Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Villamil-Alonso, A, Madsen, L, Iburg, TM, Olesen, NJ, Vendramin, N & Cuenca, A 2026, 'Study of Renibacterium salmoninarum infection in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the effect of temperature in an in-vivo cohabitation challenge', Aquaculture, vol. 618, 743797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2026.743797

Luef, BM, Jensen, NH , Knorr, S , Kristensen, K, Overgaard, M, Stentebjerg, LL, Catalano, PM, Möller, S, Maindal, HT, Jensen, DM & Vinter, CA 2026, 'Study protocol for a 15-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial on lifestyle intervention in pregnancy: assessing long-term effects on body composition, metabolic traits, and mental health in mothers and offspring', Trials, vol. 27, no. 1, 124. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-025-09418-0

Kjeldsen, CC 2026 'Styrkelse af praksisfaglighed i folkeskolen gennem erhvervsrettede praksisser – Spørgeskemaundersøgelsen' pp. 1-41.

Kumar, S, Mallesham, K & Singh, SK 2026, 'Subconvex bound for GL(3) × GL(2) L-functions: GL(3)-spectral aspect', Forum Mathematicum, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 361-393. https://doi.org/10.1515/forum-2023-0089

Ioakeimidis, V, Kaminski, A, Ji, A, Baaré, WFC, Dietz, M & Larsen, KM 2026, 'Subcortical brain development by sex in adolescents at familial high risk for psychosis', Organization for Human Brain Mapping (OHBM) 2026 Annual Meeting, Bordeaux, France, 14/06/2026 - 18/06/2026.

Hanson, LG, Veile, T, Hansen, BL, Varón, M, Ravn-Feld, M, Larsen, MC, Gjørup, FH , Jørgensen, MRV, Christensen, NB, Haldrup, K & Frandsen, C 2026, 'Sub-Kelvin Resolution X-ray Diffraction Thermometry Defies the Existence of Nanoscale Hotspots in Induction Heated Magnetic Nanoparticles', ACS Nano, vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 7414-7425. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5c10818

Baudoin, F & Yang, G 2026 'Sub-Laplacian generalized curvature dimension inequalities on Riemannian foliations'.

Terkelsen, JH, Miscov, R, Grønhøj, MH, Jensen, TSR, Schack, A, Haldrup, M, Olsen, MH, Korshøj, AR, Poulsen, FR, Fugleholm, K & Bjarkam, CR 2026, 'Subperiosteal Drain Insertion and Anchorage after Single Burr Hole Evacuation of Chronic Subdural Hematoma', Journal of Visualized Experiments, no. 227, e69808. https://doi.org/10.3791/69808

van Kersbergen, K & Verbeek, B 2026, Subsidiarity and Solidarity within the European Union: A Double-Edged Sword. in A-K Reinl & F Nicoli (eds), The Handbook of European Union Solidarity. Routledge.

Jentz, CH, Kennedy, H, Terkildsen, MD , Sandbæk, A, Andersen, A & Sørensen, LU 2026, 'Substance use disorders and use of somatic health services among forensic psychiatric patients: a nationwide register-based cohort study', Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 134-140. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2025.2610199

Egsgaard, S, Vigod, SN, Barker, LC, Bliddal, M, Brown, HK, Dennis, C-L, Zacher Kjeldsen, M-M , Liu, X & Munk-Olsen, T 2026, 'Subtypes of postpartum depressive symptoms and the association with subsequent psychiatric care: latent class analysis', The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science, pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2026.10614

Šeta, B, Brander, M, Sandberg, M, Mollah, MT, Kumar, V & Spangenberg, J 2026, 'Subvoxel Control of Fiber Orientation via Multidirectional Shearing in 3D Printing', Advanced Science, vol. 13, no. 9, e11008. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202511008

Grossmann, L, Johansson, F, Fazel, S, Kuja-Halkola, R, Bråstad, B, Mataix-Cols, D, Fernández de la Cruz, L, Runeson, B, Lichtenstein, P, Chang, Z, Larsson, H, Brikell, I, D'Onofrio, B, Pingel, R, Rück, C & Wallert, J 2026, 'Suicide after involuntary psychiatric care: a nationwide cohort study in Sweden', The Lancet Regional Health - Europe, vol. 60, 101504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2025.101504

