Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Giwercman, A, Richthof, J, Hjøllund, NHI, Bonde, JP, Jepson, K, Frohm, B & Spano, M 2003, 'Correlation between sperm motility and sperm chromatin structure assay parameters', Fertility and Sterility, vol. 80, no. 6, pp. 1404-1412.

Fogedby, H 2003, 'Correlations, soliton modes, and non-Hermitian linear mode transmutation in the one-dimensional noisy Burgers equation', Physical Review E, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 026132-.

Lichtwarck-Aschoff, M, Guttmann, J & Sondergaard, S 2003, 'Correspondence', Pediatric Research, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 533-534. https://doi.org/10.1203/01.PDR.0000053202.65876.51

Makowski, P, Sorensen, TS, Therkildsen, SV, Materka, A, Stødkilde-Jørgensen, H & Pedersen, EM 2003, 'Corrigendum to "Two-phase active contour method for semiautomatic segmentation of the heart and blood vessels from MRI images for 3D visualization" [Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics 26 (2002)9-17]', Comput Med Imaging Graph, vol. 27, no. 6. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14575788&dopt=Abstract>

Makowski, P, Sørensen, TS, Therkildsen, SV, Materka, A, Stødkilde-Jørgensen, H & Pedersen, EM 2003, 'Corrigendum to "Two-phase active contour method for semiautomatic segmentation of the heart and blood vessels from MRI images for 3D visualization"', Comput Med Imaging Graph, vol. 27, no. 6.

Bjørnskov, C 2003 'Corruption and Social Capital'.

Brattico, E, Tervaniemi, M, Valimaki, V, Van Zuijen, T & Peretz, T 2003, 'Cortical correlates of acquired deafness to dissonance', Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, pp. 158-160. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1284.019

Vestergaard, P , Olsen, ML , Johnsen, SP , Nielsen, LR , Sørensen, HT & Mosekilde, L 2003, 'Corticosteroid use and risk of hip fracture - A population-based case-control study in Denmark', Journal of Internal Medicine, vol. 254, pp. 486-93.

Kragh, H & Nye, MJ (ed.) 2003, Cosmologies and cosmogonies of space and time. in Cambridge History of Science: Modern Physical and Mathematical Sciences. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 522-537.

Kragh, H 2003, Cosmologies and cosmogonies of space and time. in MJ Nye (ed.), Cambridge History of Science: The Modern Physical and Mathematical Sciences. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 522-537.

Kragh, H & Rigden, JS (ed.) 2003, Cosmology. in Encyclopedia of Physics: Building Blocks of Matter. Gale, New York, pp. 150-154.

Kragh, H 2003, Cosmology. in J Rigden (ed.), Macmillan Encyclopedia of Physics: Building Blocks of Matter. Gale, New York, pp. 150-154.

van Dieten, HEM, Perez, RSGM, van Tulder, MW, de Lange, JJ, Zuurmond, WWA, Ader, HJ, Vondeling, H & Boers, M 2003, 'Cost effectiveness and cost utility of acetylcysteine versus dimethyl sulfoxide for reflex sympathetic dystrophy', PharmacoEconomics, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 139-148.

Korthals-de Bos, IBC, Hoving, JL, van Tulder, MW, Rutten-van Molken, MPMH, Ader, HJ, de Vet, HCW, Koes, BW, Vondeling, H & Bouter, LM 2003, 'Cost effectiveness of physiotherapy, manual therapy, and general practitioner care for neck pain: economic evaluation alongside a randomised controlled trial', BMJ, vol. 326, no. 7395, pp. 911-914B. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.326.7395.911

Elofsson, K 2003, 'Cost efficient reductions of stochastic agricultural loads to the Baltic Sea', Ecological Economics, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 13-31 .

Munk, KJ 2003, 'Cost of tax administration, external effect and optimal diversions from production efficiency', Paper presented at The 12th Annual Conference of the European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, Bilbao, Spain, 17/12/2010.

Jensen, TH, Rosbash, M & Andersen, ES 2003, 'Co-transcriptional monitoring of mRNP formation', Nature Structural and Molecular Biology, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 10-12.

T., M, J.P., H & Drewsen, M 2003, 'Coulomb bicrystals of species with identical charge-to-mass ratios', Physical Review Letters, vol. 91.

