Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Iversen, T 2003, Gældsbreve, pantebreve og håndpantsætning. in M Koktvedgaard, J Møller & B Carlsen (eds), Juridisk Formularsamling. 10. elektroniske edn, Djøf Forlag, København. <http://www.djoef-forlag.dk/servlet/djof.showArticle?vnr=8733345007&ident=artShow>

Rasmussen, O 2003, 'Gærde - ord & sag', Ord & Sag, no. 23, pp. 4-9. <http://www.hum.au.dk/jysk/publikationer/publikationer.htm>

Clausen, P, Clausager, I & Bregnballe, T (ed.) 2003, Gæs. in Miljøbiblioteket. Gad, pp. 67-76. <http://www.dmu.dk/1_viden/2_Publikationer/3_miljobib/rapporter/MB03.pdf>

Kühn, BF & Lindhard Pedersen, H 2003, 'Gamle æblesorter er modtagelige for sygdom', Økologisk Jordbrug, vol. 23, no. 294, pp. 10.

Kier, S 2003, 'Garanti- og kreditforsikring', Aarhus.

Nielsen, HS, Smith, N & Verner, M 2003, 'Går det fremad med ligestillingen?', Jyllands-Posten.

Pedersen, MU & Dahl, HV 2003, Garvergården, Odense Kommune: Døgnbehandling. Center for Rusmiddelforskning, Århus.

Dahl, HV & Pedersen, MU 2003, Garvergården, Odense Kommune. Døgnbehandling. Center for Rusmiddelforskning, Århus.

Boye, SV, Nielsen, SV, Nielsen, SB, Krogh, H, Lapierre, A, Pedersen, HB, Pedersen, SU, Pedersen, UV & Andersen, LH 2003, 'Gas-phase absorption properties of a green fluorescent proteinmutant chromophore', Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 119, pp. 338-345.

Boyé, S, Nielsen, SB , Krogh, H , Nielsen, IB, Pedersen, UV, Bell, AF, He, X, Tonge, PJ & Andersen, LH 2003, 'Gas-phase absorption properties of DsRed model chromophores', Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol. 5, pp. 3021.

Boyé, S, Nielsen, IB , Nielsen, SB , Krogh, H, Lapierre, A, Pedersen, HB, Pedersen, SU, Pedersen, UV & Andersen, LH 2003, 'Gas-phase absorption properties of green fluorescent protein-mutant chromophore: The W7 clone', J. Chem. Phys. (also in Virtual Journal of Biological Physics Research, Vol. 6, Issue 1), vol. 119, pp. 338.

Lange, A, Funch-Jensen, P & Schiøtz, PO 2003, 'Gastric dysrythmia in infants with gastrointestinal diseases measured by epigastric impedance', JPGN, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 294-299.

Lange, A , Funch-Jensen, P & Schiøtz, PO 2003, 'Gastric dysrythmia in infants with gastrointestinal diseases measured by epigastric impedance', J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 294-9.

Aksglæde, K, Pedersen, JB, Lange, A , Funch-Jensen, P & Thommesen, P 2003, 'Gastro-esophageal reflux demonstrated by radiography in infants less than 1 year of age. Comparison with pH monitoring', Acta Radiologica, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 136-8.

Deplancke, B, Finster, K, Graham, WV, Collier, CT, Thurmond, JE & Gaskins, HR 2003, 'Gastrointestinal and microbial responses to sulfate-supplemented drinking water in mice', Intestinal and Microbial Repsonses to SO42, pp. 424-433.

Larsen, A, Martiny, N, Stoltenberg, M , Danscher, G & Rungby, J 2003, 'Gastrointestinal and systemic uptake of bismuth in mice after oral exposure', Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, vol. 93, no. 2, pp. 82-90.

Vester, P , Dziegiel, LB , Andersson, NE & Ottosen, C-O 2003, 'Gavnlig effekt af stress', Nyhedsbrevet, Danmarks JordbrugsForskning, no. 5, pp. 2-3.

Christensen, PB, Fisker, N, Mygind, LH, Krarup, HB, Wedderkopp, N, Varming, K & Georgsen, J 2003, 'GB virus C epidemiology in Denmark: Different Routes of Transmission in Children and Low- and High-Risk Adults', J Med Virol, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 156-162.

