Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Cirujeda, A, Melander, B , Rasmussen, K & Rasmussen, IA 2003, 'Relationship between speed, soil movement into the cereal row and intra-row weed control efficacy by weed harrowing', Weed Research, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 285-296. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3180.2003.00345.x

Takai, H, Morita, S & Hoshiba, S 2003, 'Relationship between thermal and aerial environments and animal behaviour in an open-type cattle house', The Journal of the Society of Agricultural Structures, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 113-126.

Lindholt, JS, Jørgensen, B, Shi, G-P & Henneberg, EW 2003, 'Relationships between activators and inhibitors of plasminogen, and the progression of small abdominal aortic aneurysms', European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 546-51. https://doi.org/10.1053/ejvs.2002.1872

Rasmussen, SE 2003, 'Relative merits of reflection and transmission techniques in laboratory powder diffraction', Powder Diffraction, vol. 18, pp. 0-0.

Bentzen, JB & Smith, V 2003, 'Relative prices on overseas wines on the Nordic markets: Who bears the burden of the wine taxes?', Paper presented at Oenometrics IX, Budapest, May, 18/12/2010.

Jensen, SK & Lauridsen, C 2003, Relative proportion of stereoisomers of alfa-tocopherol in fluids and tissues from rats, pigs, cows and poultry explains different bioactivity of dietary natural and synthetic vitamin E between different animal species. in 9th Symposium: Vitamins and additives in nutrition of man and animal. September 24th and 25th, 2003. Jena/Thuringia, Germany. pp. 136-141, Relative proportion of stereoisomers of alfa-tocopherol in fluids and tissues from rats, pigs, cows and poultry explains different bioactivity of dietary natural and synthetic vitamin E between different animal species, 18/12/2010.

Richman, AD, Herrera, LG, Nash, D & Schierup, MH 2003, 'Relative roles of mutation and recombination in generating allelic polymorphism at an MHC class II locus in Peromyscus maniculatus', Genetetical Research, Camb, vol. 82, pp. 89-99.

Canetti, R, Krawczyk, H & Nielsen, JB 2003, Relaxing Chosen-Ciphertext Security. in D Boneh (ed.), Advances in Cryptology - CRYPTO 2003: 23rd Annual International Cryptology Conference, Santa Barbara, California, USA, August 17-21, 2003. Proceedings. Springer, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2729, pp. 565-582, Annual International Cryptology Conference, Santa Barbara, CA, United States, 17/08/2003. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-45146-4_33

Chauhan, SD, Nilsson, H, Ahluwalia, A & Hobbs, AJ 2003, 'Release of C-type natriuretic peptide accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), vol. 100, pp. 1426-1431.

López, R, Retamales, C, Contreras, C, Montes, JL, Marin, A, Vaeth, M & Baelum, V 2003, 'Reliability of clinical attachment level recordings: effects on prevalence, extent, and severity estimates', Journal of Periodontology, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 512-20.

Kærlev, L, Lynge, E, Sabroe, S & Olsen, J 2003, 'Reliability of Data From Next-of-Kin: Results From a Case-Control Study of Occupational and Lifestyle Risk Factors for Cancer', American Journal of Industrial Medicine, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 298-303.

Price, DD, Riley, JL & Vase, L 2003, 'Reliable differences in placebo effects between clinical analgesic trials and studies of placebo analgesia mechanisms', Pain, vol. 104, pp. 715-716.

Nørager, T 2003, 'Religionsfilosofi - en teologisk krisedisciplin?', Kritisk Forum for Praktisk Teologi, vol. 91, pp. 58-66.

Andersen, S & Grønkjær, N 2003, 'Religionsfilosofi og normativitet - et svar til Bent Flemming Nielsen', Kritisk Forum for Praktisk Teologi, vol. 91, pp. 75-77.

Petersen, AK 2003, 'Religionskritikkens nødvendighed', Kristeligt Dagblad, pp. 7.

