Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Malino, D, Codoni, G, Kirchner, T, Engel, B, Villamil, AM, Efe, C, Stättermayer, AF, Weltzsch, JP, Sebode, M, Bernsmeier, C, Lleo, A, Gevers, TJG, Kupčinskas, L, Castiella, A, Pinazo, J, De Martin, E, Bobis, I, Sandahl, TD, Pedica, F, Invernizzi, F, Del Poggio, P, Bruns, T, Kolev, M, Semmo, N, Bessone, F, Giguet, B, Poggi, G, Ueno, M, Jang, H, Elpek, GO, Soylu, NK, Cerny, A, Wedemeyer, H, Matter, MS, Uzun, S, Matilla-Cabello, G, Vergani, D, Mieli-Vergani, G, Lucena, MI, Andrade, RJ, Zen, Y, Taubert, R & Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli, B 2026, 'Clinical course and prognostic risk factors of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-related hepatitis: differentiating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccine-associated liver injury from autoimmune hepatitis', European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. https://doi.org/10.1097/MEG.0000000000003142

Staunstrup, NH , Starnawska, A, Bybjerg-Grauholm, J & Nissen, JB 2026, 'Clinical description and epigenetic profiling of a new Danish OCD case-control cohort', Journal of Psychiatric Research, vol. 193, pp. 369-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.12.003

Kraghede, RE, Nielsen, LW, Christiansen, KJ , Dyrskog, S , Dey, N , Kaspersen, AE & Hasenkam, JM 2026, 'Clinical feasibility of intratracheal tracheostomy sealing using a novel sealing disc prototype', Scientific Reports. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-41209-8

Dueholm Hjorth, IM , Bech, BH, Ledger, A, Møller, C, Van den Bosch, T & Mogensen, O 2026, 'Clinical implementation and validation of ADNEX and RMI in general gynaecological settings: a prospective danish multicentre study', International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, vol. 36, no. 2, suppl. 1, 103967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgc.2025.103967

Zörner, CR, Riis-Vestergaard, LD, Schjerning, A-M, Jensen, MK, Christensen, AH, Tfelt-Hansen, J, Tønnesen, J, Middelfart, C, Rasmussen, PV, Gislason, G & Hansen, ML 2026, 'Clinical implications and recurrence rates of first-time catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a nationwide cohort study', European Heart Journal Open, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. oeag046. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjopen/oeag046

Pedersen, MW, Kragholm, K, Søgaard, P & Andersen, NH 2026, 'Clinical Implications of False Lumen Thrombosis in Acute Type A Aortic Dissection', Annals of Thoracic Surgery. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2026.01.043

Jellestad, ASL, Knudsen, RL, Harwood, CD, Stensbæk, MT, Pisljagic, S, Viberg, B, Andersen, JA, Varnum, C, Gundtoft, PH, Lange, KHW, Lundstrøm, LH & Nørskov, AK 2026, 'Clinical practice for closed reduction of distal radius fractures in Denmark', Danish Medical Journal, vol. 73, no. 3, A08250653. https://doi.org/10.61409/A08250653

Ren, Y, Baruffini, A, Biolo, S, Corti, R, Nielsen, JC, Fraser, AG & Caiani, EG 2026, 'Clinical significance of field safety notices concerning implantable pacemakers and defibrillators', EP Europace, vol. 28, no. 2, euag031. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euag031

Tang, CX, Leipsic, JA, Nørgaard, BL, Gianluca, P, Tesche, C, Yang, J, Koo, B-K, Collet, C, Al-Mallah, MH, Xu, L, Zhang, JY, Dai, N, Lu, GM, Zheng, MW, Zhang, LJ & Schoepf, UJ 2026, 'Clinical use of coronary computed tomography angiography-derived fractional flow reserve: expert consensus by an International Working Group', European Radiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-025-12313-6

