Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Cavaletti, F & Heimann, K 2026, 'Micro-Phenomenology as a Method for Informing Experimental Design: A Case Study Regarding Time Perception', Constructivist Foundations, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 137-149.

Rea, LT, Adamchak, C, Gerson, JR, Franchois, MA, Røy, H & Hinckley, ELS 2026, 'Microsites support microbial sulfate reduction in upland soils', Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 216, 110121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2026.110121

Knudsen, NM , Thrane, L , Emmanuel, T , Johansen, C , Pedersen, M & Vestergaard, C 2026, 'Microvascular alterations in nonlesional psoriatic skin versus healthy control skin: insights from optical coherence tomography angiography in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis', Skin Health and Disease, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 45-53. https://doi.org/10.1093/skinhd/vzaf083

Nijkamp, T, Namba, HF, Boerhout, CKM, Lee, JM, de Waard, GA, Mejía-Rentería, H, Hoshino, M, Echavarria-Pinto, M, Meuwissen, M, Matsuo, H, Madera-Cambero, M, Eftekhari, A, Effat, MA, Banerjee, R, Murai, T, Marques, K, Doh, J-H, Jung, J-H, Nam, C-W, Niccoli, G, Nakayama, M, Tanaka, N, Shin, E-S, van Es, R, den Ruijter, HM, van der Harst, P, Knaapen, P, Koo, B-K, Kakuta, T, Escaned, J, van Royen, N, Christiansen, EH, Piek, JJ, Damman, P & van de Hoef, TP 2026, 'Microvascular Resistance Reserve vs Coronary Flow Reserve to Assess Age-Related Trends in Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction', JACC. Cardiovascular interventions, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 437-448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2025.11.019

Rytter, M 2026, 'Midlertidighed, afmagt og flugt gennem skriften', Jordens Folk.

Rytter, M 2026, 'Midlertidighedens konsekvenser: Flygtninges liv og rettigheder', Samfundsfagsnyt.

Hammershøj, LG & Holsting, VS 2026, Militær professionsdannelse. Samfundslitteratur.

Ehlers, B & Damgaard, C 2026, 'Miljømæssig risikovurdering af forsøgsudsætning af NGT-kartoffel', No. 2026-0933486, 7 p., Mar 09, 2026. Rådgivningsnotat fra DCA - Nationalt Center for Fødevarer og Jordbrug.

Adamsen, APS , Nørremark, M , Hansen, MJ , Kai, P , Børsting, CF , Brask, MJ , Ottosen, C-O & Kristensen, EF 2026, Miljø- og Klimateknologi 2026. Rådgivningsrapport fra DCA - Nationalt Center for Fødevarer og Jordbrug, Aarhus University, DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy.

Bohr, EH, Christensen, JPA , Tairova, Z & Timmermann, K (eds) 2026, Miljøtilstand og presfaktorer i Roskilde Fjord og Isefjorden. DTU Aqua-rapport, no. 492-2026, DTU Aqua. https://doi.org/10.11581/e3fcaaeb-7b5c-477d-bbe4-352809f7b6b1

Alstrup, AKO & Wang, T 2026, 'Mimicry og evolution', Kaskelot, vol. 259, pp. 10-13.

Lind, M , Nielsen, TG , Christensen, BB & Sørensen, OG 2026, 'Minced Cartilage Transplantation Demonstrated Improved Cartilage Repair Healing Compared to Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate on Hyaluronic Acid (HA-BMAC) for Full-Thickness Knee Cartilage Lesions: Clinical And Biological Outcomes in a Matched Cohort Study', Cartilage. https://doi.org/10.1177/19476035261423333

Devos, Y, Axelman, J, Aldrich, A, Bandow, N, Christensen, K, Duquesne, S, Herzler, M, Løfstedt, M, Mazerolles, V, Mølgaard, N, Orsini, L, Pieper, S, Rousselle, C, Sanders, P, Topping, CJ, Treu, G, Uhl, M, van den Brink, N, Williams, JH & Hornek-Gausterer, R 2026, 'MIND: a proposed strategic and collaborative platform for advancing chemical environmental risk assessment', Environmental Sciences Europe. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-025-01324-1

Ben-Uriel Maoz, L, Lavy, S & Berkovich-Ohana, A 2026, 'Mindfulness, decentering, and mother–child relationships in COVID-19 lockdown: A daily diary study', Mindfulness, vol. 17, pp. 526-541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-025-02736-z

Hemme, MS 2026, 'Mindstelønsdirektivet overlever (næsten) Danmarks annullationssøgsmål', EU-Ret & Menneskeret.

Russello, H , Alison, J , He, Z & Geissmann, Q 2026, 'miniMon: A low-cost, low-tech mini timelapse camera trap for monitoring arthropods', Environmental and Behavioral Monitoring with Open Source, Low Cost Tools' Symposium (SICB 2026), 04/01/2026 - 05/01/2026.

