovascular therapy after acute ischaemic stroke-Experiences and needs of relatives', Journal of Clinical Nursing, vol. 28, no. 5-6, pp. 792-800. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14664

Burkina, V, Zlabek, V, Rasmussen, MK & Zamaratskaia, G 2019, 'End-product inhibition of skatole-metabolising enzymes CYP1A, CYP2A19 and CYP2E1 in porcine and piscine hepatic microsomes', Toxicology Letters, vol. 303, pp. 67-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.12.017

Magnusdottir, R 2019, Enemy Number One: The United States of America in Soviet Ideology and Propaganda, 1945-1959. Oxford University Press, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1002/jib.553

Bresciani, C 2019, 'Énergies renouvelables en Amérique latine : les apports de l'anthropologie. À propos du « Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology », vol. 20, 2015', Lectures Anthropologiques. Revue de comptes rendus critiques, vol. 5. <http://lecturesanthropologiques.fr/lodel/lecturesanthropologiques/index.php?id=670&file=1>

Toor, A, Islam, SU, Sohail, N, Akhunzada, A, Boudjadar, J, Khattak, HA, Din, IU & Rodrigues, JJPC 2019, 'Energy and performance aware fog computing: A case of DVFS and green renewable energy', Future Generation Computer Systems, vol. 101, pp. 1112-1121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2019.07.010

Racine, JS 2019, 'Energy, economics, replication & reproduction', Energy Economics, vol. 82, pp. 264-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2017.06.027

Navarro-Miró, D, Iocola, I, Persiani, A, Blanco-Moreno, JM, Kristensen, HL , Hefner, M, Tamm, K, Bender, I, Védie, H, Willekens, K, Diacono, M, Montemurro, F, Sans, FX & Canali, S 2019, 'Energy flows in European organic vegetable systems: Effects of the introduction and management of agroecological service crops', Energy, vol. 188, 116096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.116096

Zhang, J 2019, 'Energy Forest Management and Policy Instruments for Climate Change Mitigation in China'.

Sovacool, B , Kester, J , Noel, L & Zarazua de Rubens, G 2019, 'Energy Injustice and Nordic Electric Mobility: Inequality, Elitism, and Externalities in the Electrification of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Transport', Ecological Economics, vol. 157, pp. 205-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.11.013

McCauley, D, Ramasar, V, Heffron, RJ, Sovacool, BK, Mebratu, D & Mundaca, L 2019, 'Energy justice in the transition to low carbon energy systems: Exploring key themes in interdisciplinary research', Applied Energy, vol. 233-234, pp. 916-921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.10.005

Gentile, N, Osterhaus, W, Altomonte, S, Garcia Alvarez, M, Garcia-Hansen, V, Amorim, CND & Obradovic, B 2019, Energy-Saving Potential for Integrated Daylighting and Lighting Design via User-Driven Solutions: A Literature Review. in Proceedings of the 29th CIE SESSION : CIE x046:2019. vol. 1, CIE, VIenna, pp. 205-215, 29th CIE SESSION , Washington, District of Columbia, United States, 14/06/2019. https://doi.org/10.25039/x46.2019.OP32

Dupont, YL, Bang Madsen, H, Rasmussen, C, Hansted, L, Kryger, P, Ravn, HP, Schmidt, IK, Olesen, JM, Holm, E, Langer, V, Sigsgaard, L, Eilenberg, J, Skov, C, Lassen, KM, Ahrenfeldt, EJ, Calabuig, I, Holst, N , Boelt, B, Jensen, AB, Lecocq, A, Howe, AG & Termansen, M 2019, 'En fælles front for alle bier', Aktuel Naturvidenskab, no. 4, pp. 2.

Dupont, YL, Bang Madsen, H, Rasmussen, C, Hansted, L, Kryger, P, Ravn, HP, Kappel Schmidt, I, Olesen, JM, Holm, E, Langer, V, Sigsgaard, L, Eilenberg, J, Skov, C, Lassen, KM, Ahrenfeldt, EJ, Calabuig, I, Holst, N , Boelt, B, Jensen, AB, Lecocq, A, Howe, AG & Termansen, M 2019, 'En fælles front for vilde bier og honningbier', Tidsskrift for Biavl, vol. 9, pp. 294-299.

