Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Kakavandi, F, Han, P, Nerenst, TB, De Reus, R, Gomes, C & Larsen, PG 2025, Comparative Study in Fault Detection under Data Scarcity for Pharmaceutical Device Manufacturing. in 2025 International Conference on Control, Automation and Diagnosis, ICCAD 2025. IEEE, Proceedings, International Conference on Control, Automation and Diagnosis, vol. 2025, 2025 International Conference on Control, Automation and Diagnosis, ICCAD 2025, Barcelona, Spain, 01/07/2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCAD64771.2025.11099417

Li, M , Nielsen, SD-H, Morawska, LP, Bjørnshave, A, Sangild, PT, Poulsen, NA & Larsen, LB 2025, 'Comparative study of chymosin- and pepsin-induced coagulation of mixtures of different types of MCI and WPC', International Dairy Federation Joint Symposium on Dairy Drying Technology and Recombined Milk
Products 2025, Ireland, 13/05/2025 - 15/05/2025.

Adeniyi, OO, Grochowska, E, Cai, Z & Lühken, G 2025, 'Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals genes associated with variation in liver copper concentration in Polish Merino sheep', Scientific Reports, vol. 15, no. 1, 19576. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-04330-8

Ali, Z, Tan, QW, Lim, PK, Chen, H, Pfeifer, L, Julca, I, Lee, JM, Classen, B, de Vries, S, de Vries, J, Vinter, F, Alvarado, C, Layens, A, Mizrachi, E, Motawie, MS, Joergensen, B , Ulvskov, P, Van de Peer, Y, Ho, BC, Sibout, R & Mutwil, M 2025, 'Comparative transcriptomics in ferns reveals key innovations and divergent evolution of the secondary cell walls', Nature Plants, vol. 11, no. 5, gix116, pp. 1028-1048. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-025-01978-y

Bengesser, C, Hilborn, M & Steemers, J 2025, 'Comparative VOD catalogue research: Circulation, presence and prominence of British content in Europe', Convergence, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 1511-1531. https://doi.org/10.1177/13548565241268057

Benjaminsen, CR, Jørgensen, RM , Vestergaard, ET & Bruun, JM 2025, 'Compared to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, bioelectrical impedance effectively monitors longitudinal changes in body composition in children and adolescents with obesity during a lifestyle intervention', Nutrition Research, vol. 133, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2024.11.003

Pfiffelmann, J, Untilov, O, Thøgersen, J, Gengenbach, A & Mionetto, C 2025, 'Comparer des pommes à des oranges: L'ambivalence des consommateurs à l'égard d'une éco-innovation — le marquage laser des fruits biologiques', Recherche et Applications en Marketing, vol. 40, pp. 8-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/07673701241307479

Pfiffelmann, J, Untilov, O, Thøgersen, J, Gengenbach, A & Mionetto, C 2025, 'Comparing apples to oranges: Consumer ambivalence regarding an eco-innovation – laser marking of organic fruits', Recherche et Applications en Marketing, vol. 40, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.1177/20515707241305245

Hansen, KNJ, Steinshamn, H, Hansen, S, Koesling, M, Dalgaard, T & Hansen, BG 2025, 'Comparing different statistical models for predicting greenhouse gas emissions, energy-, and nitrogen intensity', Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol. 234, 110209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2025.110209

Schmidt, DC, Martinussen, T, Solebo, AL, Larsen, DA, Bach-Holm, D & Kessel, L 2025, 'Comparing glaucoma risk in children receiving low-dose and high-dose glucocorticoid treatment after cataract surgery', Acta Ophthalmologica, vol. 103, no. 1, pp. 43-49. https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.16746

Vestergaard, CD , Vatterodt, N , Elstrøm, UV , Jensen, K , Nørrevang, O , Muren, LP , Korreman, SS & Taasti, VT 2025, 'Comparing methods to improve cone-beam computed tomography for dose calculations in adaptive proton therapy', Physics and Imaging in Radiation Oncology, vol. 34, 100784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phro.2025.100784

Brügger, N 2025, Comparing national web domains across national web archives: Methodological and practical challenges of doing transnational studies. in S Aasman, A Ben-David & N Brügger (eds), The Routledge Companion to Transnational Web Archive Studies. Routledge, Abingdon, The Routledge Companions to the Digital Humanities, pp. 93-109.