Arnórsdóttir, AS 2026, 'Minni um sjóslys í íslenskum annálum 1400–1800', Andvari, pp. 81.

Indongo, N, Smith, RC & Heike Winschiers-Theophilus, H 2026, Mirror of Reflections: Creating Relatable AI-generated Motivational Stories from San Youth Experiences and San Elders’ Wisdom. in 2025 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Networks and Computer Communications (ETNCC). IEEE.

Ostenfeld, A, Carlsen, SE, Jensen, AK, Futtrup, TB, Westergaard, HB, Pedersen, LH, Andersen, JT, Petersen, TS, Leth Løkkegaard, EC & VOMIT investigation group 2026, 'Mirtazapine or ondansetron for hyperemesis gravidarum: A randomized placebo-controlled trial', American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2025.12.061

Ibsen, DB , Dahm, CC & Fridén, M 2026, '(Mis)interpreting substitution models in nutritional epidemiology: why the effect of NOVA 1 foods cannot be understood without NOVA 4', The Lancet. Planetary Health, vol. 10, no. 1, 101413, pp. 101413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanplh.2025.101413

Jørgensen, KJ, Jørgensen, T & Støvring, H 2026, 'Misrepresentation of results from the DANCAVAS II trial', European Heart Journal. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf1110

Frost, L & Elgaard, AD 2026, Mistanke om overgreb mod børn: En håndbog for fagprofessionelle. vol. 1. udgave, 1. oplag edn, LaserTryk, Aarhus. <https://flippage.impleoweb.no/spg/8913b7a3365146efa1046e674bbde32a/Haandbog_Mistanke%20om%20overgreb%20mod%20boern.pdf#page=1>

Thestrup, K 2026, 'Mit digt er min stemme', DJES Danish journal of education studies, vol. 4, no. 3. https://doi.org/10.7146/djes.v4i3.162755

Blankson, D, Frimpong, KA, Atiah, K, Fouladidorhani, M, Nyasapoh, JBA, Ravnskov, S & Arthur, E 2026, 'Mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from a tropical sandy loam using oil palm empty fruit bunch biochar and compost amendments', Vadose Zone Journal, vol. 25, no. 2, e70090. https://doi.org/10.1002/vzj2.70090

Akintunde, MO, Adebayo-Tayo, BC & Ajunwa, OM 2026, 'Mixed hexose and pentose sugars induce species-variable bacterial cellulose production by Komagataeibacter spp', Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-025-03283-6

Buivydaitė, Ž, Garcia-Pedrajas, D, Cañizares, C, Sarmiento-Villamil, J-L, Jørgensen, LN , Fomsgaard, IS , Winding, A & Sapkota, R 2026, 'Mixed Impacts of the Mycovirus Fusarium Culmorum Phenuivirus 1 on Fusarium culmorum: Laboratory and In Planta Investigations', Plant Pathology, vol. 75, no. 1, e70120. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.70120

Hansen, TM , Christensen, N & Vendelbo, M 2026 'MlPET: A Localized Neural Network Approach for Probabilistic Post-Reconstruction PET Image Analysis Using Informed Priors'. <https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.18021>

Lucas, TN, Biehain, U, Gautam, A, Gemeinhardt, K, Lass, T, Konzalla, S, Ley, RE, Angenent, LT & Huson, DH 2026, 'MMonitor for real-time monitoring of microbial communities using long reads', Cell Reports Methods, vol. 6, no. 1, 101266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crmeth.2025.101266

Afrough, A, Andersen, P, Weihrauch, TNA, Juhl, DW, Bakalis, S, Malmos, KG & Vosegaard, T 2026, 'Mobility of lactose in Milk powders', Food Research International, vol. 231 Part 2, 118724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2026.118724

Mozaffari, A & Harvey, D 2026, 'Modalities of heritage–border relations in a multipolar world order', International Journal of Heritage Studies, vol. 32, no. 4, 10.1080/13527258.2025.2595081, pp. 501-524. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2025.2595081

Chavleishvili, S 2026, 'Modeling asymmetric tail dependence in a non-Gaussian framework', Econometric Reviews, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 331-359. https://doi.org/10.1080/07474938.2025.2570253

Moos, K , Holm, AIS, Perez Haas, Y, Ludwig, R, Grau Eriksen, J & Sofia Korreman, S 2026, 'Modeling bilateral lymphatic head and neck tumor progression for personalized elective target volume definition', Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol. 71, no. 3. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ae36e2

Pastewka, L, Vakis, AI, Eder, SJ, Aghababaei, R, Almqvist, A, Carbone, G, Chandross, M, Dini, D, Ehrich, HJ, Ewen, JP, Menga, N, Molinari, JF, Moras, G, Nicola, L, Paggi, M, Putignano, C, Scaraggi, M, Yastrebov, VA & Müser, MH 2026, 'Modeling in tribology: Recent advances, applications, and open questions', Tribology International, vol. 218, 111326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2025.111326

Feldkamp, P & Bizzoni, Y 2026, Modeling Multilayered Complexity in Literary Texts: A Preliminary Study. in La complexité en sciences du langage. La complexité en sciences du langage, Paris, France, 12/12/2024.