Grijalva-Rodriguez, TI, Antler, G, Eliani-Russak, E, Feng, D, Gong, S, Pellerin, A , Røy, H, Solomovich, K, Turchyn, AV, Zweig, I & Alexey, K 2026, 'Sulfate Reduction and Hydrogen Sulfide Oxidation Rates in Marine Sediments with Cryptic Sulfur Cycling', Journal of the Geological Society, vol. 183, no. 2, jgs2025-088. https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2025-088

Skott, M, Gnech, M, Bujons, A, Hoen, L, Burgu, B, Rawashdeh, YF, Bogaert, G, Quaedackers, J, Pakkasjärvi, N, van Uitert, A, Kennedy, U, Yuan, Y, Radmayr, C, Castagnetti, M & O'Kelly, F 2026, 'Summary of the European Association of Urology/European Society of paediatric urology guidelines on transition in urology', Journal of Pediatric Urology, vol. 22, no. 1, 105632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2025.10.002

Li, Y, Zhang, H, Jiang, G, Wang, W, Wang, T, Zhang, J, Xiang, L, Sun, M, Jeppesen, E, Song, L & Huang, X 2026, 'Summer temperature variations over the past 20,000 years and their influence on carbon burial in a wetland on the NE Tibetan plateau', Catena, vol. 267, 109980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2026.109980

Højen, A , Bleses, D, Lindhardt, H & Colding, ND 2026, 'Sundhedsplejens rolle ved børns sprogudvikling', Sundhedsplejersken, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 24-27.

Baun, AM, Firbank, M, Hinz, R, Terkelsen, MH, Iranzo, A, Gaig, C, Tolosa, E, Brooks, DJ , Pavese, N & Keogh, M 2026, '[¹¹C](R)-PK11195 Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Skull Inflammation in Isolated Rapid-Eye-Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder', Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 773-778. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.70133

Faddy, E , Johansen, MI , Gadeberg, C , Meyer, RL , Østergaard, L , Bay-Richter, C, Jensen, LK, Vendelbo, MH & Jørgensen, NP 2026, '[¹⁸F]Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography for diagnosis and monitoring of acute Staphylococcus aureus vascular graft infection in a rat model', The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 233, no. 2, jiaf594, pp. e332-e341. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaf594

Phair, A, Littlewood, SJ, Fotaki, A, Fletcher, TJ, Felsner, L, Kim, WY, Prieto, C & Botnar, R 2026, 'Super-MoCo-MoDL: A combined super-resolution and motion-corrected undersampled deep-learning reconstruction framework for three-dimensional whole-heart cardiac magnetic resonance imaging', Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, vol. 28, no. 1, 101990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocmr.2025.101990

Andersen, NV & Rytter, M 2026, 'Superstrong Danish-Afghan Mothers: Experimenting with Parenting and Authority within Refugee Families', Journal of Refugee Studies.

Rattan, S & Gezer, C 2026, Supplements and Drugs for Health and Longevity: Recommendations, Conclusions and Challenges. in S Rattan (ed.), Supplements and Drugs for Helahty Longevity. vol. 22, Springer, Cham, Healthy Ageing and Longevity, vol. 22, pp. 471-478. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-11608-6_24

Rattan, S & Gezer, C (eds) 2026, Supplements and Drugs for Healthy Longevity. Healthy Ageing and Longevity, vol. 22, vol. 22, Springer, Cham.

