Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Eaton, M, Korkka, J & Jóhannsdóttir, KM (eds) 2026, "From Far and Wide": Cultures, Memories, and Identities in Canada.

Ridgway, R 2026, From Free Software to Open Source: traversing the values and ethics of an open knowledge infrastructure. in Politics of Open Infrastructures.

Mathiassen, C 2026, From Gender-mixed to Women’s Only Prisons in Denmark: Diverse Practices in the Face of Challenging Realities. in Gender Equality Behind Bars: A Feminist Approach to Penality Policies Worldwide. Springer, pp. 137-161. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-08355-5_6

Zehtabiyan-Rezaie, N 2026, From guidance to independence: Scaffolding a diverse group of students. AU Educate. <https://educate.au.dk/en/teaching-cases/from-support-to-independence-scaffolding-a-diverse-group-of-students>

Frank, D-A 2026, From Insights on Digitalization, Artificial Intelligence, Virtualization and Smart Systems to Hyper-Trends in Digital Innovation. in S Kurtmollaiev, L Lervik-Olsen & TW Andreassen (eds), Exploring Commercial, Social, and Digital Innovation from the Customer Perspective. 1 edn, Routledge, pp. 201-213. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003492047-18

Rytter, M , Lund Mortensen, E & Kusk, ML 2026, 'From integration to reorientation: Processes of orientation after refugee resettlement in Denmark', Ethnography. <https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/14661381261436555>

Robbe, JR 2026, From Kortrijk to the Caribbean: the significance of a final -t. Lingoblog.dk. <https://www.lingoblog.dk/en/from-kortrijk-to-the-caribbean-the-significance-of-a-final-t/>

Knazovický, M 2026, 'From Leaf Stress Physiology to Grain Nutritional Composition: Insights from Lupinus angustifolius Controlled Environment Phenotyping under Climate Stress Scenarios', PhD, Aarhus University.

Rasmussen, KH 2026, 'From Macro to Atomic Scale: Insights into the Structural Behavior of StoneWool Fibers upon Heating', PhD, Aarhus University.

Skinnebach, LK 2026, From Moving Doll to Headless Dummy: What a missing head may tell us about the Reformation in Sweden. in D Sadler, J Hotchin & JT (eds), Reading Communal Responses to Crises through Objects in the Pre-Modern World. Brepols Publishers.

Zayed, YNH , Kamari, A & Schultz, CPL 2026, 'From Natural-Language Description to Formalization: Capturing Human-Centered Social Design Intentions in BIM Using Large Language Models', Journal of Intelligent Construction. https://doi.org/10.26599/JIC.2026.9180119

Olesen, MG 2026, 'From Ottoman Caliphate to League of Eastern Nations: Egyptian Easternist Worldmaking in the Late and Post-Ottoman Age', Die Welt des Islams, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 217–248. https://doi.org/10.1163/15700593-tat00020

Iversen, OS , Dindler, C & Iivari, N 2026, From Participation to Transformation: Rearticulating Computational Empowerment for a Sustainable Digital Future. in F Kayali, EA Guenther & B Göbl (eds), Computational Empowerment in Education. MIT-Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. xx-yy.

Hafner, E, Hristov, H, Grunert, KG & Pravst, I 2026, 'From perception to preference: Insights on front-of-package nutrition labelling effectiveness from a choice experiment under time-pressure', Food Quality and Preference, vol. 136, 105765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2025.105765

Huang, T, Hassan, S, Villadsen, AR & Yi, H 2026, 'From Presence to Policy: The Conditional Impact of Women's Representation in Top Management Teams in Chinese Local Governments', Public Administration, vol. 104, no. 1, pp. 175-187. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.70007

Jensen, ML & Schlütter, MM 2026, 'From Sled Dogs to Cultural Icons. Human–Qimmit Relations in Greenland', Arctic Anthropology, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 228-241. <https://aa.uwpress.org/content/60/2/228>

Kamp, JN , Sørensen, MK & Pedersen, J 2026, 'Full-scale slurry tank sampling: Effects of sampling strategy and sample storage on measured physical and chemical properties', Journal of Environmental Quality (Online), vol. 55, no. 1, e70128. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeq2.70128

Sakai, K, Shinke, T, Ali, Z, Mizukami, T, Matsuo, H, Ando, H, Amano, T, Engstrøm, T, Sonck, J, Wilgenhof, A, Perera, D, Nakayama, M, Fearon, WF, Ko, B, Escaned, J, Munhoz, D, Bouisset, F, Ikeda, K, Arai, T, Korngold, E, Christiansen, EH, Berry, C, De Bruyne, B, Johnson, NP & Collet, C 2026, 'Functional and morphological characterization of coronary atherosclerosis', Atherosclerosis, vol. 413, 120632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2025.120632

