Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Liu, X , Zhu, Z, Chawes, B, Bønnelykke, K, Horsdal, HT , Agerbo, E, Boelt, SG, Borbye-Lorenzen, N, Melgaard, L, Pedersen, CB & McGrath, JJ 2026, 'Neonatal vitamin D status and asthma risk after age 5 years: A Danish population-based cohort study', Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, vol. 37, no. 2, e70299. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.70299

Doherty, MA, Grell, K, Hove, H, Handrup, MM , Østergaard, JR, Krøyer, A, Nielsen, TT, Hjalgrim, H, Mulvihill, JJ, Wohlfahrt, J, Hasle, H , Ejerskov, C & Kenborg, L 2026, 'Neoplasm risk in individuals with neurofibromatosis 1: a Danish nationwide cohort study with long-term follow-up', British Journal of Cancer, vol. 134, no. 4, pp. 618-626. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-025-03316-7

Würtz, M , Olesen, KKW, Yi, Q, Eikelboom, JW & Maeng, M 2026, 'Net Clinical Benefit of Extended Dual Pathway Inhibition in Chronic Coronary Syndrome as Classified by the 2024 ESC Criteria: a COMPASS Substudy', European heart journal - Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjcvp/pvag008

Pradhan, R, Petrovic, Z, Sadman Sakib, M, Schröder, S, Manfred Krüger, D, Pena, T, Diniz, E, Burkhardt, S, Schütz, AL, Gisa, V, Grzadzielewska, I, Toischer, K, Stein, TD, Krzysztof Blusztajn, J, Delalle, I, Radulovic, J, Sananbenesi, F & Fischer, A 2026, 'Neuid: A Novel Neuron-Enriched LncRNA that Connects Epigenetic Gene Silencing to Alzheimer's Disease', Advanced Science. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202514972

Sundvall Germeys, LKM , Mikkelsen, IK , Hansen, B , Eskildsen, SF , Madsen, MH , Nygaard, MKE , Rasmussen, PV, Petersen, T & Østergaard, L 2026, 'Neurodegeneration and energy depletion in MS: Links between tissue integrity loss and microvascular changes in white matter disease', NeuroImage: Reports, vol. 6, no. 1, 100309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynirp.2025.100309

Tybirk, L , Knudsen, CS & Parkner, T 2026, 'Neurofilament light chain - matrix comparison and long-term stability in frozen serum', Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry, vol. 579, 120637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2025.120637

Cilia, R, Arnaldi, D, Ballanger, B, Ceravolo, R, De Micco, R, Del Sole, A, Eleopra, R, Endo, H, Fasano, A, Hoenig, MC, Horsager, J, Lehéricy, S, Leta, V, Moda, F, Nolano, M, Outeiro, TF, Parkkinen, L, Pavese, N, Quattrone, A, Ray, NJ, Reich, MM, Rektorová, I, Strafella, AP, Tagliavini, F, Tessitore, A & van Eimeren, T 2026, 'Neuroimaging and Pathology Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease and Parkinsonism', Brain sciences, vol. 16, no. 1, 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci16010110

Khatiboun, DF 2026, 'Neuromorphic Computing on the Edge On the Design of Energy-efficient and Adaptive Spiking Neural Network Architectures for Real-time Devices', PhD, Aarhus University.

Kochančikaitė, R, Shtyrov, Y, Horne, M & Roll, M 2026, 'Neurophysiological evidence of rapid holistic tone-based lexical access', Brain and Language, vol. 272, 105670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105670

Deco, G, Sanz Perl, Y, Vohryzek, J, Luppi, AI & Kringelbach, ML 2026, 'Neurotransmission-modulated whole-brain computation captures full task repertoire', Cell Reports, vol. 45, no. 1, 116816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116816

Schmalenberger, S & Merrill, S 2026, Never Again…What? Social Media Holocaust commemoration and partisan anniversary politics in Germany. . in Revived Futures: The Turn to the Past in European Politics. Palgrave Macmillan.

