Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Arendt, M & Fjorback, L 2003, Co-morbiditet imellem hashbrug og psykiske problemer. in Narkotikasituationen i Danmark 2003. Sundhedsstyrelsen, København, pp. 87-92.

Hansen, PEB, Wang, AG, Stage, KB, Kragh-Sørensen, P & Danish University Antidepressant Group, T 2003, 'Comorbid personality disorder predicts suicide after major depression: a 10-year follow-up', Acta Psychiatr Scand, vol. 107, pp. 436-440.

Petersen, KK & Hansen, CW 2003, 'Compact Campanula carpatica 'Uniform' without chemical growth regulators', European Journal of Horticultural Science, vol. 68, no. 6, pp. 266-271.

Kold, S, Bechtold, J, Ding, M, Chareancholvanich, K, Rahbek, O & Søballe, K 2003, 'Compacted cancellous bone has a spring-back effect', Acta Orthopaedica (Print Edition), vol. 74, no. 5, pp. 591-595.

Kold, S, Bechtold, JE, Ding, M, Chareancholvanich, K, Rahbek, O & Søballe, K 2003, 'Compacted cancellous bone has a spring-back effect', Acta Orthopaedica (Print Edition), vol. 74, no. 5, pp. 591-5. https://doi.org/10.1080/00016470310018018

Munkholm, LJ & Schjønning, P 2003, 'Compacted subsoils in organic farming: Mechanical loosening and the risk of recompaction', DARCOF enews.

Hansen, CW 2003, 'Compalox-P buffer: Mange har hørt om produktet - men hvem bruger det?', Gartner Tidende, vol. 119, no. 37, pp. 12-13.

Colagiuri, S, Sandbaek, A, Carstensen, B, Christensen, J, Glumer, C, Lauritzen, T & Borch-Johnsen, K 2003, 'Comparability of venous and capillary glucose measurements in blood', Diabetic Medicine, vol. 20, no. 11, pp. 953-6.

Chen, H, Wang, S, Xu, C, Xing, Y, Hayes, P & Zhang, Q 2003, 'Comparative analyses of genomic locations and race specificities of loci for quantitative resistance to Pyricularia grisea in rice and barley', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), vol. 100, no. 5, pp. 2544-2549. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0437898100

Chubarenko, B, Lund-Hansen, LC & Beloshitskii, A 2003, 'Comparative analyses of wind-wawe generated resuspension processes in the Vistula and Curonian lagoons, the Baltic Sea', Baltica, vol. 14, pp. 15-25.

Sprogøe , J 2003, Comparative Analysis of lifelong learning strategies and their implementation in Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Sweden. Nordisk Ministerråd og Norden Folkliga Akademi, Riga.

Storeheier, PV, Sehested, J, Diernæs, L, Sundset, MA & Mathiesen, SD 2003, 'Comparative aspects of short chain fatty acid transport in the gastrointestinal tract of an arctic ruminant', Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, vol. 3, pp. 369-371.

Jørgensen, LN & Hagelskjær, L 2003, Comparative field trials of various Decision Support Systems for cereal disease control. in H Wolffhechel (ed.), Proceedings of the Crop Protection Conference for the Baltic Sea Region, 28-29 April 2003, Poznan. pp. 114-122, The first Crop Protection Conference for the Baltic Sea Region, Poznan, Poland, 28/04/2003.

Woram, RA, Gharbi, K, Sakamoto, T, Hoyheim, B, Holm, L-E, Naish, K, McGowan, C, Ferguson, MM, Phillips, RB, Stein, J, Guyomard, R, Cairney, M, Taggart, JB, Powell, R, Davidson, W & Danzmann, RG 2003, 'Comparative Genome Analysis of the Primary Sex-Determining Locus in Salmonid Fishes', Genome Research, vol. 13, pp. 272-280.

Schmidt, F, Yoshimura, Y, Shin, PY & Constantinou, CE 2003, 'Comparative urodynamic patterns of bladder pressure, contractility and urine flow in man and rat during micturition', Acta Pathologica Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica, vol. 111, no. Suppl 109, pp. 39-44.

Larsen, C 2003 'Comparing two socially optimal work allocation rules when having a profit optimizing subcontractor with ample capacity'.

Kristensen, LB , Andersen, TB , Sørensen, H & Cabri, IJ (ed.) 2003 'Comparision of precision in the toe and instep kick in soccer at high kicking velocities' Faculty of Human kinetics, Technical University of Lisbon, pp. in press.

Reinemann, DJ, Wiltbank, MC, Rasmussen, MD, Sheffield, LG & LeMire, SD 2003, 'Comparison of behavioral to physiological response of cows exposed to electric shock', American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. Transactions, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 507-512.

