Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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do Canto, LM, Jacobsen, CM , Nissen, PH , Højbjerg, JA, Madsen, JS, Hansen, TF & Andersen, RF 2026, 'Impact of pneumatic tube system transport and blood collection tubes on cell-free DNA analysis of plasma samples', Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 332-342. https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2025-0367

Hjulmand, J, Pries-Heje, M, Lenz, IT, Carter-Storch, R, Rahman, NSK, Gill, S, Bruun, NE, Povlsen, JA, Christiansen, U, Helweg-Larsen, J, Elming, H, Fosbøl, E, Tønder, N, Moser, C, Iversen, K, Ihlemann, N & Bundgaard, H 2026, 'Impact of Residual Vegetations After Treatment of Left-Sided Infective Endocarditis: A Substudy of the POET Trial', JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2026.01.002

Hada, M, Mizukami, T, Ikeda, K, Munhoz, D, Brouwers, S, Sonck, J, Matsuo, H, Shinke, T, Ando, H, Ko, B, Biscaglia, S, Rivero, F, Engstrøm, T, Arslani, K, Leone, AM, Galante, D, van Nunen, LX, Fearon, WF, Christiansen, EH, Fournier, S, Desta, L, Yong, A, Adjedj, J, Escaned, J, Nakayama, M, Eftekhari, A, Zimmermann, FM, Sakai, K, Storozhenko, T, da Costa, BR, Campo, G, Berry, C, Collison, D, Johnson, T, Amano, T, Perera, D, Jeremias, A, Ali, Z, De Bruyne, B, Barbato, P, Corradetti, S, Stalikas, N, Kechichian, A, Bouisset, F, Kakuta, T, Johnson, NP & Collet, C 2026, 'Impact of Sex on Residual Angina After Percutaneous Coronary Interventions', Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions, vol. 107, no. 4, pp. 987-996. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.70419

Achchige, DW, Fiorentini, M, Kokogiannakis, G & Chen, D 2026, 'Impact of stochastic modelling of windows operation on residential building energy simulation and rating', Energy and Buildings, vol. 355, 117009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117009

Guidi, M, Giulietti, G, Sharoh, D, Markuerkiaga, I, Knudsen, L, Poser, BA, Huber, L, Möller, HE, Norris, DG & Giove, F 2026, 'Impact of thermal and physiological denoising on laminar functional connectivity', Scientific Reports, vol. 16, no. 1, 8602. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-37599-4

Ayetan, O, Heck, RJ, Gillespie, AW, Barrie, A, McDonald, I & Munkholm, LJ 2026, 'Impact of tire pressure and soil management history on soil porosity and void morphology', Soil and Tillage Research, vol. 257, 106993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2025.106993

Wang, X, Guan, K, Wang, S, Bailey, BN, Ainsworth, EA, Jiang, Z & Li, K 2026, 'Impact of vertical and seasonal variation in leaf traits on simulating soybean canopy photosynthesis via 1D and 3D modeling', Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol. 377, 110941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110941

Bai, Z, Xu, J, Shi, X, Harrison, MT, Olesen, JE, Rees, RM, Topp, CFE, Wen, X, Song, Z, Yin, X & Chen, H 2026, 'Impacts of inorganic and organic fertilization on soil organic carbon and crop production: a meta-analysis', Farming System, vol. 4, no. 2, 100211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.farsys.2026.100211

Butt, JH, Bundgaard, JS, Schou, M, Yafasova, A, Doi, SN, Svendsen, JH, Høfsten, DE, Hassager, C, Eiskjær, H , Nielsen, JC, Bruun, NE, Videbæk, L, Brandes, A, Thune, JJ, Pehrson, S & Køber, L 2026, 'Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator And Frailty In Non-ischemic Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: Extended Follow-Up Of The DANISH Trial', The American Journal of Cardiology, vol. 259, pp. 163-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2025.08.068

Mäkinen, VN , Sølling, AS , Harsløf, T & Langdahl, BL 2026, 'Implementation of a Modified Fracture Liaison Service at Aarhus University Hospital: A 2-Year Retrospective Cohort Study', Calcified Tissue International, vol. 117, no. 1, 14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-026-01478-x

Hønge, BL, Redder, J, Greve, T , Dalgaard, LS, Sørensen, AR, Ebdrup, L, Mohey, R, Tarp, B , Holm, M , Østergaard, L & Storgaard, M 2026, 'Implications of empirical testing and treatment for atypical bacteria in patients hospitalized with COVID, influenza, or RSV: a retrospective observational cohort study', European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-026-05405-8

Fang, F 2026, 'Implications of three-way starch-cell wall-polyphenol interactions for component functionality, bioaccessibility, and colonic fermentability', PhD, Aarhus University.

