Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Danielsen, JTT 2025, 'Cognitive function in patients receiving treatment with adjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors after radical operation for melanoma (stage III and IV): A controllede prospective observational study', PhD, Aarhus University.

Danielsen, JTT , Zachariae, R, Schmidt, H, Kallehauge, JF , Thomadsen, JK, Wefel, JS, Wu, LM & Amidi , A 2025, 'Cognitive impairment in patients with melanoma before adjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy and associations with brain gray matter, catechol-O-methyltransferase genotype, and psychological factors', Cancer, vol. 131, no. 2, e35683. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.35683

Brouer, JAE, Oestergaard, LG , Eiskjær, H , Bro-Jeppesen, J & Qvist Kristensen, L 2025, 'Cognitive Recovery After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: Insights Into Improvement Over 6 Months and the Role of Arrest Duration', Journal of the American Heart Association, vol. 14, no. 21, e042637, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.125.042637

Lassen, KC, Lærkner, E, Jensen, JF, Egerod, I, Christensen, J, Jørgensen, K, Kjærgaard, RS, Olausson, S, Wøien, H, Lange, T, Nielsen, AH, Kjaer, M-BN, Bruun, CRL, Perner, A & Collet, MO 2025, 'Cognitive rehabilitation interventions for patients in the intensive care unit – a systematic integrative review.', EfCCNa Conference, Bologna, Italy, 12/03/2025 - 15/03/2025.

Camprodon-Boadas, P, Greve, AN, Hemager, N, de la Serna, E, Gregersen, M, Krantz, MF, Søndergaard, A, Jepsen, JRM, Thorup, AAE, Castro-Fornieles, J, Mors, O, Sugranyes, G, Nordentoft, M & Veddum, L 2025, 'Cognitive reserve in seven-year-old children at familial high risk of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder', European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-025-02942-z

Dixon, K, Madsen, TB & Swann, AF 2025, Cohomological lifting of multi-toric graphs. in L Ornea (ed.), Real and Complex Geometry: In Honour of Paul Gauduchon. Springer Nature, Cham, pp. 137-158. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-92297-8_6

Jensen, CB , Hansen, KT, Nielsen, CM, Hansen, SN, Nielsen, H, Rask, CU , Fink, P, Dantoft, TM, Jørgensen, T, Bech, BH, Thysen, SM & Rytter, D 2025, 'Cohort profile: The BiCoVac cohort - a nationwide Danish cohort to assess short and long-term symptoms following COVID-19 vaccination', European Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 225-233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-025-01204-1

Darbani, B, Brodersen, T, Liljensøe, A, Sørensen, SB, Olsson-Svendsen, JB, Buil, A, Kamal, A, Schork, AJ, Poulsen, A, Kjerulff, BD, Aagaard, B, Lund, BØ, Rittig, CS, Mikkelsen, C, Larsen, DM, Westergaard, D, Rudbeck-Resdal, D, Mikkelsen, DH, Randers, E, Schiødt, FV, Hoffmann, HJ, Jørgensen, IF, Brandslund, I, Brodersen, JB, von Stemann, JH, Bay, JT, Nissen, J, Sørensen, J, Boldsen, JK, Dowsett, J, Gladov, J, Banasik, K, Kaspersen, KA, Carlsen, K, Dinh, KM, Kellermann, L, Christoffersen, LAN, Quinn, LJE, Thørner, LW, Larsen, L, Aamann, L, Andersen, MR, Didriksen, M, Alexandraki, MJ, Thomsen, MK , Julsgaard, M, Nyegaard, M, Schwinn, M, Topholm-Bruun, M, Leite, MN, Halling, ML, Pedersen, N, Bonderup, OK, Rohde, PD, Ovesen, PD, Dessau, RB, Saboori, S, Holm-Christensen, S, Bank, S, Mikkelsen, S, Hansen, TF, Werge, T, Qvist, N, Sørensen, E, Burisch, J, Hetland, ML, Glintborg, B, Erikstrup, C, Brunak, S, Ullum, H, Ostrowski, SR, Pedersen, OBV & Andersen, V 2025, 'Cohort profile: Copenhagen Hospital Biobank-chronic inflammatory disease-inflammatory bowel disease (CHB-CID:IBD) genetic cohort', European Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 721-734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-025-01239-4