Petersen, L, Sørensen, TIA & Andersen, PK 2003, 'Comparison of case-cohort estimators based on data on premature death of adult adoptees', Statistics in Medicine, vol. 22, no. 24, pp. 3795-3803. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1672

Schultz, M, Sejersten, M, Ripa, R, Aplin, M, Grande, P, Andersen, HR, Wagner, G & Clemmensen, P 2003, 'Comparison of ECG estimated infarct size in patients treated with primæry PCI vs. frontloaded tPA. A DANAMI-2 trial substudy', Xindianxue Zazhi, vol. 36, no. Suppl. 111, pp. 358-356.

Kulak, K, Nielsen, HM & Strandberg, M 2003, Comparison of economic values for dairy cattle traits in Nordic countries. in Proc. 22nd NJF Congress on Nordic Agriculture in Global Perspective. pp. 89, NJF Congress on Nordic Agriculture in Global Perspective, Turku, Finland, 01/07/2003.

Straszek, S, McLeod, RL, Hey, JA, Mosekilde, L & Pedersen, OF 2003, 'Comparison of feline nasal cavity dimensions measured by acoustic rhinometry and nasal casts', American Journal of Rhinology, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 233-239.

Abildgaard, N, Brixen, K, Kristensen, JE, Eriksen, EF, Nielsen, JL & Heickendorff, L 2003, 'Comparison of five biochemical markers of bone resorption in multiple myeloma: Elevated pre-treatment levels of S-ICTP and U-NTX are predictive for early progression of the bone disease during standard chemotherapy', Br. J. Haematol, vol. 2, no. 120, pp. 235-242.

Abildgaard, N, Brixen, K, Kristensen, JE, Eriksen, EF, Nielsen, JL & Heickendorff, L 2003, 'Comparison of five biochemical markers of bone resorption in multiple myeloma: elevated pre-treatment levels of S-ICTP and U-Ntx are predictive for early progressoin of the bone disease during standardchemotherapy', British Journal of Haematology, vol. 120, pp. 235-242.

Mogensen, J, Bahl, A, Kubo, T, Elanko, N, Taylor, R & McKenna, WJ 2003, 'Comparison of fluorescent SSCP and denaturing HPLC analysis with direct sequencing for mutation screening in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy', Journal of Medical Genetics, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 59-59.

Nielsen, LP & Dahl, R 2003, 'Comparison of intranasal corticosteroids and antihistamines in allergic rhinitis: A review of randomised, controlled trials', Am J Respir Med, vol. 2, pp. 55-65.

Nielsen, LP & Dahl, R 2003, 'Comparison of intranasal corticosteroids and antihistamines in allergic rhinitis', Treatments in Respiratory Medicine, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 55-65.

Jakobsen, HB, Nørreløkke, MR, Christensen, LP & Edelenbos, M 2003, 'Comparison of methods used for pre-concentrating small volumes of organic volatile solutions', Journal of Chromatography A, vol. 1003, no. 1, pp. 1-10.

Zhao, H, Li, S-H & Murray, AS 2003, 'Comparison of SAAD and SAR protocols for equivalent dose determination using quartz', Radiation Measurements, vol. 37, pp. 417-424.

Bentsen, B, Wenzel, A & Svensson, P 2003, 'Comparison of the effect of video glasses and nitrous oxide analgesia on the perceived intensity of pain and unpleasantness evoked by dental scaling', European Journal of Pain, vol. 7, pp. 49-53.

Karamperis, N , Povlsen, JV , Højskov, CS, Poulsen, JH, Pedersen, AR & Jørgensen, KA 2003, 'Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus and cyclosporine at equivalent molecular doses', Transplantation Proceedings, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 1314-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-1345(03)00481-0

Karamperis, N , Povlsen, JV , Højskov, C , Poulsen, JH , Pedersen, AR & Jørgensen, KA 2003, 'Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus and cyclosporine at equivalent molecular doses', Transplantation Proceedings, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 1314-1318. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-1345(03)00481-0

Ejskjaer, N, Rasmussen, M, Kamp, N, Lindholm, A & Christiansen, JS 2003, 'Comparison of thrice daily 'high' vs. 'medium' premixed insulin aspart with respect to evening and overnight glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes', Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 438-445.

Zhang, Y, Bach Knudsen, KE & Jørgensen, H 2003, Comparison of two cannulation techniques - simple T-cannula vs Steered ileo-caecal valve (SICV) cannula: - the determination of ileal digestibility of carbohydrates in growing pigs. in Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Digestive Physiology of Pigs. Banff, AB, Canada, May 14-18, 2. pp. 58-60, Comparison of two cannulation techniques - simple T-cannula vs Steered ileo-caecal valve (SICV) cannula, 18/12/2010.

