Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Ulrich-Lynge, SL , Dalgaard, TS , Norup, LR , Kjærup, RM, Olsen, JE, Sørensen, P & Juul-Madsen, HR 2015, 'The consequence of low mannose-binding lectin concentration in chickens in relation to susceptibility to Salmonella Infantis in chickens', Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, vol. 163, no. 1-2, pp. 23-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.11.003

Graham-Pedersen, M, Olesen, HV, Højte, C, Pressler, T & skov, M 2015, 'The consequences of no newborn cystic fibrosis screening in a well-developed country', Journal of Cystic Fibrosis, vol. 2015, no. 14, WS11.5, pp. S23.

Abdelmalak, MM, Planke, S, Andersen, TB, Faleide, JI, Corfu, F, Tegner, C & Myklebust, R 2015, 'The Continent-Ocean Transition in the Mid-Norwegian Margin: Insight From Seismic Data and the Onshore Caledonian Analogue in the Seve Nappe Complex', Geophysical Research Abstracts, vol. 17, EGU2015-5352. <http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2015/EGU2015-5352.pdf>

Bernstein, BL, Evans, B, Fyffe, J, Halai, N, Hall, FL, Jensen, HS, Marsh, H & Ortega, S 2015, The continuing evolution of the research doctorate. in M Nerad & B Evans (eds), Globalization and its impacts on the quality of PhD education: forces and forms in doctoral education worldwide. Brill | Sense, Rotterdam, pp. 5-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-569-4_2

Beach, D & Schmitt, J 2015, 'The contribution of process tracing to theory-based evaluations of complex aid instruments', Evaluation: The International Journal of Theory, Research and Practice, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 429-447. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356389015607739

Menz, M, Kunisch, S & Collis, DJ 2015, 'The Corporate Headquarters in the Contemporary Corporation: Advancing a Multimarket Firm Perspective', Academy of Management Annals, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 633-714. https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520.2015.1027050

Joyce, S 2015, The Cosmopolitan Exile: The Dilemmas of Younghill Kang. in E Marino & T Emin Tunc (eds), The West in Asia and Asia in the West: Essays on Transnational Interactions. McFarland, pp. 179-191.

Khair, T 2015, 'The Cosmopolitanism of Small Towns', American Book Review, vol. 36, no. 6, 2, pp. 4-5. <http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/american_book_review/v036/36.6.khair.html>

Gambs, S, Ranellucci, S & Tapp, A 2015, The crypto-democracy and the trustworthy (position paper). in Data Privacy Management, Autonomous Spontaneous Security, and Security Assurance: 9th International Workshop, DPM 2014, 7th International Workshop, SETOP 2014, and 3rd International Workshop, QASA 2014, Wroclaw, Poland, September 10-11, 2014. Revised Selected Papers. vol. 8872, Springer VS, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 8872, pp. 58-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17016-9_5

Gebraegziabher, HG , Kjær, KH, Fanourakis, D & Ottosen, C-O 2015, The cultivar-dependent attenuation of stomatal functioning at high relative air humidity is not due to the differential decrease of the transpiration stream. in Book of abstract "COST FA1306"., Poster 30, pp. 82, COST FA1306 "The quest for tolerant varieties - Phenotyping at plant and cellular level", Gatersleben, Germany, 22/06/2015.

Tsing, A & Amarell, G 2015, The cultural production of skylore in Indonesia. in CLN Ruggles (ed.), Handbook of Archaeastronomy and Ethnoastronomy. Springer, pp. 2207-2214.

Hunt, G & Joe-Laidler, K 2015, The culture and subcultures of illicit drug use and distribution. in HH Brownstein (ed.), The handbook of drugs and society. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 460-481. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118726761.ch22

Petersen, J, Sørensen, H & Nielsen, RØ 2015, 'The cumulative loads increase in the knee joint at slow-speed running compared with faster running: A biomechanical study', Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 316-22.

Jacobsen, A-C 2015, 'The Current State of the International Research on Origen', Adamantius, vol. 20 (2014), pp. 444-451.

Lyhne, NM , Primdahl, H, Kristensen, CA, Andersen, E, Johansen, J, Andersen, LJ, Evensen, J, Mortensen, HR & Overgaard, J 2015, 'The DAHANCA 6 randomized trial: Effect of 6 vs 5 weekly fractions of radiotherapy in patients with glottic squamous cell carcinoma', Radiotherapy & Oncology, vol. 117, no. 1, pp. 91-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2015.07.004

Ellermann, T , Nøjgaard, JK , Nordstrøm, C , Brandt, J , Christensen, JH , Ketzel, M , Massling, A & Jensen, SS 2015, The Danish Air Quality Monitoring Programme: Annual Summary for 2014. Scientific Report from DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy, vol. 162, Aarhus University, DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy. <http://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR162.pdf>

Ellermann, T , Nøjgaard, JK , Nordstrøm, C , Brandt, J , Christensen, JH , Ketzel, M , Jansen, SG , Massling, A & Jensen, SS 2015, The Danish Air Quality Monitoring Programme. Annual Summary for 2013. Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, Aarhus University, DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy. <http://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR134.pdf>

Ingeman, ML , Christensen, MB , Bro, F , Knudsen, ST & Vedsted, P 2015, 'The Danish cancer pathway for patients with serious non-specific symptoms and signs of cancer-a cross-sectional study of patient characteristics and cancer probability', BMC Cancer, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 421. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-015-1424-5

