Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Toustrup, LB, Holm, E, Lillebaek, T, Holm, M & Dahl, VN 2026, 'Diagnostics, Management and Outcomes of Pediatric Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections: A 12-year Retrospective Study', The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 330-335. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000005060

Scalco, RC, Schoones, JW, Galetaki, D, Santillan-Vasconez, AM, Kim, GJ, Cellin, LP, Babinski, M, Rezende, RC, Nilsson, O, Cianfarani, S, Wit, JM, Dauber, A, Dekkers, OM & Jorge, AAL 2026, 'Diagnostic yield of genetic testing in children with short stature: a systematic review', European Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 194, no. 2, pp. S14-S23. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejendo/lvag011

Rasmussen, LD, Hoek, R, Westra, J , Søby, JH, Maaniitty, T, Braathen, AT, Saraste, A, Isaksen, C , Nissen, L , Petersen, SE, Aakhus, S, Knaapen, P, Gormsen, LC , Christiansen, EH, Knuuti, JM, Bøttcher, M, Driessen, RS & Winther, S 2026, 'Diagnostic Yield of Second-Line Functional Imaging After an Abnormal Coronary CTA: An Individual Patient-Data Meta-analysis', European Heart Journal Cardiovascular Imaging. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jeag088

Murali, SK, D'Acierno, M , Zheng, X , Rosenbaek, LK , Odgaard, LN, Grimm, PR, Ramesova, A, Little, R, Radloff, J, Welling, PA, Wu, Q, Erben, RG & Fenton, RA 2026, 'Dietary potassium restriction causes hypercalciuria, hypocalcemia, and bone loss in male mice', JCI Insight, vol. 11, no. 5. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.196339

Duus, CL , Nielsen, SF , Hornstrup, BG , Mose, FH & Bech, JN 2026, 'Dietary Sodium Reduction Reveals Aldosterone Dysregulation in Patients With Essential Hypertension', Journal of Clinical Hypertension, vol. 28, no. 3, e70229. https://doi.org/10.1111/jch.70229

Sunde, P, Holopainen, S, Elmeros, M, Krüger, H, Aronsson, M, Dahl, F, Jaatinen, K, Åhlén, PA & Fox, AD 2026, 'Diet composition of a generalist predator does not indicate its population impact on prey: a response to Pagh et al. (2025)', European Journal of Wildlife Research, vol. 72, no. 2, 27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-026-02065-z

Cort, PS 2026, 'Die technischen Berufsausbildungen in Dänemark: Initiativen zur Steigerung ihrer Attraktivität ', Lernen und Lehren, vol. 40, no. 161.

Secher, CF, Yde, CW, Laursen, BE, Høgdall, E, Thomsen, HS, Poulsen, TS, Sønderkær, M, Kringelbach, T, Jørgensen, MMA, Olsen, RFS, Sørensen, AE, Baudet, C, Gíslason, MH, Knudsen, M & Buhl, IK 2026, 'Differences in tumor mutational burden assessment: a national ring trial', Acta Oncologica, vol. 65, pp. 178-180. https://doi.org/10.2340/1651-226X.2026.45220

Mølhave, M, Verhulst, S, Ovesen, T & Boudewyns, A 2026, 'Differences in upper airway endotype among phenotypically different pediatric OSA patients', Sleep Medicine, vol. 142, 108853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2026.108853

Jonas, R, Dalziell, E, Hay, F, Veneklaas, E & Merritt, D 2026, 'Differential ageing responses of seeds of wild Australian plant species under open versus hermetic conditions', Seed Science and Technology, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 31. https://doi.org/10.15258/sst.2026.54.1.04

Pedersen, L, Bertelsen, AS, Hyldelund, NB, Byrne, DV & Kidmose, U 2026, 'Differential effects of sugar and fat reduction on consumer sensory perception', Food Quality and Preference, vol. 136, 105758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2025.105758