Geertz, AW, Jensen, JS, Hansen, AW (ed.), Kragh, H (ed.), Larsen, S (ed.), Lykke, P (ed.) & Manniche, JC (ed.) 2003, Religionsteoretisk forskning på Institut for Religionsvidenskab. in Topforskning ved Aarhus Universitet - en jubilæumsantologi. Aarhus Universitetsforlag, Århus, pp. 325-364.

Sinding Jensen, J, Geertz, AW, Hansen, AW (ed.), Kragh, H (ed.), Larsen, S (ed.), Lykke, P (ed.) & Manniche, JC (ed.) 2003, Religionsteoretisk forskning på Institut for Religionsvidenskab. in Topforskning ved Aarhus Universitet. Aarhus Universitetsforlag, Århus, pp. 325-364.

Geertz, AW (ed.) 2003, Religionsvidenskabelige Skriftserier. Århus.

Nørager, T (ed.) 2003, Religionsvidenskabeligt Tidsskrift. Århus.

Fibiger, MQ 2003, Religionsvidenskabeligt Tidsskrift. Århus.

Petersen, AK 2003, Religionsvidenskabeligt Tidsskrift. Århus.

Petersen, AK 2003, 'Religionsvidenskab og teologi - en eller flere rationaliteter?', Figenbladet, no. 2, marts, pp. 14-15.

Tønnesvang, J 2003, 'Religiøsitetens selvobjektfunktionalitet & tilknytningsdimensioner', Psyke og Logos, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 778-805.

Petersen, AK 2003, 'Religiøsitet, Folkekirke og kristendom', Jyllands-Posten, pp. 9.

Petersen, AK 2003, 'Religiøs kassetænkning', Kristeligt Dagblad, pp. 9.

Kühle, L & Mortensen, V (ed.) 2003, Religious Pluralism in Multireligiosity. in Theology and the religions - a dialogue. Wm. B. Eerdsmans, Grand Rapids, pp. 419-429.

Skovmand, M 2003, 'Remembrance or What Does My Name Taste Like?', P.O.V., no. 15, pp. 160-167.

Kuosmanen, V, Groesel, K, Marsh, S, Tukiainen, T, Schaeffer, U, Quental, L, Vosen, P, Loudjani, P, Kuronen, M & Aastrup, PJ 2003, 'Remote sensing monitoring of environmental impacts', Mining Environmental Management, vol. 2003, no. November, pp. 19-23.

Edren, SMC , Teilmann, J , Dietz, R, Henriksen, OD & Carstensen, J 2003, Remote video registration of seals at Rødsand seal sanctuary: Technical improvements and feasibility for detecting effects of the construction of Nysted Offshore Wind Farm. Research Notes from NERI, no. 187, National Environmental Research Institute. <http://www2.dmu.dk/1_viden/2_Publikationer/3_arbrapporter/rapporter/AR187.pdf>

Arias, CA, Cabello, A, Brix, H & Johansen, NH 2003, 'Removal of indicator bacteria from municipal wastewater in an experimental two-stage vertical flow constructed wetland system', Water Science and Technology, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 35-41.

Prætorius, H & Spring, KR 2003, 'Removal of the MDCK cell primary cilium abolishes flow sensing', J. Membr. Biol., vol. 191, pp. 69-76.

Frøkiær, J, Li, C, Shi, Y, Jensen, A, Prætorius, H, Hansen, H, Topcu, SO, Sardeli, C, Wang, W, Kwon, TH & Nielsen, S 2003, 'Renal aquaporins and sodium transporters with special focus on urinary tract obstruction', Acta Pathologica Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica, vol. suppl. 109, pp. 71-79.

Frøkiaer, J, Li, C, Shi, Y, Jensen, A , Praetorius, H , Hansen, H, Topcu, O, Sardeli, C, Wang, W, Kwon, T-H & Nielsen, S 2003, 'Renal aquaporins and sodium transporters with special focus on urinary tract obstruction', Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica APMIS, no. 109, pp. 71-9.