Stalikas, N, Bouisset, F, Mizukami, T, Tajima, A, Munhoz, D, Ikeda, K, Sonck, J, Wyffels, E, Wilgenhof, A, Astudillo, P, Trabattoni, D, Montorsi, P, Zivelonghi, C, Agostoni, P, Scott, B, Vermeersch, P, Gallinoro, E, Monizzi, G, Andreini, D, Vandeloo, B, Lochy, S, Argacha, JF, Støttrup, NB , Maeng, M, Engstrøm, T, Arslani, K, Olsen, NT, Ando, H, Amano, T, Ohashi, H, Jeremias, A, Ali, Z, Shlofmitz, E, Sakai, K, Spratt, JC, Brilakis, ES, Sandoval, Y, Stefanini, G, Bagnall, A, Purcell, I, Edes, IF, De Bruyne, B & Collet, C 2026, 'Clinical utility of coronary CT angiography to guide PCI: a survey among P4 investigators', International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 521-529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10554-025-03323-y

Lillelund Sørensen, S, Lipperts, M, Nielsen, JF & Næss-Schmidt, E 2026, 'Clinical validation of a rule-based decision tree algorithm for classifying hip movements in people with spinal cord injury', The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 340-349. https://doi.org/10.1080/10790268.2025.2472096

Øhrstrøm, EL, Bøggild, H, Johansson, N, Klitgaard, TL, Leutscher, PDH & Arenholt, LTS 2026, 'Clinical work perception and mental health in Danish resident doctors', Danish Medical Journal, vol. 73, no. 3, A05250361. https://doi.org/10.61409/A05250361

Sadeghi, M , Fernández-Khatiboun, D , Rezaeiyan, Y, Rizwan, S, Barcellona, A, Merello, A, Crepaldi, M, Panuccio, G & Moradi, F 2026, 'Closed-loop control of seizure activity via real-time seizure forecasting by reservoir neuromorphic computing', Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering, vol. 6, no. 1, 014009. https://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4386/ae3e14

Juve, JMA , Xiong, X, Donoso Reece, J, Wong, MS, Ateia, M, Luo, S & Wei, Z 2026, 'Closed-Loop UV-Activated Solvent-Based PFCAs Defluorination and Adsorbent Regeneration', Environmental Science and Technology Letters, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 164-169. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.5c01133

Andersen, RMF, Frederiksen, S, Stockholm, L , Zebergs, I , Kristensen, M, Weidner, C & Arlt, JJ 2026 'Cloud parameter estimation for interacting BEC after time-of-flight'.

Jaeger, SR, MacFie, H, Lawlor, JB, Fillion, L, Antille, N, Rytz, A & Hasted, A 2026, 'Cluster trimming: Improving segment homogeneity in product testing with consumers', Food Quality and Preference, vol. 137, 105782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2025.105782

Andersen, SC, Michel, B & Nielsen, HS 2026, 'Coaching and Implementation: insights from a Field Experiment in Danish Schools', Education Economics, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 173-188. https://doi.org/10.1080/09645292.2025.2491536

Hosseinpour, M, Roschk, H & Breitsohl, J 2026, 'Coalition formation and firm representatives’ answers to complainers on social media: Their interplay and the coalition ripple effect', Journal of Business Research, vol. 203, 115807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2025.115807

Al Azad, ASMA, Marsooli, R, Jamous, M, Appendini, CM, Ruiz-Salcines, P & Duran, R 2026, 'Coastal erosion hazards in northwest Florida due to extreme wind waves generated by tropical cyclones', Coastal Engineering, vol. 203, 104872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104872

Mariager-Anderson, K, Skovhus, RB, Dimsits, M & Thomsen, R 2026, Co-Creating Knowledge and Practice: The Research Circle Approach in Career Guidance. in AJ Albien, N Drosos, L Ferrari & TM Sgaramella (eds), New perspectives on career counseling and guidance in Europe. Springer.

Du Plessis, T, Berger, K , Pasgaard, M & Breed, C 2026, 'Co-creating micro-scale nature-based designs in Tshwane, South Africa: balancing stakeholder interests in the design process', Scientific Reports, vol. 16, no. 1, 4197. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-34314-7

Renneberg, CK , Rasmussen, ASD , Meldgaard, M , Maindal, HT & Aaby, A 2026, 'Co-Creating Organisational Health Literacy: Formative Evaluation and Feasibility Testing of OHL-Act: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health', International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 23, no. 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph23030391

Nguno, V, Till, S, Indongo, N, Kandjengo, S, Rodil, K, Smith, RC & Heike Winschiers-Theophilus, H 2026, Co-Designing a Web-Based Interface for an AI-IoT Hydroponics System with an Indigenous Community in Namibia. in International Conference on Emerging Trends in Networks and Computer Communications (ETNCC). IEEE, pp. 1-8, 2025 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Networks and Computer Communications, Namibia, 05/08/2025.