Sasaki, T, Tsuboi, N, Koike, K, Ueda, H, Okabe, M, Yokote, S, Shimizu, A, Hirano, K, Kawamura, T, Yokoo, T & Suzuki, Y 2026, 'Supportive Evidence of Surrogate End Points Based on Treatment Effect of Corticosteroid in IgA Nephropathy', Kidney International Reports, vol. 11, no. 2, 103588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2025.09.002

Donoso-González, O, Pérez, M, Méndez-Torres, AM, Montemurro, M, Culzoni, MJ, Tettamanti, CS, López Mujica, M, Gutiérrez, FA & Sierpe, R 2026, 'Surface plasmon resonance biosensors in the last decade: design strategies and improvements using nanomaterials', Microchimica Acta, vol. 193, no. 3, 178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-026-07907-w

Bregnhøj, M , Strunge, K , Neefjes, I , Elm, J & Weidner, T 2026, 'Surface Spectroscopy Reveals Ordering and Alignment of Liquid Carbon Dioxide at Sapphire Interfaces', Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 2969-2973. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.5c03771

Isidoro, RA, Şahin, NE, Fonseca, FC, Napporn, TW, Santiago, EI & Kokoh, KB 2026, 'Surfactant-Free Polyol Synthesis of Effective Pd-Cu Nanomaterials for H₂/O₂ Solid Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells', ChemNanoMat, vol. 12, no. 1, e202500324. https://doi.org/10.1002/cnma.202500324

Laigaard, J, Maleitzke, T, Skou, ST, Mechlenburg, I, Bandholm, T, Berg, LC & Overgaard, S 2026, 'Surgical and nonsurgical treatment of hip and knee osteoarthritis: a 2026 perspective', Acta Orthopaedica, vol. 97, pp. 148-150. https://doi.org/10.2340/17453674.2026.45570, https://doi.org/10.2340/17453674.2026.45570, https://doi.org/10.2340/17453674.2026.45570

Topf, MC, Kjaergaard, T, Ling Chan, CP & Holsinger, FC 2026, 'Surgically Based Deintensification for Oropharyngeal Cancer: Current Concepts and Future Directions', Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 93-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otc.2025.09.001

Mattingly, C 2026, 'Surprise and the singular plural: A critical phenomenology of disability worlds', American Ethnologist, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 9-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.70047

Nielsen, JV 2026, surveillance studies. in Den store danske. <https://lex.dk/surveillance_studies_(overv%C3%A5gningsstudier)>

Abalo, KD, Trab, T, Baech, J, Ekberg, S, Pahnke, S, Albertsson-Lindblad, A, Smedby, KE, Jerkeman, M, Brown, P, Larsen, TS, Grønbæk, K, El-Galaly, TC & Glimelius, I 2026, 'Survival in mantle cell lymphoma patients burdened by a second primary malignancy', Leukemia and Lymphoma. https://doi.org/10.1080/10428194.2025.2606211

Mikkelsen, LH, Larsen, PN, Knøfler, LA, Pless, T, Knudsen, AR, Nielsen, SD, Lousdal, ML, Ladekarl, M, Stender, M & Pommergaard, H-C 2026, 'Survival of Patients With Noncolorectal Non-Neuroendocrine Liver Metastases: A Nationwide Cohort Study From the Danish Liver Cancer Group', The Journal of surgical research, vol. 319, pp. 125-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2026.01.006

Wilde, N 2026, 'Surviving Birth in One Piece: Fetus Ontology and Personal Identity', Rhizomes: Cultural Studies in Emerging Knowledge, no. 41. https://doi.org/10.20415/rhiz/041.00

Olesen, T 2026, 'Suspicious Organizations: Democracy and the Power of Big Tech', Politics and Society, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 93 - 125. https://doi.org/10.1177/00323292251367601

Feng, S, Wang, J, Feng, K, Qiao, X, Zhang, D, Lin, H, Li, Y, Rosei, F, Besenbacher, F, Shen, Y, Pan, F, Zhong, J, Fan, X & Su, R 2026, 'Sustainable and Scalable Flow Photochemical Conversions Using a Labile Ligand-Assembled Iron Complex', JACS Au, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 1162-1170. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacsau.5c01535

Bousamaki, J 2026, 'Sustaining fibrotic injury in animal models of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis', PhD, Aarhus University.

