Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Knudsen, ST, Foss, C, Andersen, NH, Poulsen, PL, Mogensen, CE & Rasmussen, LM 2003, 'Plasma concentrations of osteoprotegerin are increased in type 2 diabetic patients with microvascular complications', European Journal of Endocrinology, pp. 430-407.

Brix-Christensen, V, Vestergaard, C, Chew, M, Johansen, CK, Andersen, SK & Dreyer, K 2003, 'Plasma cytokines do not reflect expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine mRNA at organ level after cardiopulmonary bypass in neonatal pigs', Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 525-531.

Brix-Christensen, V, Vestergaard, C, Chew, M , Johnsen, CK , Andersen, SK, Dreyer, K, Hjortdal, VE , Ravn, HB , Tønnesen, E & Vestergaard, C 2003, 'Plasma cytokines do not reflect expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine mRNA at organ level after cardiopulmonary bypass in neonatal pigs', Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 525-31.

Brix-Christensen, V, Vestergaard, C, Chew, M, Johnsen, CK, Andersen, SK, Dreyer, K, Hjortdal, VE , Ravn, HB & Tønnesen, E 2003, 'Plasma cytokines do not reflect expression of pro- and antiinflammatory cytokine mRNA at organ level after cardiopulmonary bypass in neonatal pigs', Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 525-531.

Pohl, T, Pattard, T & Rost, JM 2003, 'Plasma formation from ultracold Rydberg gases', Physical Review A, vol. 68, no. 1, 010703. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.68.010703

Toft, E, Ellegaard, HV, Christensen, JH, Schmidt, EB, Skou, HA, Fog, L, Ekelund, S & Dyerberg, J 2003, 'Plasma homocysteine, angiographically proven coronary artery disease, and wine consumption', European Journal of Internal Medicine, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 244-248.

Toft, E, Ellegaard Hansen, V, Hagstrup Christensen, J , Berg Schmidt, E, Aarup Skou, H, Fog, L, Ekelund, S & Dyerberg, J 2003, 'Plasma homocysteine, angiographically proven coronary artery disease, and wine consumption', European Journal of Internal Medicine, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 244-248.

Bor, MV, Refsum, H, Bisp, MR, Bleie, Ø, Schneede, J, Nordrehaug, JE, Ueland, PM, Nygard, OK & Nexø, E 2003, 'Plasma vitamin B6 vitamers before and after oral vitamin B6 treatment: A randomized placebo-controlled study', Clinical Chemistry, pp. 166-42.

Mølbak, L, Licht, TR, Kvist, T, Kroer, N & Andersen, SR 2003, 'Plasmid Transfer from Pseudomonas putida to the Indigenous Bacteria on Alfalfa Sprouts: Characterization, Direct Quantification, and In Situ Location of Transconjugant Cells', Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 69, no. 9, pp. 5536-5542.

Pedersen, KE, Einholm, AP, Christensen, A , Schack, L , Wind, T, Kenney, JM & Andreasen, PA 2003, 'Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 polymers, induced by inactivating amphipathic organochemical ligands', Biochemical Journal, vol. 372, pp. 747-755.

Pedersen, KE , Einholm, AP , Christensen, A , Schack, L , Wind, T, Kenney, JM & Andreasen, PA 2003, 'Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 polymers, induced by inactivating amphipathic organochemical ligands.', Biochemical Journal, vol. 372, no. Pt 3, pp. 747-55. https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20021868

Kujala, A, Huotilainen, M, Uther, M, Shtyrov, Y, Monto, S, Ilmoniemi, RJ & Naatanen, R 2003, 'Plastic cortical changes induced by learning to communicate with non-speech sounds: Neuroreport', NeuroReport, vol. 14, pp. 1683-1687. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.wnr.0000089132.26479.a5

Whone, AL, Moore, RY, Piccini, PP & Brooks, DJ 2003, 'Plasticity of the nigropallidal pathway in Parkinson's disease', Annals of Neurology, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 206-213. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.10427

Ivarsen, A, Thøgersen, J , Keiding, SR & Møller-Pedersen, T 2003, 'Plastic particles at the LASIK interface', Invest. Ophth. Vis. Sci., vol. 44, pp. 2587-2590.

Bindslev, PH 2003, 'Plast i de permanente kindtænder', Tandlægebladet, vol. 107, no. 7, pp. 514-522.