Christensen, J & Grønkjær, P 2026, 'Cod in a changing environment - Spatial variation in field metabolic rate of Atlantic cod from Greenland to Denmark', Havforskermødet , Helsingør, Denmark, 20/01/2026 - 22/01/2026.

Herskind, LLP , Fusaroli, R, Miton, H & Riede, F 2026, 'Cognitive affordances of South Scandinavian Mesolithic portable art as inferred from complexity and entropy measures', Journal of Archaeological Science.

Mellerup, SE & D. Drange, E-M 2026, Colaboración en el diseño de tareas para trabajar la escritura como proceso en español como lengua extranjera -con y sin herramientas digitales. in Actas del XXVI Congreso International de Lingüística y de Filología Románicas. University of Turku, Finland .

Tutenges, S & Smith, P 2026, Collective Effervescence. Temple University Press, Philadelphia.

Tutenges, S & Smith, P 2026, Collective Effervescence: The Superglue of Social Life.

Petersen, IV 2026, 'Collective Responsibility and Liability to Harm in War', PhD, Aarhus University.

Beldring, SN, Vojinović, V & Corredig, M 2026, 'Colloidal Insights into Acid Dairy Gels: Role of Exocellular Polysaccharides from Lactic Acid Bacteria', Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, vol. 81, 101970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2025.101970

Pedersen, OB , Rasmussen, LD , Søby, JH , Gormsen, LC , Christiansen, EH, Knuuti, J, Bøttcher, M, Shaw, L & Winther, S 2026, 'Combined Anatomic and Functional Testing Identifies Patients With Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease Who Benefit From Revascularization', Circulation. Cardiovascular imaging, pp. e019267. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.125.019267

Zhang, S, Wang, H, Xiang, Y, Sun, M, Ye, L, Liu, W, Zhu, Y, Wang, C, Wang, L & Lou, Z 2026, 'Combined Effects of Coagulation and Ozonation Treatment on Landfill Leachate DOM Biodegradability', Sustainability, vol. 18, no. 3, 1530. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18031530

Stewart, CB, Sathyanarayana, S, Foster, VK, Iredale, R, Galley, D, Pasquini, J, Anderson, KN, Pavese, N & Ledingham, D 2026, 'Combined Effects of Depression, Fatigue and Cardiovascular Dysfunction on Functional Dependence Over Seven Years in Early Parkinson's Disease', Movement Disorders Clinical Practice, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 399-409. https://doi.org/10.1002/mdc3.70291

Vitali, R, Belcher, CM, Mills, BJW & Watson, AJ 2026, 'Combined effects of photorespiration and fire strongly regulate atmospheric oxygen levels', Science Advances, vol. 12, no. 2, eady0542. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ady0542

Šećerović, A, Ristaniemi, A, Crivelli, F, Heub, S, Alini, M, Weder, G, Ledroit, D, Ferguson, SJ & Grad, S 2026, 'Combined Flexion, Torsion and Compression Drive Distinct Intervertebral Disc Failure Mechanisms Under Asymmetric, High-Cycle Loading', JOR Spine, vol. 9, no. 1, e70163. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsp2.70163

Denager, T, Christiansen, JR, Schneider, RJM, Langen, P , Quistgaard, T & Stisen, S 2026, 'Combined water table and temperature dynamics control CO₂ emission estimates from drained peatlands under rewetting and climate change scenarios', Biogeosciences, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 441-462. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-441-2026

Stommel, NJB, Roberts, LR, Davidson, TA, Jourdan, AL & Hoare, DJ 2026, 'Combining Historical Records and Palaeolimnology to Reconstruct Changes in Aquatic Macrophyte Communities in Shallow, Brackish Lakes: A Norfolk Broads Case Study', Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, vol. 36, no. 2, e70347. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.70347

Musaeus, P & Smedegaard Ernst Bengtsen, S 2026, 'Comedy, tragedy, and creative becoming: Rethinking higher education and the ‘great’ teacher through Nietzsche ', Imagining Collective Agency in Higher Education: Higher Education Futures for All, Aarhus, Denmark, 02/06/2026 - 04/06/2026.