Gade, C 2026 'Impossible Consequentialization: Why All Theories in Normative Ethics Are Already Consequentialist'. <https://philarchive.org/rec/GADICW>

Dueholm Hjorth, IM 2026, 'Improved diagnosis of ovarian cancer - Risk assessment of adnexal masses in clinical practice', PhD, Aarhus University.

Dohn, S, Hansen, KA & Klinkby, A 2026, Improved Hardness Results for the Clearing Problem in Financial Networks with Credit Default Swaps. in R Lavi & J Zhang (eds), Algorithmic Game Theory - 18th International Symposium, SAGT 2025, Proceedings: 18th International Symposium, SAGT 2025, Bath, UK, September 2–5, 2025, Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 15953, pp. 81-98. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-03639-1_5

Karim, SR, Nielsen, MØ, MacKinnon, JG & Webb, MD 2026 'Improved Inference for CSDID Using the Cluster Jackknife'. <https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.12043>

Cavaliere, G, Nielsen, MØ, Gonçalves, S & Zanelli, E 2026 'Improved inference for nonparametric regression and regression-discontinuity designs'. <https://arxiv.org/pdf/2512.00566>

Kyng, KJ, Møller, AH, Skajaa, T , Kerrn-Jespersen, S , Bennedsgaard, K , Rubak, S , Kaae, R & Henriksen, TB 2026, 'Improved Paediatric Procedural Competence and Knowledge After Training Using a Newborn Piglet Model', Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992), vol. 115, no. 1, pp. 227-237. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.70309

Hu, H, Ma, X, Zuo, J, Wei, Y, She, A, Yao, W & Wu, M 2026, 'Improvement of concrete performance through a ternary aggregate system: Microstructural insights into pore structure and ITZ characteristics', Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 166, 106388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106388

Lietzen, LW, Nissen, SK, Andersen-Ranberg, K, Theil, M, Nielsen, LM, Elbeck, SM, Riiskjær, E , Falstie-Jensen, AM & Hjelholt, TJ 2026, 'Improving care for older patients living with frailty: a collaborative approach to creating the DANFRAIL quality database', European Geriatric Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41999-025-01395-6

Svendsen, GT & Brandt, US 2026, Improving Climate Negotiations? The Economic and Political Rules of the Game. Edward Elgar Publishing.

Paaske, SE , Baunwall, SMD , Rubak, T , Rågård, N , Kelsen, J , Hansen, MM , Lødrup, AB , Lyhne, S , Glavind, E, Fernis, CMC, Hald, S , Erikstrup, LT, Vinter-Jensen, L, Lal, S, Mikkelsen, S , Erikstrup, C , Dahlerup, JF & Hvas, CL 2026, 'Improving Clinical Outcomes of Encapsulated Faecal Microbiota Transplantation for Clostridioides difficile Infection Through Empirical Donor Selection and Optimised Dosing: A Quality Improvement Study', Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 276-287. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.70395, https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.70395

Legrand, NMS , Enevoldsen, K , Kardos, M & Nielbo, KL 2026 'Improving reasoning at inference time via uncertainty minimisation' ArXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2603.07159

Tyvanchuk, Y, Babizhetskyy, V, Baran, S, Szytuła, A, Smetana, V, Jaffal, EI, Selvaratnam, B, Mudring, AV & Oliynyk, AO 2026, 'Improving Thermal Cycling Stability and Magnetocaloric Efficiency via Orbital Competition and Entropy Engineering in Rare-Earth Rhodium Indium Layered Intermetallics', Chemistry of Materials, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 2430-2444. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.5c03286