Andersen, GØ, Milosevic, S, Jensen, MM, Carreon, L, Pedersen, CF, Andersen, MØ & Helmig, P 2025, 'Comparing Patient-Reported Outcomes of Lateral to Paramedian Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Propensity Score–Matched Observational Study', World Neurosurgery, vol. 195, 123641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2024.123641

Cuartero, J, Brunner, I, Schaub, M, Gwiazdowicz, DJ, Skubała, P, Qin, J , Krogh, PH & Frey, B 2025, 'Comparing soil microarthropod communities derived directly from soil DNA metabarcoding with those from morphological assessment in a drought-prone and irrigated pine forest', Applied Soil Ecology, vol. 209, 106042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2025.106042

Wang, X, Langen, PL, Li, R, Qiao, G, Fan, X, Dou, Y & Cui, X 2025, 'Comparing Surface Mass Balance and Surface Temperatures From Regional Climate Models and Reanalyses to Observations Over the Antarctic Ice Sheet', International Journal of Climatology, vol. 45, no. 5, e8767. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8767

Ehrenreich-Petersen, E , Nielsen, MB, Ceresoli, D, Ottesen, M, Parisiades, P & Bremholm, M 2025, 'Comparing the compression behavior of the antiperovskites CePt₃Si, CePt₃B, and YPt₃B from combined X-ray diffraction experiments and density functional theory', Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 1010, 177204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.177204

Kronborg-White, S, Jensen, JH, Bendstrup, E & Prior, TS 2025, 'Comparing the efficacy of exertional oxygen delivery by continuous versus demand-based flow systems during 6-minute walk test in patients with fibrotic interstitial lung disease and COPD in a hospital setting (OXYCODE): A protocol for a randomised trial', BMJ Open, vol. 15, no. 5, e099664. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2025-099664

Nielsen, J, Maurer, Y & Zierau, E 2025, Comparing the holdings of closed national web archives through summaries. in N Brügger, S Aasman & A Ben-David (eds), The Routledge Companion to Transnational Web Archive Studies. Routledge, Abingdon, pp. 52-72. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003398998-5

Trillingsgaard, T , Hansen, FG & Fentz, HN 2025, 'Comparing the OurRelationship Program and Bibliotherapy for Parents Experiencing Couple Distress: A Randomized Pilot', Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, vol. 51, no. 1, e12762. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12762

Poulsen, BG, Lourenco, D, Ostersen, T, Nielsen, B, Leite, NG, Henryon, M & Christensen, OF 2025, 'Comparison between repeatability, reproductive stage stratified repeatability, and relative risk models for prediction of breeding values for functional survival in rotationally crossbred sows', Genetics Selection Evolution, vol. 57, no. 1, 72. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12711-025-01019-4

Saedi, N , Zhang, S , Sahana, G , Villumsen, TM , Stephansen, RB , Lund, MS , Cai, Z & Karaman, E 2025, 'Comparison of 16S rRNA Sequencing and Shotgun Metagenome Sequencing for Genotypic and Phenotypic Parameter Estimation of Methane in Cattle'.

Nixdorf, DR, Greiser, A, Hayes, C, Gaalaas, L, Groenke, BR, de Carvalho E Silva Fuglsig, JM, Johannsen, KM, Herman, CR, Kaimal, S, Moana-Filho, EJ, Mulet, M, Özütemiz, C & Spin-Neto, R 2025, 'Comparison of a 0.55 T dental-dedicated magnetic resonance imaging system with a 1.5 T system in evaluation of the temporomandibular joint regarding subjective image quality assessment and rater agreement', Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, vol. 140, no. 1, pp. 113-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2025.02.011

Ong, SQ, Ishak, IH, Nair, G & Paulous, R 2025, 'Comparison of Amino Acid Profiles for Different Deltamethrin Resistance Statuses of Aedes albopictus (Skuse)', Entomological Research, vol. 55, no. 8, e70060. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-5967.70060

Digel, L , Justesen, ML , Madsen, NS, Fransaert, N, Wouters, K , Bonné, R , Plum-Jensen, LE , Marshall, IPG , Jensen, PB, Nicolas-Asselineau, L, Drace, T , Bøggild, A , Hansen, JL , Schramm, A , Bøjesen, ED , Nielsen, LP, Manca, JV & Boesen, T 2025, 'Comparison of cable bacteria genera reveals details of their conduction machinery', EMBO Reports, vol. 26, no. 7, 13699, pp. 1749-1767. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44319-025-00387-8

Dragsbaek, SJ , Kirk, ME , Baltsen, CD , Andersen, A & Lyhne, MD 2025, 'Comparison of Cardiac Output Measurement Techniques: Thermodilution Versus Biventricular Pressure-Volume Loop Recordings in Pigs', Heart, Lung and Circulation, vol. 34, no. 11, pp. 1295-1300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2025.05.080