Jørgensen, A, Rønnow, I-LH & Nexø, E 2003, 'GCP i offentligt regi - erfaringer fra Århus Universitetshospital', Ugeskrift for Læger, pp. 166-42.

Kristensen, K , Jørgensen, U & Grant, R 2003, Genberegning af modellen N-LES: Baggrundsnotat til Grant, R og Waagepetersen, J. Vandmiljøplan II slutevaluering. <Forlag uden navn>.

Kristensen, K, Jørgensen, U & Grant, R 2003, Genberegning af modellen N-LES: Baggrundsnotat til Vandmiljøplan II - slutevaluering, December 2003. Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser og Danmarks JordbrugsForskning. <http://www.dmu.dk/1_viden/2_Publikationer/3_Ovrige/rapporter/VMPII/Genberegning_af_modellen_NLES.pdf>

Lehmann, N, Hammershøj, LG (ed.), Jensen, HD (ed.) & Larsen, CS (ed.) 2003, Genbeskrivelser: Derrida, Luhmann, Rorty - og Schmidt. in Mellemværender: Festskrift til Lars-Henrik Schmidt. Danmarks Pædagogiske Universitetsforlag, København, pp. 159-170.

Sadana, R, Mathers, CD, Lopez, A, J L Murray, C & Moesgaard Iburg, K 2003, Gender differences in the self-report of health status. in R Snow & C Garcia-Moreno (eds), Gender and Health. World health Organization.

Ladegaard, HJ & Bleses, D 2003, '"Gender differences in young children's speech: the acquisition of sociolinguistic competence"', International Journal of Applied Linguistics, vol. 13/2, pp. 222-233.

Hasse, C 2003, 'Genderdiversity in play with Physics', Mind, Culture, and Activity, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 250-270.

Beer, C, Buhr, P, Hahn, H, Lauber, D & Wirth, M 2003, 'Gene expression analysis of murine cells producing amphotropic mouse leukemia virus at 32°C and 37°C cultivation temperature', Journal of General Virology, vol. 84, pp. 1677-1686.

Ørntoft, TF, Geneexpression in Bladder Tumors, Patent No. US6335170.

Kyng, KJ, May, A, Kølvraa, S & Bohr, VA 2003, 'Gene expression profiling in Werner syndrome closely resembles that of normal aging', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), vol. 100, no. 21, pp. 12259-12264. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2130723100

Pedersen, JS & Hein, J 2003, 'Gene finding with a hidden Markov model of genome structure and evolution', Bioinformatics, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 219-27.

Cardozo, AK, Berthou, L, Kruhøffer, M , Ørntoft, TF, Nicolls, MR & Eizirik, DL 2003, 'Gene microarray study corrobaorates proteomic findings in rodent eslet cells', J Proteome Res, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 553-555.

Hallager, E, Hallager, B, Hallager, E (ed.) & Hallager, B (ed.) 2003, General conclusions. in The Greek-Swedish Excavations and the Agia Aikaterini Square Kastelli, Khania 1970-1987 and 2001. III. The Late Minoan IIIB:2 settlement. ActaAth-4º, XLVII:III:1-2. Svenska Instituttet i Athen, Stockholm, pp. 286-288.

Hervik, P & Rytter, M 2003, General implications and explanations from an anthropological approach. in The European Racism and Xenophobia Information Network Report RAXEN 4: RAXEN 4. Institut for Internationale Studier / Dansk Center for Internationale Studier og Menneskerettigheder, pp. 40-49.

Nyborg, H 2003, General introduction: Arthur Jensen - The man, his friends and his book. in H Nyborg (ed.), The scientific study of general intelligence: Tribute to Arthur R. Jensen. Pergamon Press, Amsterdam, pp. Xiii-xxv.

Rosendal, M 2003, 'General practitioners and somatising patients: Development and evaluation of a short-term training programme in assessment and treatment of functional disorders', Forskningsenheden for Almen Medicin, Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet, Århus Universitet.