Diederichsen, ACP, Rasmussen, LM, Søgaard, R, Lambrechtsen, J, Steffensen, FH, Frost, L, Egstrup, K, Urbonaviciene, G, Busk, M, Olsen, MH, Mickley, H, Hallas, J & Lindholt, JS 2015, 'The Danish Cardiovascular Screening Trial (DANCAVAS): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial', Trials, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 554. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-015-1082-6

Schack, LMH, Mouritsen, LS, Mouritsen, LS, Krarup-Hansen, A & Safwat, AA 2015, 'The Danish experience with trabectedin treatment for metastatic sarcoma: Importance of hyponatremia', Acta Oncologica, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 34-40. https://doi.org/10.3109/0284186X.2014.958530

Ekelund, CK, Petersen, OB, Jørgensen, FS, Kjaergaard, S, Larsen, T, Olesen, AW, Skibsted, L, Skovbo, P , Sommer, S, Sperling, L, Stavnstrup, B, Størup, B, Zingenberg, H, Uldbjerg, N, Miltoft, CB, Noergaard, L, Wulff, CB, Tabor, A & The Danish Fetal Medicine Research Group 2015, 'The Danish Fetal Medicine Database: Establishment, organisation and quality assessment of the first trimester screening programme for trisomy 21 in Denmark 2008-2012', Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, vol. 94, no. 6, pp. 577. https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.12581

Andersen, TM 2015, 'The Danish Flexicurity Labour Market During the Great Recession', De Economist, vol. 163, no. 4, pp. 473-490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10645-015-9260-1

Kjeldsen, C , Noe, E & Laursen, KB 2015 'The Danish Food Communities - Denmark'.

Olsen, TV 2015, 'The Danish free school tradition under pressure', Comparative Education, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 22-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2014.935584

Asferg, T 2015, 'The Danish game bag record and its role in wildlife management'.

Laursen, AN 2015, The Danish Group Taxation Regime and EU Law – Clarification under way?. <http://www.kluwertaxlawblog.com/blog/2015/08/18/the-danish-group-taxation-regime-and-eu-law-clarification-under-way/>

Thorup, AAE, Jepsen, JR, Ellersgaard, DV, Burton, BK, Christiani, CJ, Hemager, N, Skjærbæk, M, Ranning, A, Spang, KS, Gantriis, DL , Greve, AN , Zahle, KK , Mors, O, Plessen, KJ & Nordentoft, M 2015, 'The Danish High Risk and Resilience Study--VIA 7--a cohort study of 520 7-year-old children born of parents diagnosed with either schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or neither of these two mental disorders', BMC Psychiatry, vol. 15, 233. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0616-5

Schmidt, M , Schmidt, SAJ, Sandegaard, JL, Ehrenstein, V , Pedersen, L & Sørensen, HT 2015, 'The Danish National Patient Registry: a review of content, data quality, and research potential', Clinical epidemiology, vol. 7, pp. 449-490. https://doi.org/10.2147/CLEP.S91125

Haerskjold, A, Henriksen, L, Way, S, Malham, M, Hallas, J, Pedersen, L & Stensballe, LG 2015, 'The Danish National Prescription Registry in studies of a biological pharmaceutical: palivizumab - validation against two external data sources', Clinical epidemiology, vol. 7, pp. 305-12. https://doi.org/10.2147/CLEP.S73355

Andersen, TM 2015, 'The Danish Pension System: Properties, Outcomes and Challenges'.

Brüsch, W, Rosenbom, AE, Badawi, N, Gudmundsson, L, von Platen-Hallermund, F, Nielsen, CB , Plauborg, F, Laier, T & Olsen, P 2015, The Danish Pesticide Leaching Assessment Programme: Monitoring results May 1999 - June 2013. De Nationale Geologiske Undersøgelser for Danmark og Grønland – GEUS.

Pedersen, AB , Nielsen, HØ & Andersen, MS 2015, The danish pesticide tax. in Global Issues in Water Policy. Springer, Global issues in water policy, vol. 14, pp. 73-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18287-2_6

Pedersen, AB , Nielsen, HØ & Andersen, MS 2015, The Danish Pesticide Tax. in M Lago, J Mysiak, CM Gómez, G Delacámara & A Maziotis (eds), Use of Economic Instruments in Water Policy. vol. 14, Springer, Berlin, Global issues in water policy, vol. 14. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18287-2_6

Andersen, PK & Sørensen, EJB 2015, The Danish Supervisory Board - A German Model? in H Fleischer, JL Hansen & W-G Ringe (eds), German and Nordic Perspectives on Company Law and Capital Markets Law. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, pp. 129-153.

Christiansen, JL 2015, 'The Dark Koran: A Semantic Analysis of the Koranic Darknesses (ẓulumāt) and their Metaphorical Usage', Arabica, vol. 62, no. 2-3, pp. 185-233. https://doi.org/10.1163/15700585-12341352

Cunha, JV, Carugati, A & Leclercq, A 2015, 'The Dark Side of Computer-Mediated Control', Information Systems Journal, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 319-354. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12066

Bubandt, NO & Willerslev, R 2015, 'The Dark Side of Empathy: Mimesis, Deception, and the Magic of Alterity', Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 5-34. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417514000589

Kjeldsen, TH & Blomhøj, M 2015, The Decay of Alcohol and THC in the Human Body. in JW Lott & CJ Lott (eds), Mathematical Lessons Learned from Across the World, Grades 7-12. National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.