Ramchandani, R, Guo, E, Mostowy, M, Kreutz, J, Sahlollbey, N, Carr, MM, Chung, J & Caulley, L 2025, 'Comparison of ChatGPT-4, Copilot, Bard and Gemini Ultra on an Otolaryngology Question Bank', Clinical Otolaryngology, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 704-711. https://doi.org/10.1111/coa.14302

Neefjes, I, Reischl, B & Yang, H 2025, 'Comparison of collision rate coefficient model predictions for different interaction strengths and temperatures', Journal of Aerosol Science, vol. 189, 106638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106638

Hansen, KNJ, Oliver, BW, Bitarafan, Z, Fløistad, IS, Andreasen, C & Brandsæter, LO 2025, 'Comparison of cutting and hot water treatment and glyphosate applications on the control of giant hogweed', Advances in Weed Science, vol. 43, e020250026. https://doi.org/10.51694/AdvWeedSci/2025;43:00026

Bøgh, N , Aastrup, M , Mortensen, JK , Gottrup, H, Blicher, JU, Borghammer, P , Kristensen, MH , Hansen, ESS , Vaeggemose, M & Laustsen, C 2025, 'Comparison of Deuterium Metabolic Imaging with FDG PET in Alzheimer Disease', Radiology, vol. 315, no. 1, e241808, pp. e241808. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.241808

Grusauskiene, E, Smigelskyte, A, Qerama, E & Rastenyte, D 2025, 'Comparison of Different Ultrasound Protocols in Patients with Inflammatory Polyneuropathies with Practical Insights', Diagnostics, vol. 15, no. 12, 1484. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15121484

Stamenov, D, Rogne, Y, Abbiati, G & Sauder, T 2025, 'Comparison of empirical methods for estimation of quadratic transfer functions of low-frequency hydrodynamic loads', Ocean Engineering, vol. 341, no. 3, 122582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.122582

Vinter, N , Johnsen, SP, Lip, GYH, Benjamin, EJ, Frost, L & Trinquart, L 2025, 'Comparison of excess mortality between atrial fibrillation, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and stroke: trends over 2000-2022', European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwaf371

Bshennaty, A, Vogl, BJ, Saleh, G, Bavo, AM, Sularz, A, Ghazal-Aswad, K, Kramer, AD, Jia, Y, De Beule, M, Nielsen-Kudsk, JE, De Backer, O, Alkhouli, M & Hatoum, H 2025, 'Comparison of Flow Dynamics After Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion With the Watchman FLX Versus Amulet Devices: Implications for Device-Related Thrombosis', Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions, vol. 106, no. 4, pp. 2084-2092. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.31710

Gundtoft, PH, Erichsen, JL, Terndrup, M, Walsøe, L, Pedersen, L, Viberg, B, Ørts, A & Abrahamsen, C 2025, 'Comparison of four patient reported outcome measures in patients with ankle fracture: A study on patient preferences and psychometric properties', Foot and Ankle Surgery, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 58-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fas.2024.07.001

I. Espinosa-Ramos, J, Hutchings, SC, Dixit , Y, Jin, D, S. Ryan, G, Marsden , M, Jaeger, SR & M. Reis, M 2025, 'Comparison of free-comment online product reviews and central location product testing for sensory product characterisation: A case study with coffee consumers', Food Quality and Preference, vol. 125, 105377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2024.105377

Jespersen, EA , Jensen, JS , Dybdahl, A-K, Laustsen, A & Arias, CA 2025, 'Comparison of heavy metal and nutrient removal in wet- and dry ponds treating urban runoff'.

Hansen, J, Mohamed, R, Ilkjær, L, Krøigård, T, Sivasaravanaparan, M, Stoico, MP, Babcock, AA, West, MJ, Wiborg, O & Finsen, B 2025, 'Comparison of microglial cell population expansion in the Tg344-AD rat and APP_SWE/PS1_ΔE9mouse model of Alzheimer's disease', Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports, vol. 9. https://doi.org/10.1177/25424823251387517

Jänsch, S, Alves, D, Cunha, L, Krogh, PH, Natal-da-Luz, T, Rojo, V, Römbke, J, Sapkota, R, Scheffczyk, A, Schmelz, RM, Scopel, L, Sousa, JP, Vierna, J & Vizcaíno, A 2025, 'Comparison of Morphological and DNA-Based Identification Methods to Assess Earthworm (Clitellata: Lumbricidae) Diversity at 25 Permanent Soil Monitoring Sites in Germany', Ecology and Evolution, vol. 15, no. 4, e71155. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71155

Acquavella, J , Farkas, DK & Sørensen, HT 2025, 'Comparison of Mortality Rates Between Patients With Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma Surviving 5 Years After Initial Diagnosis and a Matched General Population Cohort', Cancer Medicine, vol. 14, no. 6, e70800, pp. e70800. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.70800

