Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Xiao, R, Luo, Z, Wei, Z, Minakata, D, Spinney, R, Wacławek, S, Zeng, W & Tang, C 2026, 'Beyond the bench: Evaluating the reliability of chemical scavengers in radical-based advanced oxidation processes', Chinese Chemical Letters, vol. 37, no. 5, 111853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2025.111853

Finderup, J, Deele, M, Agerskov, H & Bonner, A 2026, 'Beyond the Individual: Toward a Family-Centered Understanding of Dialysis Caregiving', American Journal of Kidney Diseases, vol. 87, no. 4, pp. 511-513. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2026.02.634

Frank, M, Maaser, N & Stadelmann, D 2026, 'Beyond the last term: Analyzing politicians’ responsiveness in a no-term-limit context', Journal of Comparative Economics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2026.03.004

Dias, N, Lucas, J & Sheffer, L 2026, 'Beyond the mean: how thinking about the distribution of public opinions reduces politicians’ perceptual errors', Political Science Research and Methods. https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2025.10069

Berthelsen, UD , Thomsen, MR & Tannert, M (eds) 2026, Beyond the Turing Test: What science fiction can teach us about artificial intelligence. Routledge - Taylor & Francis.

Caragiannis, I & Fehrs, KAF 2026, Beyond the Worst Case: Distortion in Impartial Culture Electorates. in M Mavronicolas, Q Qi & G Schoenebeck (eds), Web and Internet Economics - 20th International Conference, WINE 2024, Proceedings. vol. LNCS 15534, Springer, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 15534, pp. 420-437. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-08560-3_24

Waade, AMR & De Rosa, P 2026, 'From the “glass cliff” to the “ice floe”. Gender, ageing, and crisis leadership in Borgen - Power and Glory (Netflix–DR, 2022)', Mediascapes Journal.

Hof, J, Vermeulen, S & Richters, A 2026, 'Biased associations between number of BCG instillations and outcome in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer', BJU International, vol. 137, no. 1, pp. 226. https://doi.org/10.1111/bju.16866

Knoop, HH 2026, Biblioteker fremmer trivsel. vol. 1, 1 edn, Randers Bibliotek. <https://www.randersbib.dk/sites/default/files/2026-01/Biblioteker%20fremmer%20trivsel_MAXI%20rapport_web_29.01.26.pdf>

Lind, PC , Hansen, FG , Holmberg, MJ , Jessen, MK , Granfeldt, A & Andersen, LW 2026, 'Bicarbonate and Other Buffer Therapies in Acute Metabolic Acidosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis', Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, vol. 70, no. 4, e70212. https://doi.org/10.1111/aas.70212

Enquist, BJ, Boyle, B, Maitner, BS, Merow, C, Carlson, BS, Feng, X, Moulatlet, GM, Newman, EA, Park, DS, Pillet, M, Roehrdanz, PR, Serra-Diaz, JM, Babu, RSY, Barbosa, GGC, Casler, N, Donoghue, JC, Guaderrama, D, Sajja, RK, Couvreur, TLP, Jones, MB, Jørgensen, PM, Kraft, NJB, Marquet, PA, McGill, BJ, Merchant, N, Morueta-Holme, N, Neves, DM, Oliveira-Filho, A, Peet, RK, Phillips, O, Sandel, B, Schildhauer, M, Simova, I, ter Steege, H, Svenning, JC, Thiers, B, Violle, C, Wieringa, JJ & Wiser, SK 2026, 'BIEN: A biodiversity informatics ecosystem advancing open and reproducible workflows for plant observation, plot and trait data', Methods in Ecology and Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.70274

Wilson, JP, Amano, T, Bregnballe, T, Corregidor-Castro, A, Francis, R, Gallego-García, D, Hodgson, JC, Jones, LR, Luque-Fernández, CR, Marchowski, D, McEvoy, J, McKellar, AE, Oosthuizen, WC, Pfeifer, C, Renner, M, Sarasola, JH, Sokač, M, Valle, R, Zbyryt, A & Fuller, RA 2026, 'Big Bird: A global dataset of birds in drone imagery annotated to species level', Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation. https://doi.org/10.1002/rse2.70059

Karliukova, A, Shtyrov, Y, Abutalebi, J & Myachykov, A 2026, 'Bilingual experience modulates the embodiment of emotive concepts in non-native language', Language, Cognition and Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2026.2624717

