Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Wong, H, Cattrysse, D & Van Oudheusden, D 2003, 'Inventory pooling of repairable spare parts with non-zero lateral transshipment time and delayed lateral transshipments', Paper presented at EURO-INFORMS Joint International Meeting, Istanbul, Turkey, 06/07/2003 - 10/07/2003.

Henneberg Holmboe, C, Thorlacius-Ussing, O , Teglbjaerg, PS & Vinter-Jensen, L 2003, 'Inverted Meckel's diverticulum masquerading Crohn disease in the small intestine', Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 225-7.

Christensen, M & Grosen, A 2003, 'Investering af frie midler i høj-kupon obligationer - en troværdig investeringspolitik?', Finans/Invest, no. 8, pp. 2-4.

Lynggaard, P 2003, Investering og finansiering. 7. edn, Handelshøjskolens Forlag, København.

Christensen, M 2003, 'Investeringsforeninger - en analyse af market timing og selektion', Finans/Invest, vol. 8, pp. 11-15.

Lund, J & Tanggaard, C 2003, 'Investeringsforeningernes obligationsafdelinger: effektiv, billig og fordelagtig opsparing?', Finans/Invest, vol. 4, pp. 6-15.

Lund, J & Tanggaard, C 2003, 'Investeringsforeningernes obligationsafdelinger: effektiv, billig og fordelagtig opsparing? - Replik', Finans/Invest, vol. 5, pp. 31.

Lynggaard, P 2003, Investeringskalkuler. 5. edn, Handelshøjskolens Forlag, København.

Baillie, L, Benyon, D, Macauley, C & Petersen, MG 2003, 'Investigating design issues in household environments', Cognition, Technology and Work, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 33-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10111-002-0116-5

Mendes, E, Mosley, N & Counsell, S 2003, Investigating Early Size Measures for Web Cost Estimation. in Proceedings of IEE Empirical Assessment in Software Engineering Conference. pp. 1-28, IEE Empirical Assessment in Software Engineering Conference, 01/01/2003.

Madsen, H , Neergaard, H & Christensen, PV 2003, Investigating High-tech and Knowledge-Intensive Ventures: Methodological Issues. in Ikke angivet. University of Regensburg, IECER (The Interdisciplinary European Conference on Entrepreneurship Research), Regensburg, Germany, 13/02/2003.

Mikkelsen, T, Alexandersen, S, Astrup, P, Champion, HJ, Donaldson, AI, Dunkerley, FN, Gloster, J, Sørensen, JH & Thykier-Nielsen, S 2003, 'Investigation of airborne foot-and-mouth disease virus transmission during low-wind conditions in the early phase of the UK 2001 epidemic', Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 2101-2110. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-2101-2003

Bross, P, Winter, V, Pedersen, CB , Gregersen, N , Bross, P (ed.) & Gregersen, N (ed.) 2003, Investigation of folding and degradation of in vitro synthesized mutant proteins in mitochondria. in Protein misfolding and disease. Humana Press, New Jersey, pp. 285-294.

Sloth, M, Jørgensen, S, Bilde, M & Mikkelsen, KV 2003, 'Investigation of particle-molecule interaction by use of a dielectric continuum model', Journal of Physical Chemistry Part A: Molecules, Spectroscopy, Kinetics, Environment and General Theory, no. 107, pp. 8623-8629.

Brandt, K & Kristensen, ES 2003, 'Investigations of organic food and health', Innovations in Food Technology, vol. 20, pp. 68-69.

Andersen, JU , Hvelplund, P , Nielsen, SB & Tomita, S 2003, 'Investigations of the decay of fullerene ions in a storage ring, and of delayed ionization of neutral fullerenes measured by time of flight', Electrochem. Soc. Proc., vol. 15, pp. 449.

Schmidt, L-H 2003, 'Invitation til en libertinær pædagogik', Opinion : terrængående magasin for skolefolket, no. 10.

Olsen, J & Rachootin, P 2003, 'Invited commentary: Monitoring fecundity over time, if we do it, then let us do it right', American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 157, no. 2, pp. 94-97. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwf178

Lærke, HN , Boisen, S & Hejlesen, C 2003, In vitro metoder til bestemmelse af minkfoders fordøjelighed - muligheder og begrænsninger. in Pelsdyrproduktion - adfærd, sundhed, avl og ernæring. (Ed. Berg, P.) DJF intern Rapport 185. pp. 38-46, In vitro metoder til bestemmelse af minkfoders fordøjelighed - muligheder og begrænsninger, 18/12/2010.