Horváth-Puhó, E , Pedersen, L , Martiny, SK , Amdisen, L , Viuff, JH, Ekholm, O & Sørensen, HT 2025, 'Cohort Profile: The Danish Venous Thromboembolism Cohort - A Linkage Between Danish National Health Surveys and Health Registers', Clinical Epidemiology, vol. 17, pp. 485-495. https://doi.org/10.2147/CLEP.S522468

Sørensen, JK, Dalsager, L, Andersen, LL, Bay, H, Garde, AH, Johnsen, NF, Larsson, NP, Madsen, IEH, Pedersen, J, Schlünssen, V, Sørensen, K & Rugulies, R 2025, 'Cohort Profile: the Work Environment and Health in Denmark study', International Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 54, no. 3, dyaf085. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyaf085

Strandberg-Larsen, K, Cederkvist, L, Aakjær, A, Bjerregaard, AA, Brix, N, Feenstra, B, Meder, IK, Nohr, EA, Olsen, SF, Tøttenborg, SS, Ramlau-Hansen, CH, Vangsted, AM & Andersen, AMN 2025, 'Cohort Profile: The Danish National Birth Cohort from foetal life to young adulthood', International Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 54, no. 4, dyaf083. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyaf083

Salum, GA, De Giusti, C, Souza, L, Juk, J, Costa, R, Sugaya, L, Caye, A, Simioni, A, Rocha, PB, Manfro, GG, Ito, LT, Da Silva, F, Duarte, I, Esper, N, Anés, M, Damiano, RF, Satterthwaite, TD, Carvalho, CM, Bado, P, Hoffmann, MS, Schafer, JL, Casella, CB, Evans-Lacko, S, Ziebold, C, Rocha, R, Zugman, A, Jackowski, A, Gadelha, A, Hoexter, MQ, Madruga, C, Grassi-Oliveira, R, Cattaneo, A, Tyrka, A, Paus, T, Pine, DS, Leibenluft, E, Stringaris, A, Merikangas, KR, Milham, MP, Franco, A, Santoro, M, Sato, JR, Ota, V, Polanczyk, GV, deMari, JJ, Bressan, RA, Miguel, EC, Rohde, LA, Belangero, S & Pan, PM 2025, 'Cohort Profile: Brazilian High-Risk Cohort for Mental Health Conditions (BHRC)', International Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 54, no. 6, dyaf192. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyaf192

Baier, JM , Funck, KL , Vernstrøm, L , Gullaksen, S , Laugesen, E & Poulsen, PL 2025, 'Colchicine mitigates arterial stiffness in high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized placebo-controlled trial', European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, no. zwaf143. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwaf143

Bendtsen, MK , Nowak, JS, Paiva, P, López Hernández, M, Ferreira, P, Pedersen, JS, Bekker, NS, Viezzi, E, Bisiak, F , Brodersen, DE, Pedersen, LH, Zervas, A, Fernandes, PA, Ramos, MJ, Stougaard, P , Thøgersen, MS & Otzen, DE 2025, 'Cold-Active Starch-Degrading Enzymes from a Cold and Alkaline Greenland Environment: Role of Ca²⁺ Ions and Conformational Dynamics in Psychrophilicity', Biomolecules, vol. 15, no. 3, 415. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15030415

Fox, AD 2025, 'Cold realities: exploring the ecological consequences of global warming on Arctic goose populations', Goose Specialist Group Conference, Mušov, Czech Republic, 27/01/2025 - 31/01/2025.

Borre, M , Harsløf, T, Harvald, GB, Hvas, CL, Pedersen, JS, Riis, LB & Wildt, S 2025 'Cøliaki: diagnostik, behandling og kontrol' Dansk Selskab for Gastroenterologi og Hepatologi. <https://dsgh.dk/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/CD-guide2025_godkendt20feb2025.pdf>

Lazzarotti, V, Puliga, G, Manzini, R, Tallarico, S, Pellegrini, L, Eslami, MH, Ismail, M & Boer, H 2025, 'Collaboration with universities and innovation efficiency: do relationship depth and organizational routines matter?', European Journal of Innovation Management, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 608-630. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-03-2023-0241

Madsen, CD 2025, 'Collaborative and community-building learning activities that contribute to a sense of belonging and create new possibilities for participation in school'.