Henshall, C, McGreevy, P, Shea, G, Doherty, O, Christensen, JW, Fenner, K, Warren-Smith, A & McLean, A 2026, 'Commentary on MacKechnie-Guire et al. Measuring Noseband Tightness on the Lateral Aspect of the Horse’s Face. Animals 2015, 15, 537', Animals, vol. 16, no. 3, 412. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16030412

Seeck, M, Nascimento, FA, Benbadis, S, Tatum, WO, Wirrell, E, Ramantani, G & Beniczky, S 2026, 'Comment on “Incidental interictal epileptiform discharges in infants with nonepileptic events” by Montenegro et al.', Epilepsia, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 1007-1009. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.18686

Britz, D & Strutwolf, J 2026, 'Comment on R. Rajalakshmi, S. Naganathan and L. Rajendran, “Transient analysis of reaction–diffusion dynamics in enzymatic biofuel cells of general geometry”, in Electrochim. Acta 554 (2026) article number 148248.', Electrochimica Acta, vol. 561, 148705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2026.148705

Hansen, KW 2026, 'Comments on 'Validation of the automated oscillometric upper-arm cuff home blood pressure monitor Microlife BP3KV1-5X (BP B6 Connect)...'', Blood Pressure Monitoring, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 101. https://doi.org/10.1097/MBP.0000000000000784

Kai, P & Brask, MJ 2026, 'Comments to the draft on Uniform Conditions for Operating Rules for Livestock (UCOL) version 1 – December 2025', No. 2026-0932270, 13 p., Jan 16, 2026. Rådgivningsnotat fra DCA - Nationalt Center for Fødevarer og Jordbrug.

Zhang, Y, Rinnan, Å, Kirkensgaard, JJK, Corredig, M & Orlien, V 2026, 'Commercial pea protein ingredients: a multiscale investigation of high-pressure homogenized emulsification and relation with physicochemical and interfacial properties', Food Chemistry: X, vol. 34, 103691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2026.103691

Biswas, D, Espino-Gonzalez, E, Ahwazi, D, Freemantle, JB, Ehrlich, AM, Jomard, C, Brorson, J , Schou, AN , Farup, J, Gondin, J, Just, J, Foretz, M, Treebak, JT, Agerholm, M & Sakamoto, K 2026, 'Common and distinct roles of AMPKγ isoforms in small-molecule activator-stimulated glucose uptake in mouse skeletal muscle', Molecular Metabolism, vol. 103, 102294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2025.102294

Thirstrup, JP , Duan, J, Ribases Haro, M, Soler Artigas, M, Albiñana, C , Dalsgaard, S, Faraone, SV, Werge, T, Bybjerg-Grauholm, J, Børglum, AD , Agerbo, E, Yao, H, Chang, Z, Brikell, I & Demontis, D 2026, 'Common and rare variant contributions to discontinuation of stimulant treatment in ADHD', Translational Psychiatry, vol. 16, no. 1, 144. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-026-03925-7

Feldstein Ewing, SW , Dash, GF, Yang, M, Hudson, KA & Chung, T 2026, 'Common factors and unique pathways for linkages between HIV/STI prevention and syndemic behaviours in high-risk youth: protocol for a secondary analysis of harmonised data from six clinical trials', BMJ Open, vol. 16, no. 3, e116180. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2026-116180

Nørskov, V & Raja, R 2026, 'Communicating classical antiquity. The making of a Museum of Ancient Art', Current World Archaeology, vol. 135, pp. 40.

Ravazzani, S & Maier, CD 2026, Communicating Public Action for Social Change. in The Mediation of Sustainability . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Ahmedzai, HH, Oldervoll, LM, Pilegaard, MS, Stene, GB, Slettvoll, TE & Hauken, MA 2026, 'Community-Based Multidimensional Rehabilitation for Cancer Survivors: A Scoping Review', European Journal of Cancer Care, vol. 2026, no. 1, 3684187. https://doi.org/10.1155/ecc/3684187

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