Rosendal, M , Bro, F , Fink, P , Christensen, KAS & Olesen, F 2003, 'General Practitioners' diagnosis of somatisation: Effect of an educational intervention in a cluster randomised controlled trial', British Journal of General Practice, vol. 53, no. 497, pp. 917-922.

Horn, IR, Nielsen, MJ , Madsen, M , Jacobsen, C, Graversen, JH & Moestrup, SK 2003, 'Generation of a haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex-specific Fab antibody blocking the binding of the complex to CD163', Eur. J. Haematol., no. 71, pp. 289-293.

Holm, PM, Wilson, JR, Christensen, B, Hansen, L, Hansen, SL, Mortensen, AK, Pedersen, R & Plesner, S 2003 'Generation of Santo Antao Magmas: Melting Conditions and Plume Inhomogeneities' Aarhus University, pp. 0-0.

Blok, R & Blok, REA (ed.) 2003, Generelle betragtninger over brug af FirstClass som undervisningsværktøj. in Brug af FirstClass i fjernundervisningen. pp. netpublikation. <http://www.hum.au.dk/fc/guide/>

Larsen, NK & Piotrowski, JA 2003, 'Genesis of a uniform basal till: englacial transport and time-transgressive deformation', Paper presented at INQUA Peribaltic Group Symposium, May 12-17, Estonia, 17/12/2010.

Storgaard, L 2003, 'Genetical and prenatal determinants for semen quality: An epidemiological twin study', Århus.

Buehr, M, Hjorth, JP, Hansen, AK & Sandøe, P 2003, 'Genetically modified laboratory animals - what welfare problem do they face?', Appl. Animal Welfare Sci., vol. 6, pp. 319-338.

Lassen, J , Hansen, M , Kargo Sørensen, M, Aamand, GP, Christensen, LG & Madsen, P 2003, 'Genetic Analysis of Body Condition Score in First-Parity Danish Holstein Cows', Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 86, pp. 4123-4128. <http://jds.fass.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/12/4123?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&volume=86&firstpage=4123&resourcetype=HWCIT>

Grandinson, K, Rydhmer, L, Strandberg, E & Thodberg, K 2003, 'Genetic analysis of on-farm tests of maternal behaviour in sows', Livestock Science, vol. 83, pp. 141-151.

Ødegård, J, Jensen, J, Klemtsdal, G, Madsen, P & Heringstad, B 2003, 'Genetic Analysis of Somatic Cell Score in Norwegian Cattle using Random Regression Test-day Models', Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 86, pp. 4103-4114. <http://jds.fass.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/12/4103?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&volume=86&firstpage=4103&resourcetype=HWCIT>

Jørgensen, MM, Kyvik, KO, Skytthe, A, Zachariae, R, Denollet, J (ed.), Nyklíček, I (ed.) & Vingerhoets, A (ed.) 2003, 'Genetic and environmental factors in alexithymia: a population-based Danish twin study', Third International Conference on The (Non)Expression of Emotions in Health And Disease, Tilburg, 19/10/2003 - 21/10/2003.

Malmkvist, J & Hansen, SW 2003, Genetic and pre- and post-natal effects on development of fearful behaviour towards humans in farm mink. in Proceedings of the 37th International Congress of the ISAE. pp. 77-77, 37th International Congress of the ISAE, Abano Terme, Italy, 18/12/2010.

Henryon, M , Berg, P & Ebbesen, T 2003, Genetic correlations between production traits and resistance to clinical and sub-clinical disease in growing pigs. in Book of Abstracts. pp. 81, EAAP Annual Meeting, Rome, Italy, 31/08/2003.

Løvendahl, P , Damgaard, LH , Nielsen, BL , Thodberg, K , Skovgaard, K & Su, G 2003, Genetic co-variation in aggression and mothering ability of sows. in Book of Abstracts. pp. 20, EAAP Annual Meeting, Rome, Italy, 31/08/2003.

Simonsen, V, Pertoldi, C, Madsen, AB & Loeschcke, V 2003, 'Genetic differentiation of foxes (Vulpes vulpes) analysed by means of craniometry and isozymes', J. Nat. Conserv., vol. 11, pp. 109-116. <http://www.urbanfischer.de/journals/jnc>

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