Riisager, LHG, Larsen, JE, Huniche, L, Christiansen, TB & Bjerrum Møller, S 2025, 'Collaborative Development of a Self-Tracking Assisted Psychotherapy Treatment Concept for Refugees With Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Participatory Action Research', JMIR Formative Research, vol. 9, e66663. https://doi.org/10.2196/66663

Raja, R & Sindbæk, SM 2025, 'Collapse and Decline', Current World Archaeology, no. 129, pp. 58-59. <https://the-past.com/comment/collapse-and-decline/>

Madsen, M & Piattoeva, N 2025, 'Collateral pedagogies: exploring the performative powers of workload allocation models', Tecnoscienza: Italian Journal of Science & Technology Studies, vol. 16, no. 2 (2025), pp. 15-32. https://doi.org/10.60923/issn.2038-3460/20701

Sovacool, BK, Delina, LL & Martin, B 2025, 'Collective climate geoengineering futures through a global participatory technology foresight exercise', Energy Research and Social Science, vol. 129, 104329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2025.104329

Berntsen, D & Rubin, DC 2025, 'Collective memory and autobiographical memory: The same evolutionary basis serving group cohesion and cooperation', Current Opinion in Psychology, vol. 66, 102119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2025.102119

Pasgaard, J 2025, 'Collectivity and the boundary subject: Between collective and individual subjectivity in psychology', International Review of Theoretical Psychologies (IRTP) .

Reaz, F, Huang, Z, Pinto, M, Bortfeldt, J, Bassler, N & Parodi, K 2025, 'Collimated and non-collimated proton minibeam irradiation using SIRMIO: a simulation study', Acta Oncologica, vol. 64, pp. 1506-1514. https://doi.org/10.2340/1651-226X.2025.44031

COLOFIT Research Group 2025, 'COLOFIT: Development and Internal-External Validation of Models Using Age, Sex, Faecal Immunochemical and Blood Tests to Optimise Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer in Symptomatic Patients', Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 852-864. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.18459

Heß, C, Wang, SM & Wolf, E (eds) 2025, Colonial Entanglements and the Medieval Nordic World: Norse Colonies and Indigenous Peoples. Religious Minorities in the North, vol. 8, De Gruyter, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111386676

Heß, C 2025, Colonial Entanglements and the Medieval Nordic World: An Introduction. in Colonial Entanglements and the Medieval Nordic World: Norse Colonies and Indigenous Peoples. De Gruyter, Religious Minorities in the North, vol. 8, pp. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111386676-001

Heß, C 2025, Colonialism’s Before and After. Norse – Saami relations during the Middle Ages. in Baltic Peripeties. The Power of Narration and the Making of Regions. V&R unipress, pp. 185-199. https://doi.org/10.14220/9783737017008.185

Dyrendom Graugaard, N, Pihl Sørensen, VE & Stage, JL 2025, 'Colonial Reproductive Coercion and Control in Kalaallit Nunaat: Racism in Denmark’s IUD Program', NORA - Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research. https://doi.org/10.1080/08038740.2024.2427817

Dalby, HR , Erichsen, R , Gotschalck, KA & Emmertsen, KJ 2025, 'Colonic resection and stoma formation due to chronic diverticular disease: nationwide population-based cohort study', BJS Open, vol. 9, no. 2, zraf008. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsopen/zraf008

Larsen, PT, Jorgensen, SF, Rasmussen, M, Andersen, B, Cross, AJ & Njor, SH 2025, 'Colorectal cancer incidence following a negative colonoscopy in fecal immunochemical test-based screening: a nationwide cohort study after 8 years of screening in Denmark', Endoscopy, vol. 57, no. 8, pp. 864-873. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2551-1471

Pop, PR, Larsen, GS, Thomsen, MK, Johansen, C, Zachariae, R & Rafn, BS 2025, 'Colorectal cancer mortality in persons with severe mental illness: a scoping review with meta-analyses of observational studies', Acta Oncologica, vol. 64, pp. 358-373. https://doi.org/10.2340/1651-226X.2025.42260