Langford, HE, Bateman, MD, Briant, RM, Horne, DJ, Knudsen, KL, Penkman, KEH, Wheeler, L & Whittaker, J 2026, 'New age-estimate data and implications for marine isotope stage 7 and 5e sea levels in Fenland, eastern England', Journal of Quaternary Science, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 36-60. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.70025

Wehland, M , Corydon, TJ, González-Torres, LF, Abdelfattah, F, Sahana, J, Schulz, H, Mushunuri, A, Burenkova, H, Wuest, SL, Krüger, M, Kraus, A & Grimm, D 2026, 'New Knowledge About Tissue Engineering Under Microgravity Conditions in Space and on Earth', International Journal of Molecular Sciences , vol. 27, no. 1, 341. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27010341

Johannessen, TR, Body, R, Mair, J, Mills, NL, Cullen, L & Study Group on Biomarkers of the ESC Association for Acute CardioVascular Care 2026, 'New pathways with high-sensitivity cardiac troponin testing at the point of care in the ambulance and primary care', European Heart Journal: Acute Cardiovascular Care, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 148-150. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjacc/zuaf157

Lassche, A , Eriksen, RS , Nielbo, KL & Baunvig, KL 2026, News Circulation in Denmark-Norway (1770-1805): Preserving Content Diversity through Topic-Vector Representations. in News Circulation in Denmark-Norway (1770-1805): Preserving Content Diversity through Topic-Vector Representations . 1 edn, vol. 1, Aarhus, Denmark, pp. 14, DHNB 2026: Lost in Abundance: Encounters with the Non-Canonical., Aarhus, Denmark, 09/03/2026. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18835192

Franca, M, Gomes, A, Kousholt, D, Lave, J & Mørck, LL (eds) 2026, New Spaces for Difference: Critical Studies of Learning Practices. Cambridge University Press. <https://www.cambridge.org/pm/universitypress/subjects/education/education-history-theory/new-spaces-difference-critical-studies-learning-practices?format=HB&isbn=9781009734523#description>

Larsen, KB, Breu, C, Strømmen, HM & Strecker, C 2026, New Testament Studies as the Study of Remnants. in C Breu (ed.), The Future of New Testament Studies. Bloomsbury T&T Clark, Library of New Testament Studies, pp. 262-263.

Guo, J, Frederiksen, A & Frederiksen, L 2026, 'New venture team stability and long-run organizational growth', Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.70011

Møller, AE, Jackson, R, Kerr, AJ, Wells, S, Poppe, KK & Schmidt, M 2026, 'New Zealand Electronic Health Data for Cardiovascular Research: A Review', Clinical epidemiology, vol. 18, 580482. https://doi.org/10.2147/CLEP.S580482

Boothroyd, MRE , Scott, J, Palmer, MC & Andreasen, R 2026, 'New Zealand's Second Meteorite: Makarewa (find, L4, S5, W2)', New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, vol. 69, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgo2.70013Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

Larsdotter Zweygberg, A, Tsampa, S, Galanti, R, Magnusson, C & Ahlqvist, VH 2026, 'Nicotine Use Among Young Women Before Pregnancy: National Register-Based Time Trend Analysis', BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol. 133, no. 5, pp. 1102-1104. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.70153

Bousamaki, J, Maciag, G, Petersen, AG, Korntner, SH, Jansen, SM, Pors, SE, Mamsen, LS, Rasmussen, SA, Salinas, CG, Kruse, LH, Feigh, M, Simonsen, U & Hansen, HH 2026, 'Nintedanib Lacks Efficacy in a Spirometry-Confirmed and Bleomycin-Induced Mouse Model of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis', Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, vol. 138, no. 4, e70220. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.70220

Otzen, DE, Gamon, LF, Hägglund, P, Nielsen, J , Pedersen, JN, Nybo, T, Nowak, JS , Amstrup, SK , Pirhaghi, M & Davies, MJ 2026, 'Nitrated products formed on α-synuclein are preferentially incorporated into oligomers but excluded from fibrils: A mechanism for accumulation of neurotoxic species', Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Proteins and Proteomics, vol. 1874, no. 2, 141118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbapap.2025.141118

