Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Holm, ML , Gryet, IM & Wivelsted, A-LD 2026, 'Sammenhængende patientforløb på tværs af hospitaler', Årsmøde Dansk Selskab for Kvalitet i Sundhedssektoren 2026, Nyborg, Denmark, 08/01/2026 - 09/01/2026.

Bibby, BM , Bach, E, Christensen, M, Fisker, S & Hansen, KW 2026, 'Sampling duration matters: Intraindividual variation of glycaemic metrics in type 1 diabetes using automated insulin delivery', Diabetic Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.70272

Beha, N, Brandi, U & Sørensen, C 2026, 'Samspillet mellem formel og uformel læring', Erhvervspsykologi, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 1-14.

Steenfeldt, S & Petersen, JS 2026, Samtidig optimering af velfærd, miljø og klima på udearealer til økologiske fjerkræ. Rådgivningsrapport fra DCA - Nationalt Center for Fødevarer og Jordbrug, DCA - Nationalt Center for Fødevarer og Jordbrug.

Pade, M 2026, 'San Cataldo - et dansk refugium på Amafikysten', Sfinx.

Borup, J 2026, Sangha.

Bozzini, A, Missoni, M, Santoiemma, G, Bernardinelli, I, Comino, R & Faccoli, M 2026, 'Sanitation felling against the European spruce bark beetle: A matter of intensity and forest type', Agricultural and Forest Entomology. https://doi.org/10.1111/afe.70039

Jørgensen, PH 2026, 'Sarkomer – en multidisciplinær udfordring', Ugeskrift for Læger, vol. 188, pp. 1-3. https://doi.org/10.61409/V11250940

Xu, J, Cao, R, Yang, SZ, Guo, YM, Xia, T, Zhao, D, Pan, TR, Liew, KM, Besenbacher, F & Dai, YT 2026, 'Scalable light-driven deuteration of N-heteroarenes over atomically dispersed palladium', Nature Synthesis. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44160-025-00975-5

Zhang, X, Hitt, P, Wanunu, M & Kjems, J 2026, 'Scalable Production of DNA-Probe-Functionalized Heteromeric MspA Nanopores for Biosensing', ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, vol. 18, no. 10, pp. 14531-14539. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c21011

Yousefi, B, Schaub, DP, Khatri, R, Kaiser, N , Kuehl, M, Ly, C, Puelles, VG, Huber, TB, Prinz, I, Krebs, CF, Panzer, U & Bonn, S 2026, 'Scale: unsupervised multiscale domain identification in spatial omics data', Nucleic Acids Research, vol. 54, no. 1, gkaf1456. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaf1456

Carter, MID, Aarts, G, Brasseur, SMJM, Hastie, GD, Moss, SEW, Nabe-Nielsen, J , Teilmann, J, Thompson, D, Thompson, PM, Vincent, C & Russell, DJF 2026, 'Scale-dependent foraging behaviour and habitat associations of two sympatric marine top predators', Landscape Ecology, vol. 41, no. 2, 21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-025-02281-z

Mitterrutzner, B, Sovacool, BK, Knudsen, BR, Bazilian, MD, Kim, J, Roussanaly, S, Tomasgard, A & Griffiths, S 2026, 'Scaling carbon capture and storage (CCS) to gigaton capacity: A multi-dimensional and critical review', International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, vol. 149, 104531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104531

Andersen, M, Rosas, FE, Schjødt, U, Mediano, PAM, Price, H, Konvalinka, I & Clasen, M 2026, 'Scared Together: Heart Rate Synchrony and Social Closeness in a High-Intensity Horror Setting', Emotion, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 25-36. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001556

Pedersen, JS , Møller, TL & Corredig, M 2026, 'Scattering from 'Babinet' particles (or not...): Spherical particles made up of spheres and spherical particles with spherical voids', Journal of Applied Crystallography, vol. 59, pp. 59-68. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576725010143

Lykke, MR , Sørensen, HT, Lawn, JE, Janet L Peacock, LP & Horváth-Puhó, E 2026, 'School performance following invasive Group B Streptococcus disease in early infancy in Denmark', Annals of Epidemiology, vol. 115, pp. 57-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2026.01.009

Klakk, J , Trabjerg, BB , Wimberley, T , Plana-Ripoll, O, Feenstra, B, Christensen, J & Dreier, JW 2026, 'School well-being in children with epilepsy and febrile seizures: A Danish nationwide cohort study', Epilepsy & behavior, vol. 176, 110870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2025.110870

Steemers, J, Sundet, VS & Jensen, PM 2026, 'Screen entertainment and the ‘youth challenge’: Home advantage, audience preferences and industry responses', Critical Studies in Television, vol. 21, no. 1, 1, pp. 3-15.