Willert, KB 2019, 'En fænomenologisk helhedsforståelse af intersubjektiviteten - som udlagt af Merleau-Ponty', Tidsskrift for Medier, Erkendelse og Formidling, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 4-25. <https://tidsskrift.dk/mef-journal/article/download/112887/161614/>

Siem, JB 2019, 'En fantasifuld og rørende forestilling om modet til at danse og drømme på tværs af generationer: Anmeldelse af TANGO, iscenesat af Asta Kamma August. Gruppe 38, lille sal, gæstespil', Peripeti - tidsskrift for dramaturgiske studier. <http://www.peripeti.dk/2019/11/25/tango-noerregaards-teater-teater-o-og-black-box-theatre/>

Sørensen, KE 2019, 'Enforcement of Harmonizaton Relying on the Country of Origin Principle', European Public Law, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 381-402. <http://www.kluwerlawonline.com/abstract.php?area=Journals&id=EURO2019022>

Mitkidis, K 2019, Enforcement of sustainability contractual clauses in supply chains by third parties. in Law and Responsible Supply Chain Management: Contract and Tort Interplay and Overlap. Routledge, pp. 65-87. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429461231-4

Vorreiter Pedersen, M 2019, 'Enforcement of Timing-Sensitive Security Policies in Runtime Systems'.

Neville, M & Sørensen, KE 2019, Enforcing shareholders duties through suspension of the exercise of voting rights. in HS Birkmose & K Sergakis (eds), Enforcing Shareholders’ Duties. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, pp. 150-169.

Lehmann, JO , Jensen, MB , Mogensen, L & Vaarst, M 2019, 'En fremtid med ko og kalv sammen?', Ny KvægForskning, no. April. <https://anis.au.dk/aktuelt/nyheder/vis/artikel/en-fremtid-med-ko-og-kalv-sammen/>

Dyble, M, Thorley, J, Page, AE, Smith, D & Migliano, AB 2019, 'Engagement in agricultural work is associated with reduced leisure time among Agta hunter-gatherers', Nature Human Behaviour, vol. 3, pp. 792-796. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0614-6

Stilling Olesen, J & Nielsen, JC 2019, Engagement i skole og eliteidræt. in JC Nielsen & JS Olesen (eds), Talentudvikling og elitesport i skolen. Aarhus Universitetsforlag, Aarhus, Asterisk (bogserie), no. 18, pp. 87-108.

Laursen, PF 2019, Engagement og troværdighed kræver autonomi og tillid. in Lærerkommissionen forskerpublikation. Danmarks lærerforening, København, pp. 92-96. <https://www.dlf.org/media/12970686/bilag-8-laererkommissionens-forskerpublikation.pdf>

Krejsler, JB 2019, Engager dig i kulturkampen om evidens og viden der virker! Om sandhedsregimer og kunsten at manøvrere med flydende betegnere. in DD Christoffersen & KS Petersen (eds), Er der evidens for evidens?. Samfundslitteratur, Frederiksberg, pp. 21.

Kousholt, D 2019, 'Engaging with conflicts as transmethodology in research practice and analysis', Paper presented at International Society for Theoretical Psychology (ISTP), Copenhagen 2019, Copenhagen, Denmark, 19/08/2019 - 23/08/2019.

Bredal Brohus, M, Halkjær Jensen, H & Nyegaard, M 2019, 'En genfejl der går lige i hjertet', Aktuel Naturvidenskab, no. 2, pp. 34-38. <https://aktuelnaturvidenskab.dk/find-artikel/nyeste-numre/2-2019/>

Sehlin, D, Syvänen, S & on behalf of the MINC faculty 2019, 'Engineered antibodies: new possibilities for brain PET?', European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, vol. 46, no. 13, pp. 2848-2858. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-019-04426-0

Toftegaard, TS 2019, Engineering a better world. in Profile 2019. vol. 167, Aarhus University, Aarhus, pp. 3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10645-019-09348-8

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Revised 08.12.2025

Lise Refstrup Linnebjerg Pedersen