Kjærgaard, K , Yeoman, JM , Eriksen, PL , Mikkelsen, ACD, Møller, EE, Wietz, A-SF, de Zawadzki, A, Gormsen, LC , Heebøll, S , Vilstrup, H & Thomsen, KL 2026, 'Binge drinking acutely induces hepatic steatosis which is readily reversible: A real-world observational study in healthy adults', JHEP Reports, vol. 8, no. 1, 101623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhepr.2025.101623

Iturbe-Espinoza, P, Bruun, EW, Sapkota, R , Ellegaard-Jensen, L , Christiansen, NG, Petersen, CT, Müller‐Stöver, D & Winding, A 2026, 'Biochar affects phosphate availability, extracellular enzyme activity, and microbiomes in coarse sandy subsoils', European Journal of Soil Biology, vol. 128, 103800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2025.103800

Wang, J , Norgaard, T , Kisielius, V , Nielsen, AB , Carvalho, PN , Nielsen, NC & Wu, S 2026, 'Biochar–calcium peroxide composite for sustained tebuconazole removal via adsorption and surface-mediated oxidative degradation', Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 501, 140943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.140943

da Silva, JP, de Souza, JJLL, Dick, DP, Teixeira, RDS, Soares, EMB, Gomes, LC & Schaefer, CEGR 2026, 'Biochemical and molecular fingerprinting of soil organic matter fractions reveals diverse sources and stabilization mechanisms in Maritime Antarctica', Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 212, 110015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.110015

Descamps, S, Jungblut, S, Yoccoz, NG, Schlegel, R, Kovacs, KM, Merkel, F, Renaud, PE, Sen, A, Søreide, JE, Vader, A, Bailey, A, Berge, J, Düsedau, L, Gabrielsen, GW, Hanssen, SA, Hop, H, Jørgensen, LL, Lydersen, C, Marnela, M, Merillet, L, Moe, B, Sauser, C, Systad, GH, Wold, A & Bischof, K 2026, 'Biodiversity changes in Arctic coastal ecosystems under borealization', PNAS Nexus, vol. 5, no. 2, pgag004. https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgag004

Mota, LA, Calegari, RP, Pinto, AU, Sica, P, Gomes, MP, Baptista, AS & Arthur, V 2026, 'Biofortification of Yeast with Selenomethionine in Corn Hydrolysate: Influence of Different Metabolic Pathways', Biological Trace Element Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-025-04963-w

Piso, L, Marshall, IPG, Slomp, CP & van Helmond, NAGM 2026, 'Biogeochemical processes in Baltic Sea sediments as a recorder of environmental change over the Holocene', Marine Geology, vol. 494, 107718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2026.107718

Holthusen, LA, Bange, HW, Badewien, TH, Muchowski, JC, Santl-Temkiv, T , Schmidt, JS, Wurl, O & Arévalo-Martínez, DL 2026, 'Biogeochemical shifts during Arctic spring: potential reduction of CH₄ and N₂O emissions driven by surfactants in the sea-surface microlayer', Cryosphere, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 535-550. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-535-2026

de Bruin-Weller, MS, Boesjes, CM, Achten, RA, Beck, LA, Irvine, AD, Vestergaard, C, de Graaf, M, van Wijk, F, Bakker, DS & Weidinger, S 2026, 'Biologics to Treat Atopic Dermatitis: Effectiveness, Safety, and Future Directions', Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 81, no. 2, pp. 326-344. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.70061

Kjær, MB , Jørgensen, AG , Fjelstrup, S , Dupont, DM , Bus, C , Oversoe, SK , Kelsen, J , Kjems, J & Grønbæk, H 2026, 'Biomarker-directed aptamer panels for diagnosis and differentiation of neuroendocrine tumors', Journal of Neuroendocrinology, vol. 38, no. 3, e70146. https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.70146

Lau, TS 2026, 'Biomarkers of fibrotic complications in neuroendocrine neoplasms: Clinical potential of established and novel markers', PhD, Aarhus University.