Jakobsen, L , Christiansen, EH, Freeman, P, Kahlert, J, Veien, K, Maeng, M, Ellert, J, Kristensen, SD, Christensen, MK, Terkelsen, CJ , Thim, T, Lassen, JF, Hougaard, M, Eftekhari, A, Jensen, RV , Støttrup, NB, Rasmussen, JG, Junker, A & Jensen, LO 2025, 'Comparison of Outcome After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for De Novo and In-Stent Restenosis Indications', The American Journal of Cardiology, vol. 235, pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2024.10.019

Tandberg, AN, Zegzdryn, M, Aga, C, Lygre, SHL, Gifstad, T, Drogset, JO, Engebretsen, L, Lind, M, Forssblad, M & Heir, S 2025, 'Comparison of Outcomes Between a Fixed-Loop Cortical Suspensory Device and Metal Interference Screw for Femoral Fixation of Bone–Patellar Tendon–Bone Grafts in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Scandinavian Registry Study', Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 13, no. 5, 23259671251335978. https://doi.org/10.1177/23259671251335978

Larsen, BC , Harmsen, MC , Vase, H , Nielsen-Kudsk, JE & Andersen, A 2025, 'Comparison of Patent Foramen Ovale Sizing by Transesophageal Echocardiography and Balloon Sizing in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Closure', Structural heart : the journal of the Heart Team, vol. 9, no. 1, 100375, pp. 100375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shj.2024.100375

Brauneis, F, Hammer, HW, Reimann, SM & Volosniev, AG 2025, 'Comparison of renormalized interactions using one-dimensional few-body systems as a testbed', Physical Review A, vol. 111, no. 1, 013303. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.111.013303

van Haeren, MMT, Breel, JS, Schenk, J, Eberl, S, Hamer, HM, Hollmann, MW, Vlaar, APJ, Müller, MCA, Hermanns, H, Meesters, M, Viersen, V, Spanjersberg, S, Horst, MT, Fenger-Eriksen, C, Hermanns, H, Müller, M, Heymann, CV & Schoechl, H 2025, 'Comparison of ROTEM® Delta and ROTEM® Sigma transfusion algorithm performance in thoracic aortic surgery: a single-centre prospective observational cohort study', British Journal of Anaesthesia, vol. 134, no. 2, pp. 317-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2024.09.028

Bagger, AMT , Søndergaard, J & Bach, L 2025, Comparison of sampling methods of blue mussels for environmental monitoring at Greenland mine sites. Rådgivningsnotat fra DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, Aarhus University, DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy, Aarhus. <https://dce.au.dk/fileadmin/dce.au.dk/Udgivelser/Notater_2025/N2025_11.pdf>

Heimburg, K, Nordström, EB, Friberg, H, Oestergaard, LG , Grejs, AM, Keeble, TR, Kirkegaard, H, Mion, M, Nielsen, N, Rylander, C, Segerström, M, Tornberg, ÅB, Ullén, S, Undén, J, Wise, MP, Cronberg, T & Lilja, G 2025, 'Comparison of self-reported physical activity between survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and patients with myocardial infarction without cardiac arrest: A case-control study', European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 700-709. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjcn/zvaf032

Raven, W, Candel, BGJ, Wali, N, Gaakeer, MI, Avest, ET, Sir, O, Lameijer, H, Hessels, RAPA, Reijnen, R, Nickel, CH, de Jonge, E, van Zwet, E & de Groot, B 2025, 'Comparison of Standardized Mortality Ratios in seven Dutch EDs based on presenting complaints', BMC Emergency Medicine, vol. 25, no. 1, 49. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12873-025-01200-4

Bak, R, Fabrin, K, Jensen, TK, Olsen, K, Bisgaard, U, Nabipour, M, Holt, PS, Jensen, JB & Kingo, PS 2025, 'Comparison of the EndoGIA versus the Endowrist stapler in intracorporeal urinary diversion in robotic assisted radical cystectomy (EGIAES) - a randomized multicentre trial', Journal of Robotic Surgery, vol. 20, no. 1, 51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11701-025-03009-6

Falk, FA , Christiansen, AV & Hansen, TM 2025, 'Comparison of three one-dimensional time-domain electromagnetic forward algorithms', Applied Computing and Geosciences, vol. 26, 100243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acags.2025.100243

Staanum, PF & Iversen, P 2025, 'Comparison of tumour segmentation methods for dosimetry in [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA I&T treated patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer', EJNMMI Physics, vol. 12, no. 1, 62. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40658-025-00772-1

Displaying results 7301 to 7350 out of 391130

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Revised 08.12.2025

Lise Refstrup Linnebjerg Pedersen