Marzen, MB, Akshalov, K, Grima, CA, Avecilla, F, Buschiazzo, DE, Colazo, JC, Del Bello, E, Engelmann, L, Etyemezian, V, Fischella, MR, Fister, W, Funk, R, Iserloh, T, Katra, I, Koza, M, Merrison, J, Okin, G, Rezaei, M, Ries, JB, Schmidt, G, Taddeucci, J, Tan, L & Van Pelt, RS 2026, 'Switch on tunnel vision: Portable wind tunnels to understand and quantify aeolian processes', Earth-Science Reviews, vol. 275, 105396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105396

Xu, N , Enggrob, KL, Chen, J, Jan van Groenigen, K, Andersen, MN & Abalos, D 2026, 'Symbiosis Type in Nitrogen Fixing Trees Determines Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Global Meta-Analysis', Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol. 40, no. 2, e2025GB008853. https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GB008853

Norup, L 2026, 'Symbolismen antologiseret', Litteraturmagasinet Standart, vol. 40, no. 1, 1, pp. 38-40.

Nørgaard, MMM 2026, 'SYMRK-mediated signal transduction in root nodule symbiosis', PhD, Aarhus University.

Berden, J, Hanley-Cook, GT, Chimera, B, Cakmak, EK, Nicolas, G, Baudry, J, Srour, B, Kesse-Guyot, E, Berlivet, J, Touvier, M, Deschasaux-Tanguy, M, Colizzi, C, Marques, C, Millett, C, Jannasch, F, Skeie, G, Dansero, L, Schulze, MB, Katzke, V, van der Schouw, YT, Jimenez Zabala, AM, Tjønneland, A, Kyrø, C, Dahm, CC, Agnoli, C, Ibsen, DB, Weiderpass, E, Pasanisi, F, Severi, G, Gómez, JH, Murray, K, Guevara, M, Sanchez, MJ, Frenoy, P, Zamora-Ros, R, Tumino, R, Kaaks, R, Pala, V, Vineis, P, Ferrari, P, Huybrechts, I & Lachat, C 2026, 'Synergies between food biodiversity, processing levels, and the EAT-Lancet diet for nutrient adequacy and environmental sustainability: a multiobjective optimization using the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort', American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 123, no. 2, 101115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.11.006

Zhou, XL, Dai, NF, Wang, SQ, Rui-Zhang, Lyu, ZY, Jeppesen, E, Yang, L & Shen, SK 2026, 'Synergistic regulation of photosynthetic efficiency at physiological and transcriptional levels in Ottelia acuminata under single and combined nitrogen and phosphorus treatments', Bioresource Technology, vol. 446, pp. 134212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134212

Rodriguez, A, Formoso, E, Knudsen, BR , Tesauro, C, Fuertes, M & Alonso, C 2026, 'Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Theoretical Study of Indenoquinolinylphosphine Oxide Derivatives as Topoisomerase 1 Inhibitors and Antiproliferative Agents', ChemMedChem, vol. 21, no. 5, e202500751. https://doi.org/10.1002/cmdc.202500751

Holleufer, SF 2026, 'Synthesis of tunable interstellar silicate model systems for experimental surface astrochemistry', PhD, Aarhus University.

Dugasseh, FA , Asiedu, DA, Carrasco, MDRD, Martynenko, A, Jedruch, A, Kunitzer, A, Beldowski, J & Sanderson, H 2026, 'Synthesizing stakeholder knowledge on submerged munitions in the Baltic Sea: Insights from World Café and Mentimeter engagements', Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 227, 119429, pp. 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119429

Bryld Staunæs, A & Malý, M 2026, Synthetic dissidents: how AI protects dissent under repression. <https://theloop.ecpr.eu/synthetic-dissidents-how-ai-protects-dissent-under-repression/>

Almpanis, A , McLachlan, P , Grombacher, D & Christiansen, AV 2026, 'Synthetic evaluation of two semi-airborne transient electromagnetic (TEM) systems utilizing inductive and galvanic sources in hydrogeological settings', Geophysical Journal International, vol. 244, no. 2, ggaf467. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaf467

Khalil, B, Baraka, M, Haghighat, S , Jain, S, Manila, N, Ramani, R, Tichy, A, Tolstaya, E, Schwendicke, F & Pauwels, R 2026, 'Synthetic Imaging in Dentistry: A Narrative Review of Deep Learning Techniques and Applications', Journal of Dentistry, vol. 165, 106274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2025.106274

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