Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Jensen, AB 2003, 'Overwintering patterns of hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) in a Danish rural area', Apodemus : nyhedsbrev for Dansk Pattedyrforening, no. 7, pp. 22.

Loft, S, Jensen, TK, Hjøllund, NHI, Givercman, A, Gyllenborg, J, Ernst, E , Olsen, J, Scheike, T, Poulsen, HE & Bonde, JP 2003, 'Oxidative DNA damage in human sperm influences time to pregnancy', Hum. Reprod., vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 1265-1272.

Møller, P, Daneshvar, B, Loft, S, Wallin, H, Poulsen, HE & Autrup, H 2003, 'Oxidative DNA damage in vitamin C-supplemented guinea pigs after intratracheal instillation of diesel exhaust particles', Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol. 189, no. 1, pp. 39-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-008X(03)00098-X

Nording, JA, Nielsen, JH & Andersen, HJ 2003, Oxidative induced dityrosine formation in specific caseins - a marker of their antioxidative capacity? in Oral presentation, NFIF 2003, 9-11 April, Copenhagen, abstract 2-. pp. 5-5, Oxidative induced dityrosine formation in specific caseins - a marker of their antioxidative capacity?, 18/12/2010.

Jensen, SK 2003, 'Oxidative Stress and Free Radicals', J. Mol. Struc. - Theochem., vol. 666, pp. 387-392.

Köster, U, Bergmann, UC, Carminati, D, Catherall, R, Cederkäll, J, Correia, JG, Crepieux, B, Dietrich, M, Elder, K, Fedoseyev, VN, Fraile, L, Franchoo, S, Fynbo, HOU, Georg, U, Giles, T, Joinet, A, Jonsson, OC, Kirchner, R, Lau, C, Lettry, J, Maier, HJ, Mishin, VI, Oinonen, M, Peräjärvi, K, Ravn, HL, Rinaldi, T, Santana-Leitner, M, Wahl, U & Weissman, L 2003, 'Oxide fiber targets at ISOLDE', Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, vol. 204, pp. 303-313.

Poulsen, L, Zebger, I, Tofte, P, Klinger, M, Hassager, O & Ogilby, PR 2003, 'Oxygen Diffusion in Bilayer Polymer Films', J. Phys. Chem. B., vol. 107, pp. 13885-13891.

Poulsen, L, Zebger, I, Klinger, M, Eldrup, M, Sommer-Larsen, P & Ogilby, PR 2003, 'Oxygen Diffusion in Copolymers of Ethylene and Norbornene', Macromolecules, vol. 36, pp. 7189-7198.

Yde, JC , Knudsen, NT & Gasser, G 2003, 'Oxygen isotope studies of bulk meltwaters in the initial quiescent phase at a surge-type glacier', Paper presented at Kangerlussuaq/Sdr. Strømfjord, Greenland, 17/12/2010.

Schaub, R, Wahlström, E, Rønnau, A, Lægsgaard, E , Stensgaard, I & Besenbacher, F 2003, 'Oxygen-mediated diffusion of oxygen vacancies on the TiO₂(110) surface', Kexue (Shanghai), vol. 299, pp. 377.

Berg, P, Røy, H, Janssen, F, Meyer, V, Jørgensen, BB, Huettel, M & de Beer, D 2003, 'Oxygen uptake by aquatic sediments measured with a novel non-invasive eddy-correlation technique', Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 261, pp. 75-83.

Miller, MR, Mølhave, L , Kjærgaard, SK , Pedersen, OF , Rasmussen, TR & Hansen, JC 2003, 'Ozone exposure decreases the effect of a deep inhalation on forced expiratory flow in normal subjects', Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 96, no. 5, pp. 1651-7. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00507.2003

Kottgen, M, Loffler, T, Jacobi, C, Nitschke, R, Pavenstadt, H, Schreiber, R, Frische, S , Nielsen, S & Leipziger, J 2003, 'P2Y6 receptor mediates colonic NaCl secretion via differential activation of cAMP-mediated transport', J. Clin. Invest., vol. 111, pp. 371-379.

Köttgen, M, Löffler, T, Jacobi, C, Nitschke, R, Pavenstädt, H, Schreiber, R, Frische, S, Nielsen, S & Leipziger, J 2003, 'P2Y6 receptor mediates colonic NaCl secretion via differential activation of cAMP-mediated transport', The Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 111, pp. 371-379.