Baun, AM, Iranzo, A, Terkelsen, MH, Hinz, R, Stokholm, MG , Stær, K, Serradel, M, Otto, M , Svendsen, KB, Garrido, A, Vilas, D, Møller, A, Gaig, C, Tolosa, E, Brooks, DJ , Borghammer, P , Eskildsen, SF & Pavese, N 2026, 'Differential Progression of Neuroinflammation in Patients with Isolated Rapid-Eye-Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder', Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.70265

Nielsen, RB , Parbo, P, Ismail, R, B Dalby, R, Tietze, A, Brændgaard, H , Gottrup, H , Brooks, DJ , Østergaard, L & Eskildsen, SF 2026, 'Diffusion kurtosis imaging detects cortical microstructural alterations in amyloid-positive MCI patients', Frontiers in dementia, vol. 4, 1725754. https://doi.org/10.3389/frdem.2025.1725754

Langmüller, AM 2026, 'Digest: Winter Is Coming: Overwintering Selection and the Cost of Insecticide Resistance in Fruit Flies', Evolution, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 693-694. https://doi.org/10.1093/evolut/qpaf256

Straarup, M , Svenning, JC , Normand, S & Dalgaard, T 2026, 'Digging diversity: Constructed dune lakes support high plant richness but differ compositionally from natural systems', Ecological Engineering, vol. 226, 107935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2026.107935

Ciampitti, I, Mandrini, G, Gomez, F, Cisdeli, P, Santiago, GN, Cano, P, Lacasa, J, Palmero, F, Cammarano, D & Kyveryga, P 2026, Digital agriculture to transform decision support systems: State of the art and prospects. in Advances in Agronomy. ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS INC, Advances in Agronomy, pp. 67-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2025.09.001

Daugaard, R , Maribo, T, Borregaard, B, Skydt, DS, Bech, KH, Skovli, KA & Modrau, IS 2026, 'Digital Health Literacy in Elective Open-Heart Surgery Patients: Cross-Sectional Study', JMIR Cardio, vol. 10, pp. e83454. https://doi.org/10.2196/83454

Raetzsch, C & Brügger, N 2026, Digital Humanities. in CA Chapelle (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Communication Theory and Philosophy. Second Edition edn, Wiley-Blackwell.

Lauring, J , Jonasson, C, Sanden, G & Peltokorpi, V 2026, 'Digital international language management: Opportunities and challenges for multilingual organizations', Cross Cultural & Strategic Management , pp. 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCSM-08-2024-0188

Balleby, L , Toft-Nielsen, C & Hougaard, TT 2026, 'Digital intimacy: How everyday meme sharing shapes identity and relationships', Popular Communication, pp. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/15405702.2026.2633390

Lorenzon, M, Gheorghiade, P, Reinikainen, S, Sager, T, Al-Sababha, H, Tarboush, M & Lahelma, A 2026, 'Digitalizing Materialities: Integrating 3D Documentation at Tall Ya’moun and Tall al-Assara', Turkish Journal of Archaeological Sciences, no. 6, pp. 24-41. https://doi.org/10.63167/TJAS.2026.8

Tarp, L & Christensen, AH 2026, Digital kunsthistorie: Maleri, materialitet og metode. Aarhus Universitetsforlag.

Jonasson, C & Lauring, J 2026, Digital leadership and the management of culturally diverse teams. in A Akande (ed.), Culture, Leadership, and Organizations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Knight, H & Vorster Larsen, L 2026, Digital Marketing in Practice 2nd edition: Design, Implement and Measure Effective Campaigns. 2. edn, Kogan Page, London.