He, C, Zhang, L, Xiong, Y, Wang, Y, Zeng, Y, Su, D, Wang, R, Li, Y, Chen, H, Cheng, F & Xu, ZP 2026, 'Biomimetic Copper-Doped Nano-Aluminum Adjuvant Potentiates Therapy in Chemoresistant Acute Myeloid Leukemia', Advanced Healthcare Materials. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202504039

Ko, G, Park, H, Lee, CY, Angenent, LT, Jeon, BS & Hwang, ET 2026, 'Biomineralization-driven one-pot separation and stabilization of extracellular lipases bypassing purification', International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol. 337, no. Part 2, 149554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.149554

Bach, NR, í Homrum, E, Gaard, E & Neuheimer, AB 2026, 'Biophysical Factors Controlling the Distribution of Veined Squid Loligo forbesii at Its Northern Extent', Fisheries Oceanography. https://doi.org/10.1111/fog.70028

Carvalho, AJ, Pacheco, MR, Guerra, JPL , Jones, NC , Hoffmann, SV, Calmeiro, T, Fortunato, E, Pereira, AS & Tavares, P 2026, 'Biophysical insights into plasmid DNA binding by deinococcus grandis Dps nanocage', European Biophysics Journal. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00249-026-01830-x

Veziroglu-Bicer, P, Chrysochou, P & Uysal-Unalan, I 2026, 'Bioplastics in food packaging: A systematic review of consumer perceptions, systemic and communication challenges, and future research directions', Food Research International, vol. 233, 118911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2026.118911

Stødkilde, L , Therkildsen, M , Jensen, SK & Eskildsen, M 2026, 'Biorefined grass-clover protein and grass-based roughage improve n-6/n-3 ratio in organic pork without decreasing storage stability or sensory characteristics', Livestock Science, vol. 306, 105920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2026.105920

Qiu, J, Bibi, A, Lara, AR, Wang, Q & Dai, Z 2026, 'Biosensors for coenzyme A thioester derivatives: Development, optimization and applications', Biotechnology Advances, vol. 87, 108767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2025.108767

Andersen, JV 2026, Bitcoin. in R Beck & CB Slade (eds), Elgar Encyclopedia of Cryptocurrencies, Blockchain and DLT. Edward Elgar Publishing. <https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/elgar-encyclopedia-of-cryptocurrencies-blockchain-and-dlt-9781035339952.html>

Axelgaard, S 2026, 'Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction in Children. Integrating Treatment and Microbiome Insights', PhD, Aarhus University.

Holm, TE & Balsby, TJS 2026, Blåhals, overvågning af ynglefugle. DCE, Teknisk anvisning fra Fagdatacenter for Biodiversitet og Terrestrisk Natur, no. A177, vers. 3, Aarhus University, DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy. <https://ecos.au.dk/fileadmin/ecos/Fagdatacentre/Biodiversitet/TAA177_Blaahals_v3.pdf>

Birkler, MK 2026, 'Blå klimateologi i danske farvande', Semper. <https://www.sempermagasin.dk/artikler/blaa-klimateologi-i-danske-farvande>

Deng, WB, Drager, K, Li, XR, Han, W, Djernæs, M, Wang, YS, Martin, J, Schwartz, J, Zhang, ZZ, Kovacs, TGL, Lo, N, Hellemans, S, Che, YL, Bourguignon, T, Wang, ZQ & Evangelista, D 2026, 'Blattodea systematics in the genomic age', Insect Systematics and Diversity, vol. 10, no. 1, ixaf042. https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaf042

DanGer Shock investigators 2026, 'Bleeding in Patients With Infarct-Related Cardiogenic Shock: A DanGer Shock Substudy', JACC. Cardiovascular interventions, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 302-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2025.10.051

Stisen, MG , Pedersen, AB , Kjeldsen, T , Foldager, FN , Parner, ET & Mechlenburg, I 2026, Blinded interpretation of the main results from: Long-term effects of hip strengthening exercise in patients undergoing revision total hip replacement: 12-month follow-up from a multicenter randomized controlled trial (The Strong Hip Trial).

Foldager, FN , Kierkegaard, S, Kemp, JL, Stisen, MG , Mechlenburg, I & Bibby, BM 2026, Blinded interpretation of the primary endpoint results from: “Effectiveness of Supervised Strengthening Exercise Compared to Usual Care on Hip-Related Quality of Life for Patients with Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome (the Better Hip Trial). ”.