Jedrzejczyk, JH , Andersen, FT , Kaspersen, AE , Væsel, JT, Ammitzskov, D, Skov, SN , Hasenkam, JM & Tjørnild, MJ 2026, 'Functional competency of a novel 2-ply vacuum-pressed biological scaffold for entire posterior mitral valve reconstruction', Scientific Reports, vol. 16, no. 1, 5233. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-36236-4

Verma, S, Herrmann, A, Taube, F, Nyameasem, JK, Ehrhard, D, Malisch, CS, Kluß, C & Poyda, A 2026, 'Functional diversity enhances grassland productivity, but species identity drives performance', Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, vol. 397, 110091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2025.110091

Tutova, H, Lisovets, O, Kunakh, O, Zymaroieva, A , Svenning, JC & Zhukov, O 2026, 'Functional Diversity Indices and Aquatic Macrophyte Community Assembly: Case Study of Dnipro–Orilsky Nature Reserve, Ukraine', Sustainability (Switzerland), vol. 18, no. 2, 939. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18020939

Palomo, A, Fowler, SJ, Nemer, IM, Valverde-Pérez, B, Zheng, Y, Ma, Y & Smets, BF 2026, 'Functional redundancy and niche complementarity maintain nitrification stability in rapid sand filters', Frontiers in Microbiology, vol. 16, 1741059. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1741059

Kretsch, RC, Albrecht, R, Andersen, ES, Chen, H-A, Chiu, W, Das, R, Gezelle, JG, Hartmann, MD, Höbartner, C, Hu, Y, Jadhav, S, Johnson, PE, Jones, CP, Koirala, D, Kristoffersen, EL, Largy, E, Lewicka, A, Mackereth, CD, Marcia, M, Nigro, M, Ojha, M, Piccirilli, JA, Rice, PA, Shin, H, Steckelberg, A-L, Su, Z, Srivastava, Y, Wang, L, Wu, Y, Xie, J, Zwergius, NH, Moult, J & Kryshtafovych, A 2026, 'Functional relevance of CASP16 nucleic acid predictions as evaluated by structure providers', Proteins: Structure, Function and Bioinformatics, vol. 94, no. 1, pp. 51-78. https://doi.org/10.1002/prot.70043

Jacobsen, SA , Petersen, MW , Wellnitz, KB , Ørnbøl, E, Dantoft, TM, Jørgensen, T, McLean, SA, Frostholm, L & Carstensen, TBW 2026, 'Functional Somatic Disorders in Individuals With a History of Sexual Assault', JAMA Psychiatry, vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 23-31. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2025.3251

Yui, Y, Gislum, R & Tanaka, T 2026, 'Functional–structural plant modelling as a tool for synthetic data generation for AI-driven applications'.

Kamionka, SL, Sodemann, M, Bilenberg, N & Buus, N 2026, 'Functional stupidity in Danish intersectoral pathways: An institutional ethnographic text analysis of documentary practices', Health (United Kingdom). https://doi.org/10.1177/13634593261419400

Graugaard, ND & Knudsen, BT 2026, 'Fun for real! Dismantling the “cool colonizer” through the decolonial politics of memes from Kalaallit Nunaat', AlterNative : An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 197-210. https://doi.org/10.1177/11771801251377804

Harvey, D 2026, Future Relations of Textual Heritage. in E Gerlini & A Giolai (eds), Textual Heritage: Locating Textual Heritage Practices Across Heritage and the Humanities. Berghahn Books, New York, pp. 258-276.

van Baarsen, AN & Pu, S 2026, Fuzzy Private Set Intersection from VOLE. in G Hanaoka & B-Y Yang (eds), Advances in Cryptology – ASIACRYPT 2025 : 31st International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptology and Information Security, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, December 8–12, 2025, Proceedings, Part V. Springer, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 16249, pp. 327-360. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-95-5116-3_11

Boas, K 2026, Fynske unge vælger dialekten til, når de vil være sjove. Videnskab.dk. <https://videnskab.dk/kultur-samfund/fynske-unge-vaelger-dialekten-til-naar-de-vil-vaere-sjove/>

Holflod, K, De Gaetano, C, Costa, C, Luz, F, Groen, M & Nørgård, RT 2026, 'Game-Making for Cultural Change and Empowered Youth Participation', Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, vol. 42, no. 2, e70197. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcal.70197

Edle von Schickh, ASL, Yuan, S, Sarani, H, Saigo, S & Rau, PLP 2026, Gaming as a Cultural Bridge: Black Myth: Wukong and Its Effect on Perception Towards China. in C Stephanidis, M Antona, S Ntoa, G Margetis & G Salvendy (eds), HCI International 2025 - Late Breaking Papers - 27th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, HCII 2025, Proceedings. Springer Science+Business Media, Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol. 2771 CCIS, pp. 158-168, 27th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, HCI International 2025, Gothenburg, Sweden, 22/06/2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-12764-8_14