Therkildsen, M & Oksbjerg, N 2003, In vitro muscle protein degradation is dependent on the feeding strategy in pigs. in Book of Abstracts of the 54th Annual Meeting of European Association for Animal Production, 9. pp. 252-252, In vitro muscle protein degradation is dependent on the feeding strategy in pigs, 18/12/2010.

Laursen, M, Christensen, FB, Lind, M, Hansen, ES, Høy, K, Gelineck, J & Bünger, C 2003, 'In vitro osteoblast-like cell metabolism in spondylodesis--a tool that may predict fusion capacity: a prospective study in 50 patients with a 1-year follow-up', Acta Orthopaedica (Print Edition), vol. 74, no. 6, pp. 730-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/00016470310018289

Andersen, TB , Christensen, FB , Laursen, M, Lund-Olesen, L, Gelineck, J & Bünger, C 2003, 'In vitro osteoblast proliferation as a predictor for spinal fusion mass', Spine Journal, no. 3, pp. 285-288.

Andersen, T , Christensen, FB , Laursen, M, Lund-Olesen, L, Gelineck, J & Bünger, C 2003, 'In vitro osteoblast proliferation as a predictor for spinal fusion mass', The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 285-8.

Kassem, M, Stenderup, K , Justesen, J & Kveiborg, M 2003, In Vitro Senescence of Human Osteoblasts. in SC Kaul & R Wadhwa (eds), Aging of Cells In and Outside the Body. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 67-84.

Kassem, M, Stenderup, K, Justesen, J & Kveiborg, M 2003, In vitro senescene of human osteoblast. in Aging of cells in and outside the body. pp. 67-84.

Stoltenberg, M , Locht, LJ , Larsen, A , Jensen, D & Danscher, G 2003, 'In vivo cellular uptake of bismuth ions from shotgun pellets', Histology and Histopathology, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 781-785.

Corre, F, Jaxel, C, Fuentes, J, Menguy, T, Falson, P, Levine, BA, Møller, JV, le Maire, M, Jorgensen, PL (ed.), Karlish, SJD (ed.) & Maunsbach, AB (ed.) 2003, Involvement of the cytoplasmic loop L6-7 in the entry mechanism for transport of Ca²⁺ through the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺-ATPase. in Na,K-ATPase and related cation pumps: Structure, function, and regulatory mechanisms. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, pp. 90-95.

Mouritsen, P 2003, In Which Ways is Republican Patriotism a 'Political' Identity? in Ikke angivet. Department of Political Science, University of Aarhus, "What's the Culture in Multiculturalism? What's the Difference of Identities", University of Aarhus, May 22-24, 2003, 17/12/2010.

Enkegaard, A , Brødsgaard, HF & van Lenteren, J 2003, 'IOBC/WPRS Working Group "Integrated Control in Protected Crops, Temperate Climate"', IOBC wprs Bulletin, no. 9, pp. 83-86.

Arge, LA, Danner, A & Teh, S-M 2003, I/O-efficient Point Location uisng Persistent B-Trees. in Proceedings of 5th Workshop on Algorithm Engineering and Experiments. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Workshop on Algorithm Engineering and Experiments, Baltimore, United States, 11/01/2003. <http://www.siam.org/meetings/alenex03/Abstracts/large.pdf>

Arge, LA , Danner, A & Teh, S-M 2003, 'I/O-efficient point location using persistent B-trees', Journal of Experimental Algorithmics, vol. 8, Special Issue. https://doi.org/10.1145/996546.996549

Arge, LA & Zeh, N 2003, I/O-efficient strong connectivity and depth-first search for directed planar graphs. in 44th Annual IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, 2003. Proceedings.. IEEE Computer Society Press, pp. 261-270, IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, Cambridge, MA, United States, 11/10/2003.