Matos, S, Parry, G, Goduscheit, RC & Xiong, Y 2026, '“Blockchain for good” – but good for whom and when? Studies on the impacts of context and temporality', Technovation, vol. 152, 103490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2026.103490

Goduscheit, RC, Matos, S, Holm, K, Parry, G & Xiong, Y 2026, 'Blockchain technology through a paradox lens: Bridging the gap between promise and reality?', Technovation, vol. 150, 103384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2025.103384

Moseby-Knappe, M, Levin, H, Ullén, S, Zetterberg, H, Blennow, K, Lagebrant, A, Dankiewicz, J, Jakobsen, JC, Lilja, G, Nichol, AD, Eastwood, G, Ainscough, K, Thomas, MJC, Grejs, AM, Keeble, TR, Rylander, C, Düring, J, Wise, MP, Hovdenes, J, Storm, C, Borgquist, O, Cariou, A, Deye, N, Lascarrou, JB, Bannard-Smith, J, Undén, J, Vignon, P, Legriel, S, Šmíd, O, Pogson, D, Karasek, J, McGuigan, PJ, Joannidis, M, Kirkegaard, H, Bewley, J, Christensen, S, Maccaroni, MR, Valerianova, A, Lundin, A, Lybeck, A, Leithner, C, Varhaník, F, Sweet, K, Walden, A, Friberg, H, Nielsen, N & TTM2 biobank study investigators 2026, 'Blood biomarkers for the prediction of outcome after cardiac arrest: An international prospective observational study within the Targeted Hypothermia versus Normothermia after Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (TTM2) trial', The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 215-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(25)00363-7

Herraiz-Adillo, Á, Eriksson, H, Ahlqvist, VH, Ballin, M, Wennberg, P, Daka, B, Lenander, C, Berglind, D, Östgren, CJ, Lundgren, O, Rådholm, K & Henriksson, P 2026, 'Blood Pressure in Adolescence and Atherosclerosis in Middle Age', JAMA cardiology, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 14-24. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2025.4271

Kock, J & Sode, T 2026, Blown Glass Mirrors: An exclusive fashion in Viking Age Scandinavia. in Annales du Congrès de L'Association Internationale pour L'Historire du Verre: AIHV23. Association Internationale pour l'Histoire du Verre.

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Piñeiro-Juncal, N, Serrano, O, de los Santos, CB, Marbà, N, Díaz-Almela, E, Tuya, F, Mazarrasa, I, Garmendia, JM, Otero, XL, Inostroza, K, Pagès, JF, Mendez-Martínez, G, Fernandez, E, Sousa, AI, Camacho, A, Ballesteros, E, Barañano, C, Belshe, F, Bernabeu, I, Brun, FG, Camacho-Santamans, A, Delgado, A, Dahl, M, Duarte, CM, Espino, F, Franco, J, da Conceiçao Freitas, M, Garcia-Orellana, J, Garrigos, B, Gomis, E, Haroun, R, Hernandez, I, Juanes, JA, Leiva-Dueñas, C, Lavery, P, Lillebø, AI, Lopes, V, Majtenyi-Hill, C, Marco-Mendez, C, Martins, M, Monnier, B, Morant, D, Montero, N, Neto, JM, Ondiviela, B, Peralta, G, Picazo, A, Reithmaier, G, Rochera, C, Román, M, Santos, IR, Santos, R, Serrano, E, Soler, M, Yau, YY, Weitzmann, B, Zribi, I & Mateo, MÁ 2026, 'Blue carbon inventories of Spain and Portugal for their inclusion in national climate mitigation strategies', Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 228, 119570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119570

Hjorth, CF, Olsen, MH, Ulrichsen, SP , Nors, J , Wheler, J , Borgquist, S , Iversen, LH, Dalton, SO & Cronin-Fenton, D 2026, 'Body mass index and colorectal cancer recurrence and mortality: A nationwide cohort study in Denmark', International Journal of Cancer, vol. 158, no. 8, pp. 2111-2119. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.70248

Gribsholt, SB , Laugesen, K , Plana-Ripoll, O , Ulrichsen, SP , Vestergaard, M , Richelsen, B, Ekholm, O & Sørensen, HT 2026, 'Body mass index and mental disorders: A Danish cohort study', Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 306-315. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.70189

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