Mehlsen, C 2003, 'Pædagoger under forandringspres', Asterisk (magasin), no. 9, pp. 10-12.

Sprogøe , J 2003, Pædagogik. in Idéhistorie for de pædagogiske fag. 1. edn, Gyldendal, København.

Knoop, HH & Andresen, BB 2003, Pædagogisk brug af IT i folkeskolen. Danmarks Pædagogiske Universitetsskole, Aarhus Universitet, Kbh.

Madsen, UA 2003, Pædagogisk Etnografi: Forskning i det pædagogiske praksisfelt. 1.udg edn, Klim, Århus.

Andersen, P 2003, 'Pædagogiske udviklingsprojekter mellem forvaltning og praktikere', Vera: tidsskrift for pædagoger, no. 22, pp. 32-41.

Jensen, B 2003, 'Pædagogisk kompetence: i folkeskolen', Undervisningsministeriets Tidsskrift Uddannelse, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 40-46. <http://udd.uvm.dk/200301/udd200301-05.htm?menuid=4515>

Moos, L 2003, Pædagogisk ledelse: - om ledelsesopgaven og relationerne i uddannelsesinstitutioner. Børsen, København.

Kofod, K 2003, Pædagogisk ledelse i den flydende modernitet. in I Bryderup (ed.), Pædagogisk Sociologi: En antologi. Danmarks Pædagogiske Universitetsforlag, pp. 243-261.

Kofod, K 2003, Pædagogisk ledelse - ledelse af pædagogiske institutioner. in Ledelse af skoler og pædagogiske institutioner - er det management?. 1. edn, Klim, Århus.

Hansbøl, G 2003, Pædagogisk ledelse set i et socialanalytisk perspektiv. in Ledelse af skoler og pædagogiske institutioner: Er det management?. Klim, Århus.

Bryderup, I (ed.) 2003, Pædagogisk sociologi - en antologi. 1. edn, Danmarks Pædagogiske Universitets Forlag, København.

Bryderup, I 2003, Pædagogisk sociologi - forholdet mellem individ og samfund. in Pædagogisk sociologi - en antologi. Danmarks Pædagogiske Universitets Forlag, København.

Edelenbos, M & Bossen, R 2003, 'Pæresmagning i skolefrugtordningen', Frugt og Gront, vol. 2, no. 12, pp. 488-489.

Bakker, P & Van der Voort, H 2003, 'På godt dansk. Kronik', Politiken, vol. 21 Maj 2003, pp. 7-8.

Andersen, T , Christensen, FB , Hansen, ES & Bünger, C 2003, 'Pain 5 years after instrumented and non-instrumented posterolateral lumbar spinal fusion', European Spine Journal, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 393-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-003-0547-6

Pedersen, J, Gao, C, Egekvist, H, Bjerring, P, Arendt-Nielsen, L, Gregersen, H & Drewes, AM 2003, 'Pain and biomechanical responses to distention of the duodenum in patients with systemic sclerosis', Today in Medicine. Gastroenterology, vol. 124, no. 5, pp. 1230-1239.

Kasch, H 2003, Pain and Disability. in Psyche, Soma and Pain, Acta Gyllenbergiana, IV, Helsinki: The Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation; 2003. . IV edn, vol. Acta Gyllenbergiana, ISBN 951-98786-0-2, ACTA Gyllenbergiana, Helsinki, FInland.

Svendsen, KB , Jensen, TS , Overvad, K , Hansen, HJ , Koch-Henriksen, N & Bach, FW 2003, 'Pain in multiple sclerosis: a population-based survey', Archives of Neurology, vol. 60, no. 8, pp. 1089-1094. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.60.8.1089

Svendsen, KB , Jensen, TS , Overvad, K , Hansen, HJ , Koch-Henriksen, N & Bach, FW 2003, 'Pain in patients with multiple sclerosis: a population-based study', Archives of Neurology, no. 60, pp. 1089-1094.

Otto, M, Bak, S, Bach, FW , Jensen, TS & Sindrup, SH 2003, 'Pain phenomena and possible mechanisms in patients with painful polyneuropathy', Pain, no. 101, pp. 187-192.