Tsitsiva, C & Beliatis, MJ 2026, Digital Product Passport as Digital Carrier for Information of Life Cycle Assessment: A Feasibility Study of Solvolysis on Composite Recycling for Wind Turbines Blades. in M Presser, A Skarmeta & S Krco (eds), Global Internet of Things and Edge Computing Summit: Second International Summit, GIECS 2025 Madrid, Spain, September 22, 2025 Proceedings. Springer, Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol. 2719, pp. 175-187, 2nd International Summit on the Global Internet of Things and Edge Computing, Madrid, Spain, 22/09/2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-09555-8_11

Nygaard-Christensen, M & Fabricius, VAV 2026, Digital Sundhed på Gadeplan: Erfaringer, brugerrejser og digital skadesreduktion. Aarhus Universitet. <https://psy.au.dk/fileadmin/site_files/filer_rusmiddelforskning/dokumenter/rapporter/2026/Rapport_Digital_Sundhed_p%C3%A5_Gadeplan_Erfaringer__brugerrejser_og_digital_skadesreduktion_Center_for_Rusmiddelforskning_Aarhus_Universitet.pdf>

Hougaard, TT 2026, 'Digital teknologi og etos', Rhetorica Scandinavica, vol. 29, no. 90, pp. 76-81. <https://rhs.retorikforlaget.se/index.php/rhs/article/view/493/430>

Hou, C, Liu, H, Ahlqvist, VH, Gisladottir, EU, Yang, Y, Yang, H, Fang, F, Valdimarsdóttir, UA & Song, H 2026, 'DiNetxify-a python package for three‑dimensional disease network analysis based on electronic health record data', European Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 119-126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-025-01360-4

Rasmussen, AP , Klinkby, N & Andersen, LH 2026, 'Dipole-bound states in the meta form of the green fluorescent protein chromophore observed by cryogenic action spectroscopy', Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 3168-3173. https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cp04796j

Kuhn, CC, Chand, MK, Todesca, S, Williams, K, Keidel, A, Garland, W , Jensen, TH & Conti, E 2026, 'Direct coupling of the human nuclear exosome adaptors NEXT and PAXT with transcription termination and processing machineries', Nucleic Acids Research, vol. 54, no. 4, gkag088. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkag088

Omland, LH, Senn, A, Zutavern, A, Orban, M, Wiseman, S, Kronborg, G, Johansen, IS, Larsen, CS, Porskrog, A, Dalager-Pedersen, M, Leth, S, Gerstoft, J & Obel, N 2026, 'Disability pension and sick leave in people with HIV compared with the background population: a nationwide population-based matched cohort study', AIDS, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 461-466. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000004422

Lövgren, A, Liv, P, Durham, J, Goncalves, DAG, Kapos, FP, Kothari, SF, Drangsholt, M, Peck, CC, Visscher, CM, Ong, L & Svensson, P 2026, 'Disability Weights for Global Burden Estimation of Orofacial Pain', Journal of Dental Research, vol. 105, no. 4, 00220345251363852, pp. 468-475. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345251363852

Laursen, R 2026, Discipline through timetables: Biopolitics in preschools. in R Laursen & M Madsen (eds), Education and the Politics of Time: Temporal Governance in Teaching and Learning. Springer, Educational Governance Research, vol. 26, pp. 99-116. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-09590-9_6

Liang, P, Yang, M, Wu, Z, Zhou, PY & Liao, Y 2026, DiSCo: Disrupting Semantic Consistency for Transferable Cross-Modal Adversarial Attacks. in J Lokoc, L Peška, J Zahálka, S Rudinac, U Sharma, M Kastner, J Chen, M-C Hu & J Wu (eds), MultiMedia Modeling - 32nd International Conference on Multimedia Modeling, MMM 2026, Proceedings. Springer Science+Business Media, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 16413 LNCS, pp. 16-30, 32nd International Conference on Multimedia Modeling, MMM 2026, Prague, Czech Republic, 29/01/2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-95-6957-1_2

Døssing, RH, Hesselberg, E, Clausen, AB, Luczak, AA, Presti, M, Svane, IM, Schmidt, H, Bastholt, L, Donia, M & Ellebaek, E 2026, 'Discontinuation of BRAF/MEK inhibitor therapy after long-lasting response: Clinical outcomes in advanced melanoma', European Journal of Cancer, vol. 234, 116200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2025.116200

Bobou, O, Bucci, I & Raja, R 2026, 'Discovering Denmark: From Prehistoric Burials to Viking Age Power Architecture and Beyond ', Current World Archaeology, no. 136, pp. 46-51.