Mogensen, TH 2026, 'Inborn errors of autophagy underlying severe viral infections in humans', Current Opinion in Virology, vol. 75, 101510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2026.101510

Fallucchi, F, Fromell, H & Nosenzo, D 2026, 'Incentivizing social norm elicitation', Experimental Economics. https://doi.org/10.1017/eec.2025.10036

Melbye, P, Pham, TM, Nygaard, NPB, Kock-Jensen, CH, Gundtoft, PH & Viberg, B 2026, 'Incidence proportion of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) after distal radius fracture: a population-based register study', Acta Orthopaedica, vol. 97, pp. 105-109. https://doi.org/10.2340/17453674.2026.45443

Qvortrup, L & Wistoft, K 2026, 'Inclusion and exclusion during COVID 19 school closures', International Journal of Inclusive Education, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 114-132. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2024.2390635

Milner, AL, Laursen, R & Winchip, E 2026, Inclusive Education for All Needs: European Sectoral Social Partners in Education Promoting Inclusion of Persons with Special Needs in Education. the European Trade Union Committee for Education. <https://etuceprodstorage.blob.core.windows.net/assets/files/7196/9848/InclEdu4AllNeeds_Research.pdf?se=3026-02-13T20:00:19Z&sv=2024-08-04&sr=b&sig=C7%2FrenA2VjTGSr7gQsU50T3qh7NjNglL0SWSJp5%2F02w%3D&sp=r>

Laursen, R, Milner, AL & Winchip, E 2026, 'Inclusive Ideals, Managerial Realities – How Discourses on Inclusion Responsibilise School Leaders’ Professional Practices', Management in Education. https://doi.org/10.1177/08920206261433144

Jonasson, C , Lauring, J & Richter, NF 2026, Inclusive leadership in global virtual teams: Overcoming cultural diversity and geographical distance challenges to enhance belongingness, uniqueness, accessibleness, and usefulness. in A Presbitero & V Taras (eds), Handbook of cross-cultural management. Edward Elgar Publishing.

Ryfisch, S, Boldú, PD, Avellán, T, Santos, C, Sciandro, J, Cirillo, MV, Blicharska, M & Meerhoff, M 2026, '‘Incoherence Is, in a Way, a Choice’: The Production of Policy Coherence at the Intersection of Uruguay's Agricultural, Environmental and Water Policies', Environmental Policy and Governance. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.70055

Magura, T, Mizser, S, Horvath, R, Toth, M & Lövei, GL 2026, 'Inconsistency in the existence of personality in ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae)', Diversity, vol. 18, no. 2, 67 . https://doi.org/10.3390/d18020067

Van den Broeck, E, Lenie, S, Ferrante, M, De Langhe, E, Neerinckx, B, Hillary, T, Van Calsteren, K, Smits, A, Sillis, L, Julsgaard, M, Foulon, V & Ceulemans, M 2026, 'Inconsistent medication recommendations for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases across pregnancy, lactation, and paternal preconception: a guideline-based review', Frontiers in Pharmacology, vol. 17, 1744957. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2026.1744957

Davis, KEC, Thomassen, ES, Wagner, HH, Kormann, UG, Hadley, AS, Betts, MG & Torres-Vanegas, F 2026, 'Incorporating pollinator movement into connectivity models predicts pollen-mediated gene flow and highlights the importance of regenerating forests in tropical landscapes', Landscape Ecology, vol. 41, 49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-026-02309-y

Haastrup, L & Falch, L 2026, 'Incorporating professionalism and professional identity matters: a cultural-theoretical study of interdisciplinary teams within home care', Praxeologi - Et kritisk refleksivt blikk på sosiale praktikker, vol. 8, e4537. https://doi.org/10.15845/praxeologi.v8.4537

Herrmann, JP, Tackenberg, S, Srirajan, TP & Nitsch, V 2026, 'Incorporating scheduling autonomy of workers into flexible job shop scheduling: Learning and balancing decentralized task sequencing decisions with overall scheduling performance', Journal of Manufacturing Systems, vol. 84, pp. 541-560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmsy.2025.12.020