Møller, P, Ahadova, A, Kloor, M, Seppälä, TT, Burn, J, Haupt, S, Macrae, F, Dominguez-Valentin, M, Möslein, G, Lindblom, A, sunde, L, Winship, I, Capella, G, Monahan, K, Buchanan, DD, Evans, DG, Hovig, E & Sampson, JR 2025, 'Colorectal carcinogenesis in the Lynch syndromes and familial adenomatous polyposis: trigger events and downstream consequences', Hereditary Cancer in Clinical Practice, vol. 23, no. 1, 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13053-025-00305-y

Renier, O, Bousrez, G, Paterlini, V, Wilk-Kozubek, M & Mudring, AV 2025, 'Colour tuneable luminescent organic-inorganic hybrid materials based on lanthanide-doped ionic liquid polymers', Materials Advances, vol. 6, no. 19, pp. 7056-7066. https://doi.org/10.1039/d5ma00282f

Battelli, M, Maigaard, M , Lashkari, S , Nørskov, NP , Weisbjerg, MR & Nielsen, MO 2025, 'Combination of methane-inhibitors and hydrogen-acceptors: effects on in vitro rumen fermentation', Italian Journal of Animal Science, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 2029-2040. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2025.2555527

Petersen, ME , Khamas, AB , Østergaard, LJ , Jørgensen, NP & Meyer, RL 2025, 'Combination therapy delays antimicrobial resistance after adaptive laboratory evolution of Staphylococcus aureus', Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol. 69, no. 4, e01483-24. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.01483-24

Petsinis, P 2025, 'Combinatorial Optimization for Diffusion and Search in Graphs', PhD, Aarhus University.

Hochreuter, K 2025, 'Combined Deep Learning and Advanced Imaging for Improved Individualized Radiotherapy Target Definition in Glioblastoma Patients. A National DNOG Study.', PhD, Aarhus University. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15661886

Gu, Z, Li, Y, Li, J, Liu, Z, Chen, Y, Wang, Y, Jeppesen, E & Dong, X 2025, 'Combined Effects of Flood Disturbances and Nutrient Enrichment Prompt Aquatic Vegetation Expansion: Sediment Evidence from a Floodplain Lake', Plants, vol. 14, no. 15, 2381. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14152381

Zhao, H, Zhao, X, Liu, Y, Sun, Y, Duan, Y, Chen, J, Xie, P, Liu, Y, Miao, X, Wang, H, Xu, C, Liu, Q, Yang, W, Steinberg, CEW, MacIsaac, H, Wood, SA, Jeppesen, E & Paerl, H 2025, 'Combined Effects of Irradiation, Nutrients, and Cyanobacterial Composition on Microcystin Concentration in Chinese Plateau Lakes', Environment and Health, vol. 3, no. 11, pp. 1366-1379. https://doi.org/10.1021/envhealth.5c00123

Kabachi, MA, Sandberg, M & Ermanni, P 2025, 'Combined experimental–numerical approach for through-thickness unsaturated permeability characterization of deformable fiber-beds', Composite Structures, vol. 371, 119396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.119396

Haglund, A , Stankovic, J , Christensen, TD , Kristensen, L & Lausch, KR 2025, 'Combined intracavitary, systemic antifungal and surgical treatment of Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis: experience from an immunocompromised patient', Medical Mycology Case Reports, vol. 50, 100743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mmcr.2025.100743

Fujita, K, Desmond, P, Blondelle, J, Soták, M, Rajan, MR, Clark, M, Estève, É, Chan, Y, Gu, Y, Actis Dato, V, Marrocco, V, Dalton, ND, Ghassemian, M, Do, A, Klos, M, Peterson, KL, Sheikh, F, Cho, Y, Börgeson, E & Lange, S 2025, 'Combined Loss of Obsc and Obsl1 in Murine Hearts Results in Diastolic Dysfunction, Altered Metabolism, and Deregulated Mitophagy', Circulation. Heart Failure, vol. 18, no. 4, e011867, pp. e011867. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.124.011867

Lange, S 2025 'Combined loss of obscurin and obscurin-like 1 in murine hearts results in diastolic dysfunction, altered metabolism and deregulated mitophagy' bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.08.24.505098

Sand, H, Edmund, J, Appelt, A, Wohlfahrt, P, Taasti, VT, Poulsen, LØ, Søndergaard, J & Nielsen, MS 2025, 'Combined single-and dual-energy CT workflow for dose calculation in radiotherapy', Acta Oncologica, vol. 64, pp. 1079-1086. https://doi.org/10.2340/1651-226X.2025.43827