Bianco, R, Magami, K, Pearce, M & Chait, M 2026, 'Discovery, Interruption, and Updating of Auditory Regularities in Memory: Evidence from Low-Frequency Brain Dynamics in Human MEG', The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, vol. 46, no. 2. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0629-25.2025

Candelora, C, Xu, M, Cheng, S, De Vita, A, Romanin, D, Bigi, C, Petersen, MB, LaFleur, A, Castro, WA, Motti, F, Orgiani, P, Vinai, G, Calandra, M, Miwa, J, Hwang, Y, Wang, Z, Mazzola, F & Zeljkovic, I 2026, 'Discovery of magnetic-field-tunable density modulations and spin tilting in a layered altermagnet', Communications Materials, vol. 7, no. 1, 74. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43246-026-01081-5

Valentin Hansen, S, Petersen, OB , Vogel, I, Pedersen, NG, Pedersen, LH, Kristensen, SE, Sundberg, K, Thorup, E, Vedel, C & Gadsbøll, K 2026, 'Discrepancy in menstrual and ultrasound-based gestational age is associated with chromosomal aberrations and adverse pregnancy outcomes: Results from a nationwide cohort study', Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.70140

Mulvad, TJ 2026, 'Disease Management and Digital Proximity Tracking in Denmark', Surveillance Studies Network conference, Lille, France, 09/06/2026 - 12/06/2026.

Klemmt, R, Salek, AG, Karlsen, MA, Ravnsbæk, DB, Martin, AV & Bøjesen, ED 2026, 'Disentangling Intra- and Interlayer Disorder in Disordered Carbons via Pair-Angle Distribution Function Analysis', ACS Materials Letters, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 925-931. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmaterialslett.5c01636

Lee, SH, Iwaya, T, Nakayama, K, Lim, TY, Min, L, He, J, Wang, Y, Gopalan, V, Xie, Z, Pan, XC, Chen, YP, Chang, TR, Lin, H, Fu, L, Segawa, K, Sato, T & Mao, Z 2026, 'Disorder Scattering Induced Large Room Temperature Nonlinear Anomalous Hall Effect in a Semiconductor CdGeAs₂', Advanced Materials, vol. 38, no. 7, e14217. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202514217

ECNP PAN-Health Group 2026, 'Disparities in diabetes treatment and monitoring for people with and without mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis', The Lancet Psychiatry, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 112-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(25)00332-3

Bjerring, JCK & Busch, J 2026, Dispersed robots and intelligent environments: a philosophical perspective. in J Seibt, R Hakli & M Nørskov (eds), Robophilosophy: Philosophy of, for, and by social robotics. MIT Press, 2026.

Iversen, S 2026, Disrupting Narrative Rhetoric. Experimental Fictionality on Digital Platforms. Theory and Interpretation of Narrative, Ohio State University Press.

Chan, VKS, Wong, NHL, Woo, TF, Watanabe, K, Haruno, M, Law, CK & Chau, BKH 2026, 'Distinct contributions of prefrontal, parietal, and cingulate signals to exploratory decisions', Communications Biology, vol. 9, no. 1, 272. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-026-09550-w

Li, C, Erson-Omay, EZ, Koksal, Y, Unal, E, Kara, B, Bilguvar, K, Paksoy, Y, Durmus, NA, Kurtsoy, A, Per, H, Østergaard, JR, Günel, M & Çağlayan, AO 2026, 'Distinct mutational signature and clonal evolution in constitutional mismatch repair deficiency-associated high-grade gliomas', iScience, vol. 29, no. 3, 115029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2026.115029

Kruckow, S, Hansen, ER , Feldstein Ewing, SW , Rømer, K, Peden, AE, Bramming, M, Kjeld, SG & Tolstrup, JS 2026, 'Distinct substance use patterns and risk of unintentional injury, violence, and mortality in adolescence: a latent class analysis and 8-year prospective cohort study of 68 301 students aged 15-19 years', European Journal of Public Health, vol. 36, no. 1, ckaf192, pp. 193-199. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaf192

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