Rollman, O, Jensen, UB, Ostman, A, Bolund, L, Gústafsdóttir, SM & Jensen, TG 2003, 'Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) responsive epidermis formed from human keratinocytes transduced with the PDGF beta receptor gene', Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol. 120, no. 5, pp. 742-9. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12129.x

Momme, P & Tegner, C 2003, 'Platin i Island', Geologisk Nyt, no. 2003/5, pp. 15-17.

Momme, P, Oskarsson, N, Keays, RR, Tegner, C & Brooks, CK 2003, 'Platinum-Group Elements in basalts derived from the Iceland plume: implications for metallogenesis', Paper presented at GAGMAC, Seatle, USA. Geological Society of America, 17/12/2010.

Olsen, A-ME 2003, Platons 'Symposion': Et hermeneutisk essay. Museum Tusculanum, København.

Krogh, PG, Playful Interaction: (Workspace), 2003, Pictures, Video and sound recordings (digital).

Eriksen, MA, Krogh, P & Ludvigsen, M 2003, Playful Interaction. in Proceedings of the First International Conference on Appliance Design. pp. 119-121, 1AD - First international conference on appliance design, Bristol, United Kingdom, 06/05/2003.

Knoop, HH 2003, Play, Learning, and Creativity: Why happy children are better learners. 1 edn, WAECO, Madrid, Spain.

Lövei, G 2003, 'Pleje af nyttefaunaen i økologiske sædskifter', FØJO e-Nyt, no. 4.

Jensen, AL 2003, Pl@nteInfo - next step. in Indlæg ved Informatik og teknik i jordbruget 2003. pp. 7-7, Pl@nteInfo - next step, Fuglsøcentret, Denmark, 18/12/2010.

Munkholm, LJ 2003, 'Pløjefri dyrkning kan give problemer med pakket jord', Agrologisk, vol. 5, pp. 22-23.

Kristensen, K , Eskildsen, JK , Juhl, HJ & Østergaard, P 2003, 'PLS Structural Equation Modeling for Customer Satisfaction: Methodological and Application Issues', Paper presented at 13th International and 68th Annual American Meeting of the Psychometric Society, Cagliari, Sardinia, 07/07/2003 - 10/07/2003.

Leth, PM & Gregersen, M 2003, 'Pludselige dødsfald i forbindelse med anholdelse og tvangsfiksering af voldsomt ophidsede personer', Scandinavian Journal of Forensic Science, vol. 9, no. 1/2, pp. 14-17.

Kristensen, IB & Abrahamsen, HN 2003, 'Pludselig uventet død forårsaget af trombe fra uerkendt endocarditis - 2 cases refereres', Scandinavian Journal of Forensic Science, vol. 9, no. 3/4, pp. 60-61.

Pade, M, Merisalo, O (ed.) & Sarasti-Wilenius, R (ed.) 2003, Plutarch im Dienst der Diplomatie: Die Plutarchübersetzungen Hermann Crusers und ihre Widmung an Friedrich II von Dänemark. in Erudition and Eloquence. The Use of Latin in the Countries of the Baltic Sea, 1500-1800. Annales Academiæ Scientiarum Fennicæ, Humaniora 325, Helsinki, pp. 9-32.

Søndergaard, BD 2003, 'PME 27 - HAWAII', In (ed.) B. D. Søndergaard, Norwegian Centre for Mathematics Education Newsletter, August 2003., vol. 1, no. 6, pp. 3-4.

Madsen, C 2003, 'Poesi, tanke, natur: Per Højholts filosofi og digtning', Aarhus Universitet.

Jensen, F 2003, 'Polarization consistent basis sets. IV. The basis set convergence of equilibrium geometries, harmonic vibrational frequencies, and intensities', Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 118, no. 6, pp. 2459-2463. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1535905

Josse, V, Dantan, AR, Bramati, A, Pinard, M & Giacobino, E 2003, 'Polarization squeezing in a four-level system', Journal of Optics B: Quantum and Semiclassical Optics (Online Edition), vol. 5, no. S523.

Josse, V, Dantan, AR, Vernac, L, Bramati, A, Pinard, M & Giacobino, E 2003, 'Polarization squeezing with cold atoms', Physical Review Letters, vol. 91, no. 103601.