Gani, MA, Gettel, GM, van der Kwast, J, Irvine, KA & McClain, ME 2026, 'Nitrogen retention dynamics in a large floodplain river: a case study on the Padma River, Bangladesh', Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology, vol. 26, no. 1, 100724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecohyd.2025.100724

Liang, Z , Martins, JT , Peixoto, L , Enggrob, KL, De Notaris, C & Rasmussen, J 2026, 'Nitrogen sustainability and soil carbon sequestration in fresh grain legume-based rotations: The vital role of the cover crop mixture', Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, vol. 400, 110206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2025.110206

Dold, C , De Notaris, C , Mortensen, EØ , Rasmussen, J & Petersen, SO 2026, 'Nitrous oxide emissions as influenced by tillage practice for cover crop termination', Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, vol. 132, no. 1, 9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-025-10453-1

Kong, M 2026, 'Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Relation to Carbon Sequestration in Mixed Grass–Clover Arable Crop Rotations', PhD, Aarhus University.

Alstrup, AKO 2026, 'Nobelpris for museforskning i immunforsvaret', Dyrlægen, vol. 1, pp. 6-7.

Gautam, D, Wiberg, GKH, Quinson, J, Wang, D, Clausen, CM, Rohde, R , Klemmt, R, Rossmeisl, J, Bøjesen, ED & Arenz, M 2026, 'Noble Metal-Based High Entropy Alloy Nanoparticles Prepared by Pulsed Electrodeposition: An Approach for Medium Throughput Studies', Small Structures, vol. 7, no. 1, e202500666. https://doi.org/10.1002/sstr.202500666

Philipsen, L & Bak Herrie, M 2026, '"No Children were Harmed": Aesthetic Infrastructures and Ethical Implications of AI-Generated Portraits', Visual Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/1472586X.2025.2606201

Tarbensen, ML 2026, Nødvendig praksis eller bæredygtigt valg? Sæsonbaserede kogebøger i 1800-tallet og i dag. in Måltidets idéhistorie. Baggrund.

Böhme, RA , Banellis, L , Vejlø, M , Allen, MG & Fardo, F 2026, 'No evidence for a link between mental health symptoms and pain thresholds', Anxiety, Stress and Coping, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 101-117. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2025.2534858

Nascimento, FA, McLaren, JR, Zhao, W, Katyal, R, Sheikh, IS, Kong, WY, Aljaafari, D, Barot, N, Benbadis, S, Friedman, D, Gavvala, JR, Halford, J, Hogan, RE, Kaplan, PW, Karakis, I, Maheshwari, A, Matthews, R, O'Donovan, C, Rampp, S, Schuele, S, Sirven, J, Tatum, WO, Williams, J, Yacubian, EM, Yuan, D, Beniczky, S, Sibony, O & Westover, MB 2026, 'Noise in the diagnosis of epilepsy by experts', Epileptic Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1002/epd2.70181

Nielsen, SB 2026, '“No matter what I did, I couldn’t tap into it. The debate wasn’t mine”: Researchers' affective disconnection from reputation-threatening experiences of digital harassment through micro-media practices', MedieKultur: Journal of media and communication research.

Støvring, H, Ekstrøm, CT, Schneider, JW & Strøm, C 2026, 'Non-emerging primary trial results from the Bandim health project', Vaccine, vol. 75, 128302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128302

Nartallo-Kaluarachchi, R, Kringelbach, M, Deco, G, Lambiotte, R & Goriely, A 2026, 'Nonequilibrium physics of brain dynamics', Physics Reports, vol. 1152, pp. 1-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2025.10.003

Lind, ANR , Kristensen, MH , Hvingelby, V , Rasmussen, M , Koch, KU , Granfeldt, A , Mikkelsen, R , Rasmussen, LK , Simonsen, CZ , Gude, MF & Korshøj, AR 2026, 'Noninvasive Methods for Measurement of Intracranial Pressure in Patients with Acute Neurotrauma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis', Journal of Neurotrauma. https://doi.org/10.1177/08977151261436289