Eskild-Jensen, A, Jørgensen, TM , Olsen, LH , Djurhuus, JC & Frøkiær, J 2003, 'Renal function may not be restored when using decreasing differential function as the criterion for surgery in unilateral hydronephrosis', BJU International, vol. 92, no. 7, pp. 779-782. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-410X.2003.04476.x

Gburek, J, Birn, H, Verroust, PJ, Goj, B, Jacobsen, C , Moestrup, SK, Willnow, TE & Christensen, EI 2003, 'Renal uptake of myoglobin is mediated by the endocytic receptors megalin and cubilin', American Journal of Physiology: Renal Physiology, no. 285, pp. 451-458.

Jørgensen, U 2003, 'Renewable energy from biomass in organic farming', Ecology & Farming, vol. 32, pp. 18-19.

Geertz, AW 2003, RENNER Studies on New Religions. Århus.

Rasmussen, CP 2003, 'Rentegods og hovedgårdsdrift: Godsstrukturer og godsøkonomi i hertugdømmet Slesvig 1524-1770, I-II'.

Sharp, JT, Heijde, D, Boers, M, Boonen, A, Bruynesteyn, K, Emery, P, Genant, HK, Herbom, G, Jurik, A, Lassere, M, McQueen, F, Østergaard, M, Peterfy, C, Rau, R, Strand, V, Warsenberg, S & Weissman, B 2003, 'Repair of erosions in rheumatoid arthritis does occur: Results from 2 studies by the OMERACT subcommittee on healing of erosion', Journal of Rheumatology, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 1102-1107.

Fox, AD & Kahlert, J 2003, 'Repeated grazing of a salt marsh grass by moulting greylag geese Anser anser - does sequential harvesting optimise biomass or protein gain?', Journal of Avian Biology, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 89-96.

Bertelsen, P 2003, 'Replik II', Bulletin fra Forum For Antropologisk Psykologi, no. 12, pp. 147-213.

Bertelsen, P 2003, 'Replik I: Moral, psykologi og den antropologiske grundmodel', Bulletin fra Forum For Antropologisk Psykologi, no. 12, pp. 126-146.

Overgaard, M 2003, 'Reply to the commentators', Bulletin fra Forum For Antropologisk Psykologi, vol. 13, pp. 72-85.

Galbraith, P, Houston, K, Jensen, TH, Kaiser, G & Tan, Y 2003, Report from panel discussion. in Q-X Ye, W Blum, K Houston & Q-Y Jiang (eds), Mathematical Modelling in Education and Culture: ICTMA 10. Horwood, pp. 307-330, ICTMA 10: 10th International Conference on the Teaching of Mathematical Modelling and Applications, Beijing, China, 29/07/2001.

Tolstrup, K, Andersen, SB, Boelt, B, Buus, M, Gylling, M, Holm, PB, Kjellson, G, Pedersen, S, Østergård, H & Mikkelsen, SA 2003, Report from the Danish Working Group on the co-existence of genetically modified crops with conventional and organic crops. DJF rapport, markbrug, vol. 94.

Tolstrup, K, Andersen, SB, Boelt, B, Buus, M, Gylling, M, Holm, PB, Kjellsson, G, Pedersen, S, Østergård, H & Mikkelsen, SA 2003, Report from the Danish Working Group on the Co-existence of Genetically Modified Crops with Conventional and Organic Crops. DJF rapport, markbrug, vol. 94, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences.

Rikhardsson, PM, Andersen, AJR & Bang, H 2003, Reporting CSR performance on the Internet. A Study of the Global Fortune 500. in Ikke angivet. The University of Iceland, 17th Nordic Conference on Business Studies, Reykjavik, Iceland, 14/08/2003.

Fox, AD & Francis, I 2003, Report of the 2001/2002 National Census of Greenland White-fronted Geese in Britain: Final report - September 2003. Greenland White-fronted Goose Study. <http://wwt.org.uk/research/pdf/Greenland%20White-fronted%20Goose%20Study%20report%202001-02.pdf>

Esbjerg, L & Grunert, KG 2003 'Report of the Danish national workshop'.

Jantzen, JC 2003, Representations of Algebraic Groups. 2. edn, American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI.

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