Schourup-Kristensen, V , Larsen, J, Vonnahme, TR, Krawczyk, D & Maar, M 2026, 'Modeling Shrimp Larval Drift in Disko Bay: Linking Ocean Dynamics and Recruitment in a Changing Arctic', Dansk Havforskermøde , Helsingør, Denmark, 20/01/2026 - 22/01/2026.

Trolle, GB , Kubečka, J & Elm, J 2026, 'Modeling the Aerosol Aqueous Phase: Solvation of Pyruvic Acid Analogs and Na⁺, Cl^–Ions', Journal of Physical Chemistry A, vol. 130, no. 5, pp. 1175-1187. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.5c07598

Osman, R, Iqbal, MS, Sarfraz, Z, Mahmood, A, Rafiq Shahid, M, Feike, T, Wang, L, Fu, S & Ata-Ul-Karim, ST 2026, 'Modeling the interplay of cultivars, irrigation regimes, and planting dates for optimizing cotton productivity in core and non-core cotton areas of Pakistan', Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol. 241, 111257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2025.111257

Major-Smith, D & Purzycki, BG 2026, 'Modeling Uncertainty around Free-list Cultural Salience Scores', Field Methods, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 62-75. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X251379224, https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X251379224

Zhang, J & Petersen, SO 2026, 'Model Investigation of Nitrification Inhibitor Effects on Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Manure Hotspots', Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, vol. 131, no. 2, e2025JG009334. https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JG009334

Hansen, OK 2026, 'Modelling nucleotide context of mutational processes in germline', PhD, Aarhus University.

Smeele, SQ , Grethen, KJ , Brinkløv, SMM , Fjederholt, ET & Elmeros, M 2026, Modelling offshore bat activity over Danish waters. Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, no. 691, vol. 2026, Aarhus University, DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy. <https://dce.au.dk/fileadmin/dce.au.dk/Udgivelser/Videnskabelige_rapporter_600-699/SR691.pdf>

Dastranj, M & Sepaskhah, A 2026, 'Modelling perennial saffron growth and yield under different irrigation water salinities, irrigation water levels and planting methods', Agricultural Water Management, vol. 323, 110097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110097

Bley, J, Goorney, S, Gábris, A, Küchemann, S, Heusler, S, Widera, A & Sherson, J 2026, 'Modelling quantum curriculum innovation: a pilot study', EPJ Quantum Technology, vol. 13, no. 1, 16. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-026-00476-0

Xu, P, Fiorentini, M & Kokogiannakis, G 2026, 'Model predictive control for simultaneous sensible and latent load management in hybrid radiant-convective cooling systems', Energy and Buildings, vol. 359, 117333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117333

Kazakova, O, Kosidou, K, Cedic, S, Granfors, M, Ahlqvist, VH & Magnusson, C 2026, 'Mode of Delivery and Request for Caesarean Section in Birthing People With Mental Disorders: A Register-Based Total Population Study', B J O G, vol. 133, no. 3, pp. 422-431. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.70032

Plauborg, H 2026, 'Mod et opgør med fastholdelsesbegrebet', Kognition & Pædagogik, vol. 36, no. 139, pp. 21-28.

Hu, Y, Kang, S, Ding, R, Berghuijs, HNC, Vogeler, I, Qiu, Y, Monteiro, LA & Lana, M 2026, 'Modifying water absorption process to enhance model performance on biomass accumulation under soil water and salt stresses', Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol. 244, 111440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.111440

Andersen, MS, Pedersen, JC, Jørgensen, B, Hinge, M & Eriksen, RL 2026, 'Modular calibration board for automated calibration of hyperspectral cameras', Spectrochimica Acta - Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, vol. 344, no. Part 1, 126608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2025.126608

Marionneau, V, Sassus Bourda, F, Aguirre, A & Birkedal, L 2026, Modular Specifications and Implementations of Random Samplers in Higher-Order Separation Logic. in K Stark, Y Zakowski, N Swamy & N Tabareau (eds), CPP 2026 - Proceedings of the 15th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Certified Programs and Proofs, Co-located with POPL 2026. pp. 368-382. https://doi.org/10.1145/3779031.3779109

Kromm, FEH , Møller, SLB , Jensen, AS , Wørmer, GJ , Rasmussen, MH , B. Svenningsen, E , Tørring, T & Poulsen, TB 2026, 'Modular Total Synthesis of Lasalocid Acid A through Direct C(sp³)–C(sp³) Attached Ring Construction', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 148, no. 1, pp. 249-257. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5c11543

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