Bryld Staunæs, A 2026, 'Scripting the Spectacle: A Theory Tragedy', Passepartout – Uden titel, vol. 3, no. 16, pp. 127-151. <https://tidsskrift.dk/passepartout/article/view/165196>

Esteves, SC 2026, 'Scrotal Ultrasound in the Infertile Male-A Practical Compass for the Urologist', International braz j urol : official journal of the Brazilian Society of Urology, vol. 52, no. 2. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2025.9920.1

Strand, J 2026, 'Seabirds Under Pressure (SUPRE): Opstart af undersøgelser på ilanddrevne havfugle i danske farvande', Det 23. Danske Havforskermøde , Helsingør, Denmark, 20/01/2026 - 22/01/2026.

Orejas, C, Vinha, B, Ainsworth, GB, Saldanha, S, Militão, T, Mohn, C, Hansteen, TH, Ratão, SS, Hoving, HJ, Amaro, T, Anderson, DMJ, Araújo, D, Correia, AM, Berrow, S, Dinis, HA, Freitas, R, Lopes, E, Lopes, V, Lopez, P, Macedo, T, March, D, Martins, S, Matos, DM, Medrano, F, Melo, T, Monteiro, G, Giménez, ÁM, Paiva, VH, Queiroz, N, Schütte, F, Stauffer, JB, Taxonera, A, Weelden, CV, González-Solís, J & Huvenne, VAI 2026, 'Seamounts of Cabo Verde: A review of their ecological and economic significance, anthropogenic impacts, and conservation needs', Progress in Oceanography, vol. 240, 103579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2025.103579

Gilliam, L 2026, 'Searching for and crafting ‘similarity’. Processes of micro-segregation among majority- and minority-ethnic high school students', Ukendt.

Ramsbøl, AT 2026, 'Searching for Dwelling: Autism, Adolescence, and the Threat of “No Man’s Land”', Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, vol. 50, no. 1, 2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-025-09959-8

Lennon, RL, Merkle, S, Teilmann, J, Scala, L, Pierpoint, C & Hobson, V 2026, 'Seasonal and Diurnal Patterns of Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) Behavior and the Disruptive Effects of Vessel Presence in a High-Traffic Coastal Habitat', Marine Mammal Science, vol. 42, no. 2, e70123. https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.70123

Thomopoulos, S , Elsgaard, L , Munkholm, LJ & Ravnskov, S 2026, 'Seasonal Dynamics of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and N2O Emissions in Danish Soils Under Long-Term Conservation Agriculture', European Journal of Soil Science, vol. 77, no. 1, e70286. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.70286

Andersson Stavridis, M, Petersson, T, Kendir, GD, Sait, S, Mikkelsen, Ø, Veiberg, V, Ciesielski, TM & Jenssen, BM 2026, 'Seasonal Shift in Exposure and Accumulation of PFAS and Heavy Metals in High Arctic Reindeer', Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 3449-3458. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c11066

Phoncharoen, W, Gélin, U, Charles-Dominique, T, Baiakhmetov, E, Xianhui, S, Putra, AA, Kunwar, A, Neng, Y, Ong, L, Lapuz, RS & Tomlinson, KW 2026, 'Seasonal Shifts in Space and Diet of Free-Ranging Domestic Herbivores in a Monsoonal Savanna Landscape in Southwest China', Ecosystems, vol. 29, no. 2, 32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-026-01045-3

Gaml-Sørensen, A , Brix, N, Tøttenborg, SS, Hougaard, KS, Håberg, SE, Myrskylä, M, Toft, G, Bonde, JPE & Ramlau-Hansen, CH 2026, 'Season of birth and variations in male reproductive health: A population-based cohort study', Andrology, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 36-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.70052

Zhang, L, Quinn, PD, Bjureberg, J, Hellner, C, Sepe-Forrest, L, Brikell, I, Kuja-Halkola, R, Froehlich, TE, D’Onofrio, BM & Chang, Z 2026, 'Second-Generation Antipsychotics and Real-World Outcomes in Youth With On- and Off-Label Indications', Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2026.01.009

Chiang, JH-Y , Damgård, I , Orlandi, C, Pancholi, M & Simkin, M 2026, Securely Computing One-Sided Matching Markets. in C Garman & P Moreno-Sanchez (eds), Financial Cryptography and Data Security - 29th International Conference, FC 2025, Revised Selected Papers. Springer Nature, Cham, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 15751, pp. 126-143. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-07024-1_8

Bubandt, N 2026, Security: vernacular, more-than-human, and otherwise. in J Lee, M Lister & A Oyawale (eds), Vernacular Security Studies: Concepts, Cases, and Critiques. Routledge.

Mélanie, S, Necmi, A, Claire, A, Dalibor, B, Tatiana, B, Sylvain, B, Giacomo, C, Thomas, C, Yves, C, Anna, C, Jacques-Louis, DB, Koen, D, Omid, E, Petros, G, Hamid, G, Zoran, G, Knut, K, Laurent, L, Vasil, M, Lois, M, Alireza, N, Vanessa, PS, Thomas, S, Annik, S & Jens-Christian, S 2026, 'Seeing yew for the forest: a call to action for improving conservation and restoration of the European yew (Taxus baccata L.)', Trees, Forests and People, vol. 23, 101093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2025.101093

Dias, T 2026, 'Seks teser eller flere om materialistisk kunsthistorie', Delta: Tidsskrift for kunst, vol. 1, pp. 49-60.