Agarwal, PK, Arge, LA, Yang, J & Yi, K 2003, I/O-Efficient Structures for Orthogonal Range-Max and Stabbing-Max Queries. in G Di Battista & U Zwick (eds), Algorithms - ESA 2003: 11th Annual European Symposium, Budapest, Hungary, September 16-19, 2003. Proceedings. Springer, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2832, pp. 7-18, European Symposium on Algorithms, Budapest, Hungary, 16/09/2003. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39658-1_4

Arge, LA, Toma, L & Zeh, N 2003, I/O-efficient topological sorting of planar DAGs. in Proceedings of the fifteenth annual ACM symposium on Parallel algorithms and architectures. Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 85-93, ACM Symposium on Parallel Algorithms and Architectures, San Diego, CA, United States, 07/06/2003. https://doi.org/10.1145/777412.777427

Drewsen, M , Lindballe, J, Martinussen, R, Mortensen, A , Staanum, P & Voigt, D 2003, 'Ion Coulomb crystals: a tool for studying ion processes', International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, vol. 229, no. 1-2, pp. 83-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1387-3806(03)00259-8

Afrosimov, VV, Basalaev, AA, Fastrup, B, Horsdal, E, Panov, MN, Tulub, AV & Yakovlev, DS 2003, 'Ionization and fragmentation of Freon-12 molecules in collisions with protons', J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., vol. 36, pp. 1991-2000.

Johannsen, L & Nørgaard, O 2003 'IPA: The Index of Presidential Authority. Explorations into the measurement of impact of a political institution' Department of Political Science, University of Aarhus, Aarhus.

Nathaniels, NQR, Sijaona, MER, Shoo, JAE & Katinila, N 2003, 'IPM for control of cashew powdery mildew in Tanzania I: Farmers' crop protection practices, perceptions and sources of information', International Journal of Pest Management, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 25-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/713867837

Nathaniels, NQR, Sijaona, MER, Shoo, JAE & Katinila, N 2003, 'IPM for control of cashew powdery mildew in Tanzania II: Networks of knowledge and influence', International Journal of Pest Management, vol. 1, pp. 37-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/713867837

Brügger, N 2003, 'Irak-krigen på nettet', Vidensbase om journalistik, Journalister i krig.

Feldt, L 2003, 'Iraks oldsager i skudlinjen', Kristeligt Dagblad.

Friis, H, Gomo, E, Nyazema, N, Ndhlovu, P, Krarup, H , Madsen, PH & Michaelsen, KF 2003, 'Iron, Haptoglobin Phenotype and HIV-1 Viral Load: A Cross-Sectional Sudy Among Pregnant Zimbabwean Women', J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 74-81.

Tegner, C, Delaney, JS, Dyar, MD & Lundgaard, KL 2003, 'Iron in plagioclase as a monitor of oxygen fugacity in Skaergaard, Bushveld, and Bjerkreim-Sokndal layered intrusions, and anorthosite of the Rogaland Igneous Province', Paper presented at Magma Chamber Processes XI, 17/12/2010.

Tegner, C, Delaney, JS, Dyar, MD & Lundgaard, KL 2003, 'Iron in plagioclase as a monitor of oxygen fugacity in Skaergard, Bushveld, and Bjerkreim-Sokndal layered intrusions, and anorthosite if the Rogaland Igneous Province', Paper presented at EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly, Nice, France, 17/12/2010.

Eriksson, B 2003, 'Ironisk mesterværk om livets originalitet: om Italo Svevo: Zenos bekendelser', Litteraturmagasinet Standart, vol. 17, no. 2.

Mesli, A & Nylandsted Larsen, A 2003, 'Irradiation Induced Defects in Si_1-xGe_x: the effects of alloying', Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B, vol. 211, pp. 80.

Kristensen, J, Mortensen, U, Nielsen, SS, Maeng, M, Nielsen, TT & Rehling, M 2003, 'Ischaemic preconditioning in the pig assessed by myocardial perfusion imaging and histochemistry', Acta Patologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavia, vol. 111, no. 109, pp. 122-126.

Kristensen, J , Mortensen, U , Nielsen, SS , Mæng, M , Nielsen, TT & Rehling, M 2003, 'Ischaemic preconditioning in the pig assessed by myocardial perfusion imaging and histochemistry', Acta Pathologica Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica, vol. Suppl. 2003, no. 109, pp. 122-126.

Falk, E & Shah, PK 2003, Ischemic heart disease. in Cardiology, 2nd ed. Mosby, London, pp. 3327-3229.

Willert, S 2003, 'Is consciousness a thing or an adjunct?', Bulletin fra Forum For Antropologisk Psykologi, no. 13, pp. 66-70.

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