Baardseth Nielsen, A, Hvelplund, P , Liu, B , Nielsen, SB & Tomita, S 2003, 'Coulomb explosion upon electron attachment to a four-coordinate monoatomic metal complex', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 125, pp. 9592.

Kristensen, EF, Kofman, PD & Daugbjerg Jensen, P 2003, 'Counter pressure on ventilation of different types of wood chip and chunkwood', Biomass & Bioenergy, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 399-408.

Andersen, PH & Chao, P 2003, 'Country-of-Origin Effects in Global Industrial Sourcing: Toward an Integrated Framework', Management International Review, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 339-361. <http://www.baser.dk/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=549173741&sid=1&Fmt=4&clientId=53681&RQT=309&VName=PQD>

Ruden, TA, Helgaker, T, Jørgensen, P & Olsen, J 2003, 'Coupled-cluster connected-quadruples corrections to atomization energies', Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 371, pp. 62-67.

Risgaard-Petersen, N 2003, 'Coupled nitrification-denitrification in autotrophic and heterotrophic estuarine sediments: On the influence of benthic microalgae', Limnology and Oceanography, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 93-105.

Van Roosbroeck, J, De Witte, H, Gorska, M, Huyse, M, Kruglov, K, Van de Vel, K, Van Duppen, P, Franchoo, S, Cederkall, J, Fedoseyev, VN, Fynbo, H, Georg, U, Jonsson, O, Köster, U, Weissman, L, Mueller, WF, Mishin, VI, Fedorov, D, Walters, WB, Smirnova, NA, Van Dyck, A, De Maesschalck, A & Heyde, K 2003, 'Coupling a proton and a neutron to the semidoubly magic nucleus ⁶⁸Ni: A study of ⁷⁰Cu via the β decay of ⁷⁰Ni and ⁷⁰Cu', Physical Review C (Nuclear Physics), vol. 69, pp. 012703-1-11.

Strand, J 2003, 'Coupling marine monitoring and risk assessment by integrating exposure, bioaccumulation and effect studies: A case study using the contamination of organotin compounds in the Danish marine environment'. <http://hdl.handle.net/1800/571>

Petersen, JS, Bregenholt, S, Apostolopolous, V, Homann, D, Wolfe, T, Hughes, A, De Jongh, K, Dyrberg, TB, Von Herrath, MG & Wang, M 2003, 'Coupling of oral human or porcine insulin to the B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB) overcomes critical antigenic differences for prevention of type I diabetes', Clinical and Experimental Immunology, vol. 134, no. 1, pp. 38-45.

Ratzer, AV, Wells, LM , Lassen, HM , Laursen, M, Qvortrup, JF, Stissing, MS , Westergaard, M , Christensen, S , Jensen, K, Aalst, WMPVD (ed.) & Best, E (ed.) 2003, CPN Tools for Editing, Simulating, and Analysing Coloured Petri Nets. in WVD Aalst & E Best (eds), Applications and Theory of Petri Nets 2003. vol. 2679, Springer, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2679, pp. 450-462, International Conference on Applications and Theory of Petri Nets. ICATPN 2003, Eindhoven, Netherlands, 23/06/2003.

Damian, D & Danvy, O 2003, 'CPS Transformation of Flow Information, Part II: Administrative Reductions', Journal of Functional Programming, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 925-933. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956796803004702

Jensen, HM 2003, 'Crack initiation and growth in brittle bonds', Engineering Fracture Mechanics, vol. 70, no. 13, pp. 1611-1621. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7944(02)00200-X

Govindarajan, S, Agarwal, PK & Arge, LA 2003, CRB-Tree: An Efficient Indexing Scheme for Range-Aggregate Queries. in D Calvanese, M Lenzerini & R Motwani (eds), Database Theory - ICDT 2003: 9th International Conference Siena, Italy, January 8-10, 2003 Proceedings. Springer, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2572, pp. 143-157, International Conference on Database Theory, Siena, Italy, 08/01/2003. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-36285-1_10

Birkedal, R & Gesser, H 2003, 'Creatine kinase and mitochondrial respiration in hearts of trout, cod and freshwater turtle', Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systems, and Environmental Physiology, vol. 173, pp. 493-499.

Gulløv, E 2003, Creating a natural place for children: An ethnographic study of Danish kondergartens. in Children's places: cross-cultural perspectives. 1. udgave edn, Routledge, London.