Grytnes, R 2003, Policing a drug scene - Strategies, practices and dilemmas. in E Houborg Pedersen & C Tigerstedt (eds), Regulating Drugs - Between Users, The Police and Social Workers. vol. 43, NAD (Nordic Council for Alcohol and Drug Research), N A D - Publikation, pp. 85-100. <http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=29144536688&partnerID=8YFLogxK>

Jauert, P, Hujanen, T (ed.) & Ferrell, G (ed.) 2003, Policy Development in Danish Radio Broadcasting 1980-2002. Layers, Scenarios and the Public Service Remit. In Lowe, Gregory Ferrell and Taisto Hujanen: (eds) New Articulations of the Public Service Remit.Gothenburg. NordicomPolicy Development in Danish Radio Broadcasting 1980-2002. in Layers, Scenarios and the Public Service Remit. Nordicom, Gothenburg.

Daugbjerg, C 2003, 'Policy Feedback and Paradigm Shift in EU Agricultural Policy: The Effects of the MacSharry Reform on Future Reform', Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 421-437.

Andersen, TM & Molander, P 2003, Policy options for reform in the welfare state: Chapter 15. in Alternatives for welfare policy - coping with internationalisation and demographic change. Cambridge University Press.

Widell, P & Becker-Christensen, C 2003, Politikens Nudansk Grammatik. Politikens Forlag A/S, København.

Petersen, JH & Knudsen, HJ 2003, Politikens svampebog. 5 edn.

Andersen, JG & Borre, O 2003, Politisk forandring. Værdipolitik og nye skillelinjer ved folketingsvalget 2001. Systime, Århus.

Nielsen, JO 2003, 'Politisk kultur: Begrebets udvikling og 'staten' som eksempel', Kontur – Tidsskrift for Kulturstudier, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 51-59.

Recke, L & Jourdan, M 2003, 'Politisk spilfægteri eller reelt kvalitetsløft?', STOF - Viden om rusmidler og samfund, no. 1, pp. 4-10.

Damgaard, C & Kjellsson, G 2003, 'Pollen dispersal between fields of GM and non-GM oilseed rape: Meta-analysis of available data and the possibilities for co-existence', Dina Notat, vol. 100, pp. 4.

Damgaard, C , Kjellsson, G & Boelt, B (ed.) 2003, Pollen dispersal between fields of GM and non-GM oilseed rape: meta-analysis of available data and the possibilities for co-existence. in B Boelt (ed.), Proceedings of the 1st European Conference on the Co-existence of Genetically Modified Crops with Conventional and Organic Crops: GMCC-03 - GM Crops and Co-existence, Snekkersten, Denmark, 13-14 November 2003. Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences. Research Centre Flakkebjerg, pp. 161-162. <http://www.agrsci.dk/gmcc-03/gmcc_proceedings.pdf>

Kjellsson, G & Damgaard, C 2003, Pollen dispersal of genetically modified oilseed rape to organic fields: Analysis of available data and the possibilities for co-existence. in DARCOFenews. DARCOFenews - Newsletter from Danish Research Centre for Organic Farming, no. 3, pp. 1-4. <http://www.darcof.dk/enews/sep03/gmo.html>

Kjellsson, G & Damgaard, C 2003, 'Pollenspredning af genmodificeret raps til økologiske marker: Metaanalyse af eksisterende viden og mulighederne for sameksistens', FØJOenyt - Nyhedsbrev fra Forskningscenter for Økologisk Jordbrug, vol. 2003, no. 2, pp. 1-3. <http://www.foejo.dk/enyt2/enyt/april03/gmspre.html>

Hansen, SL , Purup, S , Christensen, LP & Brandt, K 2003, 'Polyacetylenes as possible health promoting compounds in carrots (Daucus carota L.)', NFIF (New Functional Ingredients and Foods) 2003 Conference, København, Denmark, 09/04/2003 - 11/04/2003.

Jensen, J & Sverdrup, LE 2003, 'Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Ecotoxicity Data for Developing Soil Quality Criteria', Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 179, pp. 73-97.

Bester, K & Spiteller, M 2003, 'Polycyclic musk fragrances in sewage plants and surface waters - Chiral indications for biodegradation', SETAC Europe, 27/04/2003 - 01/05/2003.

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