Brandt, J , Geels, C , Christensen, J , Frohn, LM , Hansen, KM, Ambelas Skjøth, C & Hertel, O 2003, 'Comparison of two operational long-range transport air pollution forecast models', EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly, Nice, France, 06/04/2003 - 11/04/2003.

Diaz-Serrano, L, Hartog, J & Nielsen, HS 2003 'Compensating wage differentials for schooling risk in Denmark' IZA Bonn. <http://www.iza.org>

Jespersen, LB & Toft, S 2003, 'Compensatory growth following early nutritional stress in the Wolf Spider Pardosa prativaga', Functional Ecology, vol. 17, pp. 737-746.

Andersen, LB 2003, Competing Institutions: The fight between public and private dental care. in Ikke angivet. Department of Political Science, University of Aarhus, ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, Edinburgh, March 29-April 2, 2003, 17/12/2010.

Bitzer, J & Schröder, P 2003 'Competition and innovation in a technology setting software duopoly'. <http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.40688.de/dp363.pdf>

Howells, J 2003 'Competition Derived from Innovation as a Substitution Threat'.

Hogner, A, Greenwood, JR, Liljefors, T, Lunn, M-L, Jensen, JE, Gouaux, E & Kastrup, JS 2003, 'Competitive antagonism of AMPA receptors by ligands of different classes: Crystal structure of ATPO bound to the GluR2 ligand binding core, in comparison with DNQX', J. Med. Chem., vol. 46, pp. 214-221.

Vestergaard, J & Linneberg, MS 2003, Competitive Patterns in the Danish Organic Industry & its Usefulness in Predicting Development in other EU Markets. in Ikke angivet. EAAE, EAAE Conference on Food Quality Products in the Advent of the 21st Century: Production, Demand and Public Policy, Chaina, Crete, 04/09/2003.

Schultz, UP, Burgaard, K, Christensen, FG & Knudsen, JL 2003, Compiling Java for low-end embedded systems. in Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Languages, compilers, and tools for embedded systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, USA, pp. 42-50.

Thøgersen, J , Juhl, HJ & Poulsen, CS 2003, 'Complaining: A function of attitude, personality, and situation', Paper presented at American Marketing Association, Marketing and Public Policy Conference, Washington DC, United States, 29/05/2003 - 31/05/2003.

Zimmermann-Nielsen, E, Agnholt, J, Thorlacius-Ussing, O, Dahlerup, JF & Baatrup, G 2003, 'Complement activation in plasma before and after infliximab treatment in Crohn's disease', Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 38, no. 10, pp. 1050-1054.

Zimmermann-Nielsen, E, Agnholt, J , Thorlacius-Ussing, O , Dahlerup, JF & Baatrup, G 2003, 'Complement activation in plasma before and after infliximab treatment in Crohn disease', Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 38, no. 10, pp. 1050-4.

Kjeldsen, F, Haselmann, KF, Budnik, BA, Sørensen, ES & Zubarev, RA 2003, 'Complete characterization of post-translational modification sites in the bovine milk protein PP3 by tandem mass spectrometry with electron capture dissociation as the last stage', Analytical Chemistry, vol. 75, pp. 2355-2361.

Amoretti, M, Bonomi, G, Bouchta, A, Bowe, P, Carraro, C, Cesar, CL, Charlton, M, Doser, M, Fontana, A, Fujiwara, MC, Funakoshi, R, Genova, P, Hangst, JS, Hayano, RS, Jørgensen, LV, Lagomarsino, V, Landua, R, Lodi Rizzini, E, Macri, M, Madsen, N, Manuzio, G, Testera, G, Variola, A & van der Werf, DP 2003, 'Complete non-desctructive diagnostic of nonneutral plasmas based on the detection of electrostatic modes', Phys. Plas., vol. 10, pp. 3056.

Amoretti, M, Bonomi, G, Bouchta, A, Bowe, PD, Carraro, C, Cesar, CL, Charlton, M, Doser, M, Fontana, A, Fujiwara, MC, Funakoshi, R, Genova, P, Hangst, JS, Hayano, RS, Jørgensen, LV, Lagomarsino, V, Landua, R, Lodi Rizzini, E, Macry, M, Madsen, N, Manuzio, G, Testera, G, Variola, A & van der Werf, DP 2003, 'Complete Nondestructive Diagnostic of Nonneutral Plasmas Based on the Detection of Electrostatic Modes', Phys. Plasma, vol. 10, pp. 3056.

Boriss, H & Loeschcke, V 2003, Complexity theory provides metaphors for a better understanding of biological processes: A holistic approach to explaining the stress response. in The significance of complexity.

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