Brix, GS , Rasmussen, LD , Rohde, PD, Pagidipati, NJ, Shah, SH, Møller, PL, Schmidt, SE, Kwee, LC, Douglas, PS, Foldyna, B, Nyegaard, M , Bøttcher, M & Winther, S 2026, 'Incorporation of Lipoprotein(a) levels improves calibration of pre-test likelihood estimates of obstructive coronary artery disease', European Heart Journal Cardiovascular Imaging. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jeag021

Fusaroli, R , Weed, E , Cox, CMM, Szabó, BI, Fein, D & Naigles, L 2026, 'Increased Acoustic Accommodation to Caregivers in Autistic Children: A Longitudinal Study', Meeting On Language and Autism, Atlanta, United States, 14/03/2026.

Kristensen, NK , Gundtoft, PH , Elmengaard, B , Pedersen, AB & Lange, J 2026, 'Increased Mortality Following Periprosthetic Joint Infection after Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Microbiologically Verified Nationwide Cohort of 1,611 PJI Revisions', The Journal of Arthroplasty, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 186-192.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2025.06.011

Bønløkke, S, Blaakær, J, Steiniche, T & Iachina, M 2026, 'Increased Risk of Second Squamous Cell Carcinomas Following Cervical Cancer: A Nationwide Danish Case–Control Study', Cancer medicine, vol. 15, no. 2, e71559. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.71559

Slätis, J, Auranen, K, Tuomisto, H, Clementino, JBDN & Mazzei de Freitas, LJ 2026, 'Increase in liana prevalence after logging and thinning in an eastern Amazonian forest', Forest Ecology and Management, vol. 599, 123280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123280

Zhou, Y, Li, M, Yang, S, Cun, D, Deng, S, Jeppesen, E & Chang, J 2026, 'Increasing CO₂ and CH₄ emissions from constructed wetlands under composite pollution of microplastics and perfluorooctanoic acid: altering the interactions between dissolved organic matter and the functional microbiome', Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 530, 173827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2026.173827

Petersen, AP , Schmid, JM , Hviid-Vyff, B , Hoffmann, HJ & Finderup, J 2026, 'Increasing Retention in a Trial by Supporting Basic Psychological Needs for Autonomy, Competence and Relatedness: Developing a Theory-Informed App-Based Complex Intervention', Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, vol. 40, no. 1, e70208. https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.70208

Andreasen, LS, Shaw, TA, Günther, M & Timmreck, C 2026, 'Independent Short- and Longwave Pathways for a Zonally Asymmetric Northern Hemisphere Temperature Response to Tropical Volcanic Eruptions', Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 53, no. 1, e2025GL117680. https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL117680

Meehan, P 2026, 'Indigenous Resistance, Possession, and Power in Later Medieval Prussia, c. 1260–1330', Journal of Medieval History, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 37-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/03044181.2025.2577913

Storgaard Jensen, S , Gundtoft, PH, Gjertsen, J-E & Pedersen, AB 2026, 'Individual and combined effects of somatic and mental disorders on reoperation risk after hip fracture surgery: a nationwide danish cohort study of 110,625 patients', European Geriatric Medicine, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 233-245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41999-025-01396-5

Mortier, P, Francisco, M, Alayo, I, Ballester, L, Martínez Cerdá, JF, Lopez Fernandez, M, Portillo Van Diest, A, Palao, D, Pérez Sola, V, Mehlum, L, Kessler, RC, Plana-Ripoll, O, Vilagut, G & Alonso, J 2026, 'Individual- and Population-Level Associations of Mental Disorders with Intentional Self-Harm', European Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2026.10182

Scarratt, RJ , Dietz, M , Vuust, P , Kleber, B & Jespersen, KV 2026, 'Individual differences in the effects of musical familiarity and musical features on brain activity during relaxation', Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 155–173. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-025-01342-9

Andersen, KH, Bach-Nielsen, C , Bostrup, MS & Pedersen, NA 2026, Indledning: Ansgar, myte og realitet. in KH Andersen, C Bach-Nielsen, MS Bostrup & MS Bostrup (eds), Ansgar: Nordens apostel gennem 1200 år. Aarhus Universitetsforlag, Århus, pp. 11-25.

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Lise Refstrup Linnebjerg Pedersen