Ekdahl, D , Krieger, J & Brus, A 2026, 'Gaming with a heart: the case for esports amateurism', Sport, Ethics and Philosophy. https://doi.org/10.1080/17511321.2026.2630164

Pedersen, MB , Mikkelsen, MVN , Jensen, FH , Madsen, PT & Malte, H 2026, 'Gas exchange dynamics in bottlenose dolphins around 2 min apneas conform to values for terrestrial mammals', The Journal of experimental biology, vol. 229, no. 3. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.251176

Kahlon, Y, Law, S, Kishimoto, M, Majumder, A, Gath-Morad, M, Osaragi, T, Nagamine, M & Herr, C 2026, 'Gaze sharing: A survey of its applications in education and future directions', Computers & Education: X Reality, vol. 8, pp. 100150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cexr.2026.100150

Pedersen, VML 2026, Gender Discrimination and Affirmative Action in Sports Management. in TS Petersen, SJ Holmen & J Ryberg (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Sports Ethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, (Oxford Handbooks).

Ackah, CG, Opoku Asuming, P, Agyire-Tettey, F & Asuman, D 2026, 'Gender Gaps in Total Factor Productivity: The Case of Manufacturing SMEs in Ghana', Journal of African Business, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 173-199. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228916.2024.2430152

Schleicher, M 2026, Gender (Judaism). in D Ganz, T Rainer, S Schmid & K Theil (eds), Handbook of Medieval Book Ornament. De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston.

Grønhøj, EO & Andersen, IG 2026, 'Gender stratification in technology: A cross-national study of career aspirations and their psychological mediators', British Educational Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.70113

Beranová, E, Dostálková, S, Petřivalský, M, Kryger, P & Danihlík, J 2026, 'Gene expression signatures of honey bee brood reveal immune stimulation and nutritional trade-offs under oxalic acid treatment and chalkbrood disease', Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol. 124, 105001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2026.105001

Hougaard, TT & Rathje, M 2026, 'Generationsforskelle i brug og opfattelse af emojier over tid', NyS.

Tække, J 2026, 'Generativ AI og uddannelsens teknologiske underskud: Reorganisering af kontingens i akademiske eksamensopgaver', Paper presented at From Print to Prompt, Roskilde, 07/05/2026 - 08/05/2026 pp. 1-25.

Bruun, MH & Krause-Jensen, J 2026, Generative AI and Chatbots in University Education. in A Toom, K Pyhältö, L McAlpine & J van Tartwijk (eds), The Routledge International Handbook of Learning and Instruction in University Education. Routledge.

Tække, J 2026, 'Generative AI—the Transgression of Technology', Systems Research and Behavioral Science, pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.70045

Østergaard, SD 2026, 'Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Outsourcing of Scientific Reasoning: Perils of the Rising Cognitive Debt in Academia and Beyond', Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.70069

Mohammad-Rahimi, H , Jain, S , Naveed, K, Hosseinpour, S, Kirkevang, L-L, Nosrat, A & Pauwels, R 2026, 'Generative Artificial Intelligence for Computer Vision in Endodontics: A Review of Current State and Future Potential', International Endodontic Journal. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.70146

Lyngesen, M , Gadegaard, SL & Relund, L 2026, 'Generator sets for the Minkowski sum problem', European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 328, no. 3, pp. 912-924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2025.07.005

Buskbjerg, CDR , Amidi , A , Wu, LM, Ventzel, L, Lyhne, JD, Christiansen, PM, Christiansen, P, Jensen, AB , Offersen, BV, Johansen, C & Zachariae, R 2026, 'Generelle, tværgående senfølger efter kræft og kræftbehandling', Ugeskrift for Læger.

Werner, M , Wolff, JH, Taft, J, Zillinger, T , Hinke, DM, Barfod, TS, De Keukeleere, K , Winzig, F , Bundgaard, B , Narita, R , Skov, TW , Jensen, JA , Jørgensen, SE, Jørgensen, CS, Skouboe, MK, Lassaunière, R, de Boer, JH, Jakobsen, MR , Mikkelsen, JG, Bogunovic, D, Paludan, SR , van der Sluis, RM & Mogensen, TH 2026, 'Genetically heterozygous - transcriptionally homozygous IRF7 deficiency underlies herpesvirus CNS infections in humans', The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 223, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20250492

Stephansen, RB , Poulsen, BG , Lassen, J & Jensen, J 2026, 'Genetic associations between feed efficiency traits and breeding goal traits in Nordic Holsteins', JDS Communications , vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 198-203. https://doi.org/10.3168/jdsc.2025-0898

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Lise Refstrup Linnebjerg Pedersen