Davidson, TA, Sayer, CD, Perrow, M & Tomlinson, M 2003, 'Palaeoecological representation of fish scales in shallow lakes: implications for reconstructing percid-cyprinid shifts', Journal of Paleolimnology, vol. 30, pp. 441-449.

Clark, CD, Evans, DJA & Piotrowski, JA 2003, 'Palaeo-ice streams: an introduction', Boreas, vol. 32, pp. 1-3.

Pesonen, LJ, Elming, S-Å, Mertanen, S, Pisarevsky, S, D'Agrella-Filho, MS, Meert, JG, Schmidt, PW, Abrahamsen, N & Bylund, G 2003, 'Palaeomagnetic configuration of continents during the Proterozoic', Tectonophysics, vol. 375, pp. 289-324.

Knudsen, MF, Jacobsen, BH & Abrahamsen, N 2003, 'Palaeomagnetic distortion modelling and possible recovery by inversion', Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, vol. 135, pp. 55-73.

Abrahamsen, N, Knudsen, MF, Riisager, P, Jensen, LF, Holm, PM & Wilson, JR 2003 'Palaeomagnetic investigations on Santo Antao, Santiago and Sao Nicolau, Cape Verde Islands' Aarhus University, pp. 0-0.

Riisager, P & Abrahamsen, N 2003, 'Paleomagnetic Errors related to Sample Shape and Inhomogeneity', Earth Planets & Space, vol. 55, pp. 83-91.

Knudsen, MF , Abrahamsen, N & Riisager, P 2003, 'Paleomagnetic evidence from Cape Verde Islands basalts for fully reversed excursions in the Brunhes Chron', Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol. 206, no. 1-2, pp. 199-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01061-0

Pilipenko, OV, Sharonova, ZV, Trubikhin, VM, Morner, N-A, Abrahamsen, N, Didenko, AN & Fein, AG 2003, 'Paleomagnetic Investigations of Roxolany and Pekla Loess-soil Outcrops for Study of Relative Paleointensity Variation', Paper presented at EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly 2003, Nice, 17/12/2010.

Lewandowski, M & Abrahamsen, N 2003, 'Paleomagnetic results from the Cambrian and Ordovician sediments of Bornholm (Denmark) and Southern Sweden and Paleogeographic implications for Baltica', Journal Geophys Res, vol. 108, no. B11, 3, pp. 1-17.

Egger, H, Fenner, J, Heilmann-Clausen, C, Rögl, F, Sachsenhofer, RF & Schmitz, B 2003, 'Paleoproductivity of the northwestern Tethyan margin (Anthering Section, Austria) across the Paleocene-Eocene transition: In: Wing, S.L., Gingerich, P., Schmitz, B. &Thomas, E. (eds.), Causes and Consequences of Globally Warm Climates in the Early Paleogene', Geological Society of America Special Paper, vol. 369, pp. 133-146.

Nielsen, BO 2003, 'Palle Johnsen', Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening - Årsskrift, vol. 13, pp. 73-79.

Nielsen, BO 2003, Palle Johnsen. in Aarhus Universitet: Årsberetning. Aarhus Universitet, pp. 872-873.

Byg, A & Balslev, H 2003, 'Palm heart extraction in Zahamena, Eastern Madagascar', Palms, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 37-44.

Knarreborg, A, Jensen, SK & Engberg, RM 2003, 'Pancreatic lipase activity as influenced by unconjugated bile acids and pH, measured in vitro and in vivo', Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, vol. 14, pp. 259-265.

Muttoni, M, Kent, DV, Garzanti, E, Brack, P, Abrahamsen, N & Gaetani, M 2003, 'Pangea B: A plausible impossibility is always preferable to an uncommitting possibility (Aristotle, Poetics 7)', Paper presented at EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly 2003, Nice, 17/12/2010.

Jensen, BB & Naughton, P 2003, Pankreassaftens antibakterielle aktivitet. in Optimering af mave-tarmmiljøet hos grise omkring fravænning. (Eds. Jensen, B.B. & Pedersen, L.T.) DJF intern rapport 174. pp. 42-43, Pankreassaftens antibakterielle aktivitet, 18/12/2010.

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