Søby, S 2026, 'Selecting the right patient for immunotherapy in recurrent/metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma', PhD, Aarhus University.

Moradzadeh, N, Jonczyk, A, Schmitz, A, Fieberg, V, Civit, L , Valero, J, Famulok, M & Mayer, G 2026, 'Selection and Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Binding Clickmers', ChemBioChem, vol. 27, no. 1, e202500733. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.202500733

Esiashvili, N, Indelicato, DJ, Mahajan, A, Parkes, J, Paulino, AC, Beljoudi, G, Kristensen, I, Laprie, A, Lassen, Y, Njiraini, PN, Qureshi, BM, Robles, BG, Seiersen, K, Timmermann, B & Gaze, MN 2026, 'Selection of the Most Appropriate Radiation Treatment Modality for Children's Cancers: A Paediatric Radiation Oncology Society (PROS) Position Paper on the Ethical Utilization of Proton Therapy', Pediatric Blood and Cancer, vol. 73, no. 2, e32155. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.32155

Lopez-Rodulfo, IM , Rasmussen, MK, Hamaker, B & M.Martinez, M 2026, 'Selective detoxification of digesta revealed how cold-pressed apple fractions modulate transepithelial glucose transport and stimulate GLP-1 secretion', Food Chemistry, vol. 509, 148588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2026.148588

Børsting, CK 2026, 'Selective Information Processing in Moral and Social Decision-Making: Mechanisms and Contextual Modulators', Aarhus University.

Mollick, S, Morgante, C, Christensen, AKR, Finkler, JA, Youngman, RE, Nielsen, AB , Lu, R, Sørensen, SS, Johansen, M, Karlsen, MA, Stathopoulos, VN, Lock, N , Nielsen, NC, Boffa, V & Smedskjaer, MM 2026, 'Selective Mineral Recovery from Seawater by Ion-Exchangeable Metal–Organic Framework Glasses', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 148, no. 7, pp. 7450-7459. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5c20556

Nichols, V, Bajgain, P, Dixon, L, Hebelstrup, KH , Madsen, CK, Morgan, R & Picasso, V 2026, 'Self-cover cropping systems and the plusquam-annual: New tools for cropping system sustainability', Agricultural Systems, vol. 234, 104657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2026.104657

Morris, TH, Brandi, U, Hodge, S, Hoggan-Kloubert, T & Milana, M 2026, 'Self-directed lifelong education and learning in times of generative AI', International Journal of Lifelong Education, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 121-126. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370.2026.2633668

Jensen, MH & Terkelsen, O 2026, 'Self-government and independence for Greenland and the Faroe Islands', European Review of Public Law, vol. 2025, 37, no. 2 (136), pp. 639-648.

Trillingsgaard, T , Lassen, NF, Baucom, KJW, Svare, LT , Hansen, FG & Fentz, HN 2026, 'Self-help interventions for parenting couples experiencing conflict or relationship distress: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial', Trials, vol. 27, no. 1, 117. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-026-09428-6

Zhang, X, Wei, Q, Hu, B, Pan, L, Wu, C, Sørensen, CAG, Chen, Y & Zhou, K 2026, 'Self-supervised multi-level trajectory representation model for field-road trajectory segmentation', Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, vol. 172, 114378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2026.114378

Nicholls, SJ, Ryan, DH, Deanfield, J, Ferreira, D, Lang, CC, Lincoff, AM, Lingvay, I, Lübker, C, Terns, PP, Rasmussen, S, Stensen, S, Weeke, PE, Kahn, SE & SELECT Trial Investigators 2026, 'Semaglutide and Hospitalizations in Patients With Obesity and Established Cardiovascular Disease: An Exploratory Analysis of the SELECT Randomized Clinical Trial', JAMA cardiology, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 156-164. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2025.4824

Frederiksen, CBH 2026, 'SenseEat Interoceptive and Exteroceptive Strategies for Dietary Behaviour Change', PhD, Aarhus University.

Høyer, S , Heide-Jørgensen, U , Jensen, SK, Pottegård, A & Christiansen, CF 2026, 'Sensitivity and positive predictive value of diagnosis codes for acute kidney injury in Denmark', Clinical Kidney Journal, vol. 19, no. 3, sfag019. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfag019

Giannini-Kurina, F & Pullens, JWM 2026, 'Sensitivity of clay content and soil type category in the NUAR calculator', No. 2026-0955259, 13 p., Mar 30, 2026. Rådgivningsnotat fra DCA - Nationalt Center for Fødevarer og Jordbrug.

Moen, CA & Jakobsen, JK 2026, 'Sentinel Node Mapping in Penile Cancer: An Update on Methods and Pitfalls', Seminars in Nuclear Medicine, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 221-228. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2025.10.001

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Lise Refstrup Linnebjerg Pedersen