Markham, A 2003, Creating Lit Reviews as Arguments: A Practical Guide. <http://www.markham.internetinquiry.org/2014/07/creatinglitreviewsasarguments/>

Weyer, G , Gunnlaugsson, HP, Dietrich, M, Fanciulli, M, Bharuth-Ram, K, Sielmann, R & nullISOLDECollaboration, T 2003, 'Creation and annealing of defect structures in silicon-based semiconductors during and after implantations at 77-500 K', Nucl. Instr. Meth. B, vol. 206, pp. 90-94.

Jensen, HS 2003, Crisis, Kuhn, Fuller.

Niekerk, KVK 2003, Critical Realism. in Encyclopedia of Science and Religion. vol. 1, Mac Millan Reference, New York, pp. 190-193.

Niekerk, KVK 2003, 'Critical Realism in Science and Theology', Omega - Indian Journal of Science and Religion, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 89-100.

Mølgaard, JP, Grant, R & Kristensen, IS 2003, 'Crop production and nitrate leaching from grassland converted to cereal cropping', DARCOF enews, no. 4. <http://www.darcof.dk/enews/dec03/dinog.html>

Olesen, JE , Askegaard, M & Rasmussen, IA 2003, Crop production and N leaching in arable organic farming. in O Niemeläinen & M Topi-Hulmi (eds), Nordic Agriculture in Global Perspective: Proceedings of NJF's 22nd Congress . pp. 195-195.

Alexander, V 2003, Cross-Cultural Encounters in Amit Chaudhuri's Afternoon Raag and Yasmine Gooneratne's A Change of Skies. in The Politics of English as a World Language. New Horizons in Postcolonial Cultural Studies. Ed. Christian Mair. Brill | Rodopi, pp. 375-383, The Politics of English as a World Language. New Horizons in Postcolonial Cultural Studies, Freiburg i.Br., Germany, 17/12/2010.

Vestergaard, J 2003, Cross-Cultural Student/Business Cooperative Education: The Denmark Project. in Proceedings of the International Business and Economy Conference 2003. International Business and Economy Conference, San Francisco, USA, 09/01/2003.

Best, CT, Halle, P, Faber, A & Bohn, O-S 2003, Cross-language perception of non-native vowels. in International Conference of Phonetic Sciences. pp. 2889-2892, International Conference of Phonetic Sciences, Barcelona, Spain, 17/12/2010.

Berthelot, F, Martinat-Botte, F, Terqui, M & Vajta, G 2003, 'Cryopreservation of porcine embryos: state of the art', Livestock Production Science, vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 73-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(03)00038-1

Enemark, HL 2003, 'Cryptosporidiosis a common cause of diarrhoea in calves', Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association of Danish cattle practitioners, 30/10/2003.

Enemark, HL, Ahrens, P, Bille-Hansen, V, Heegaard, PMH, Vigre, H, Thamsborg, SM & Lind, P 2003, 'Cryptosporidium parvum: infectivity and pathogenicity of the 'porcine' genotype', Parasitology, vol. 126, no. Pt 5, pp. 407-416. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0031182003003032

Enemark, HL 2003, Cryptosporidium parvum. in Annual report on zoonoses in Denmark 2002. Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries .

Enemark, HL 2003, Cryptosporidium research at the Danish Veterinary Institute – new techniques and results. in Annual report 2002. Danish Veterinary Institute.

Rasmussen, SE , Grundvig, S, Lundtoft, B & Fogh, F 2003, 'Crystal data for CaNa-iminodisulfonat, trihydrat', Powder Diffraction, vol. 18, pp. 0-0.

Lorentzen, E, Pohl, E, Zwart, P, Stark, EA, Russell, RB, Knura, T, Hensel, R & Siebers, B 2003, 'Crystal structure of an archaeal class I aldolase and the evolution of (betaalpha)8 barrel proteins', J. Biol. Chem., vol. 278, no. 47, pp. 47253-47260.

Hartmann, R , Justesen, J, Sarkar, SN, Sen, GC & Yee, VC 2003, 'Crystal structure of the 2′-specific and double-stranded RNA-activated interferon-induced antiviral protein 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase', Mol. Cell., vol. 12, pp. 1173-1185.

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