Taffetani, M & Pezzulla, M 2026, 'Nonlinear Morphoelastic Energy Based Theory for Stimuli Responsive Elastic Shells', Journal of Elasticity, vol. 158, no. 22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10659-026-10198-0

Doherty, MA, Grell, K, Hove, H, Handrup, MM , Østergaard, JR, Krøyer, A, Nielsen, TT, Hjalgrim, H, Mulvihill, JJ, Hasle, H , Ejerskov, C, Wohlfahrt, J & Kenborg, L 2026, 'Non-neoplastic causes of death in neurofibromatosis 1: A cohort study with long-term follow-up', Genetics in Medicine, vol. 28, no. 4, 101654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gim.2025.101654

Eriksen, EM, Larsen, L, Storgaard, M, Mens, H, Wiese, L, Jepsen, MPG, Hansen, BR, Lüttichau, HR, Nielsen, H, Bodilsen, J & Danish Study Group of Infections of the Brain 2026, 'Nonoperative Versus Neurosurgical Treatment of Brain Abscess: An Emulated Trial Nested Within a Nationwide, Population-Based Cohort', Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 82, no. 2, pp. 219-227. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaf304

Petrović, A, Lima, RJDS, Hadaf, GB, Lanza, A, Aalestrup, K , Olesen, KLL , Juhl, DW , Nielsen, NC, Adelodun, AA, Bordallo, HN, Daasbjerg, K & Lee, JW 2026, 'Nonporous hydrophobic organic crystals for carbon dioxide capture via chain-melting phase transition', Nature Communications, vol. 17, no. 1, 2293. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-69006-x

Oliveira, JP, Nielsen, PK, Pereira, S, Dória, S, Freixo, JP & Nielsen, R 2026, 'Nonprogressive Nephrotic Range Proteinuria Because of Indirect Cubilin Dysfunction', Kidney International Reports, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 241-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2025.09.046

Frandsen, K 2026, Nordic broadcasters in the eye of a storm. in P English & X Ramon (eds), Sportswashing: global perspectives on the politics of promotion. Palgrave Macmillan.

Ihlen, Ø, Johansen, W, Falkheimer, J, Sanden, G, Buhmann, A & Valentini, C 2026, 'Nordic Perspectives on Strategic Communication: Myth and Reality of 'Nordicness'', International Journal of Strategic Communication.

Johansen, M-LE, Hedlund, A & Tutenges, S 2026, 'Nordic policy responses to gang-related crime 2009-2025: Policy developments and future challenges in Denmark, Sweden and Norway', European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-026-09662-3

Embring, A, Skyttä, T, Engellau, J, Kerna, I, Sendiuliene, D, Blomstrand, M, Indelicato, DJ, Timmerman, B, Lassen-Ramshad, Y & Magelssen, H 2026, 'Nordic Society of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology (NOPHO) Radiotherapy Working Group consensus guidelines on radiotherapy for paediatric low-grade gliomas', Acta Oncologica, vol. 65, pp. 101-108. https://doi.org/10.2340/1651-226X.2026.44815

Varga, S & Knobe, J 2026, 'Normality and the Ordinary Concept of Disease', Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society.

Foolchand, Y, Kuzminova, A, Louis, MH, Courtin, A, Dessart, P, Mouraux, A & Hatem, SM 2026, 'Normative Values for Contact Heat and Cold Evoked Potentials', European Journal of Pain, vol. 30, no. 1, e70196. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.70196

Schultz, C 2026, 'Normer og anerkendelse i ungdomsklubben', Forskning i Pædagogers Profession og Uddannelse.

Girard, J, St-Onge, G, Pearce, C, Lagroix, F, Seidenkrantz, MS , Andresen, KJ, Montero-Serrano, JC & Francus, P 2026, 'Northeastern Greenland Paleomagnetic Records Indicate the Influence of Geomagnetic Flux Lobe Intensity on Virtual Geomagnetic Pole Migration During the Holocene', Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol. 131, no. 4, e2025JB031768. https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JB031768

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