Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Im, U, Samset, BH, Nenes, A, Thomas, JL, Kokkola, H, Dubovik, O, Amiridis, V, Arola, A, Bellouin, N, Benedetti, A, Bilde, M, Blichner, S, Decesari, S, Ekman, AML, García-Pando, CP, Gross, S, Gryspeerdt, E, Hasekamp, O, Kahn, RA, Laakso, A, Lohmann, U, Marelle, L, Massling, AH, Myhre, CL, Pöhlker, M, Quaas, J, Raatikainen, T, Riipinen, I, Schmale, J, Seifert, P, Skov, H, Smith, C, Sporre, MK, Stier, P, Storelvmo, T, Tsigaridis, K, van Diedenhoven, B, Virtanen, A, Wandinger, U, Wilcox, LJ & Zieger, P 2026, 'Aerosol-Cloud Interactions: Overcoming a Barrier to Projecting Near-Term Climate Evolution and Risk', AGU Advances, vol. 7, no. 1, e2025AV001872. https://doi.org/10.1029/2025AV001872

Rosati, B , Skønager, JT , Bektassov, M , Teng, Z , Glasius, M , Barbato, M , Bilde, M , Kristensen, KV & Tesson, SVM 2026, 'Aerosolisation of microalgae: unveiling dimethyl-sulfide emissions during bubbling', npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, vol. 9, no. 1, 32. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01305-4

Knudsen, LED & Berndsen, M 2026, Æstetik, erkendelse og videnskab. in LED Knudsen & M Rold (eds), Arts-based research. Kunstbaserede forskningsmetoder . Unge Pædagoger.

Thorhauge, S 2026, 'Aesthetic Sustainability and STEAM at museums', Nordisk Museologi/The Journal Nordic Museology , vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 146-161. https://doi.org/10.5617/nm.13189

Cone, L, Knudsen, H & Rasmussen, LR 2026, 'Affective Philanthropy and the Im/possibility of Governance: The LEGO Foundation’s Involvement in Public Education', Journal of Education Policy. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2026.2647074#abstract

Pavan, S, Hallford, DJ, Hinde, K, Lange, T, Austin, DW, Arendt, M & Hald, GM 2026, 'Affiliate stigma in autistic and non-autistic parents of autistic children and the association with traumatic stress symptomatology', Stigma and Health. https://doi.org/10.1037/sah0000668

de Froe, E, Mohn, C, Soetaert, K, van der Kaaden, A-S, Reichart, G-J, De Clippele, LH, Maier, SR & van Oevelen, D 2026, 'A first predictive mechanistic model of cold-water coral biomass and respiration based on physiology, hydrodynamics, and organic matter transport', Ocean Science, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 843-870. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-843-2026

Qu, S, Sun, L, Xu, H, Zhu, Q, Cheng, Y, Du, X, Yuan, Y, Ye, X, Gu, F & Xu, W 2026, 'A Flexible Neuromorphic Window Capable of In-Sensor Computing and Self-Adaptive Color Regulation', Advanced Functional Materials, vol. 36, no. 10, e15967. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202515967

Stage, C 2026, Afmagt - #Syg. Nord Academic /Gads Forlag.

Sand-Eriksen, A, Farrell, M & Løvschal, M 2026, 'A Forested Form of Life: Southeast Norway in 2350-500 BCE', Landscape Archaeology Conference, 18/03/2026 - 21/03/2026.

Sand-Eriksen, A, Farrell, M & Løvschal, M 2026, 'A Forested Form of Life: Southeast Norway in 2350–500 BCE', Frontiers in Environmental Archaeology. <https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/environmental-archaeology/articles/10.3389/fearc.2026.1794721/abstract>

Simonsen, K-M 2026, Afrofuturism: Queering Time in Octavia Butler’s "Kindred" and Saul Williams and Anisia Uzeyman’s "Neptune Frost". in S Micali (ed.), Possible Worlds: Environment, Community, Heterotopia. UCL Press London, London, C L C Web: Comparative Literature and Culture.

Nielsen, AS, Larsen, KS, Lærke, PE , Rodriguez, AF , Pullens, JWM , Petersen, RJ & Christiansen, JR 2026, 'A full year of continuous net soil and ditch CO2, CH4, N2O fluxes, soil hydrology and meteorology for a drained fen in Denmark', Earth System Science Data, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 33-53. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-33-2026

Steglich-Petersen, A 2026, Against epistemic reasons for pointless beliefs. in B Kiesewetter & S Behrens (eds), The Structure of Normativity: Exploring the Prospects of the Reason-First Approach. Routledge.

Dige, M 2026, 'Against the right to mutilation: an analogy ad absurdum', Monash Bioethics Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40592-025-00279-6

Hejná, M & Jespersen, A 2026, Age in (socio)linguistics. in Handbook of Language and the Lifespan.

Pedersen, MJ, Petersen, NBG, Bækgaard, M & Krogh Madsen, J 2026, 'Agency orientation and bureaucratic behaviour towards clients: evidence from a survey experiment among unemployment caseworkers', Public Management Review , vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 1087-1107. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2025.2495691

Cen, X, Vitousek, P, He, N, Bond-Lamberty, B, Niu, S, Du, E, Yu, K, Zheng, M, Van Sundert, K, Paulus, EL, He, L, Xu, L, Li, M & Butterbach-Bahl, K 2026, 'A general framework for nitrogen deposition effects on soil respiration in global forests', Nature Communications, vol. 17, no. 1, 506. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-67203-8

Svenning, A , Mougeot, G , Alison, J, Chevalier, D, Molina, NC, Ong, SQ , Bjerge, K, Carrillo, J, Høye, TT & Geissmann, Q 2026, 'A general method for detection and segmentation of terrestrial arthropods in images', Methods in Ecology and Evolution, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 727-739. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.70249

Nurmi, S 2026, Agential relationality for degrowth theory. in Relational Degrowth. Bristol University Press.

Shokeen, E, Iivari, N, Iversen, OS , Dindler, C, Ventä-Olkkonen, L, Hartikainen, H & Sharma, S 2026, Agentic PD: Rethinking Participatory Design through a Transformative Agency Lens. in Proceedings of the 2026 Participatory Design Conference (PDC 2026). Association for Computing Machinery, Milan, Italy.

Bigg, A, Latham, AJ, Miller, K & Yechimovitz, S 2026, 'Agentive Explanations of Temporal Passage Experiences and Beliefs', Synthese, vol. 207, no. 2, 60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-025-05410-y

vanDyck, GK, Aryee, J, Acheampong, G & Hansen, AS 2026, 'Agglomeration dynamics and firm typologies in African port-industrial clusters: Evidence from the port of Tema, Ghana', Journal of Transport Geography, vol. 131, 104548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2026.104548

Pedersen, LL, Svennevig, K, Morino, C, Søndergaard, AS, Pearce, C, Pérez, LF, Damsgaard, A , Olsen, J , Knudsen, MF, Noblet, A & Larsen, NK 2026, 'A giant Early Holocene tsunamigenic rock-ice avalanche in South Greenland preconditioned by glacial debuttressing', Geomorphology, vol. 492, 110057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110057

Hansen, LK , Brandt, CJ , Svejvig, P & Kampf, CE 2026, 'Agile Hybrid Project Portfolio Management: Rethinking Its Paradoxes', International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, pp. 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMPB-07-2025-0257

Meireles, JP, Hahn-Klimroth, M, Lackey, LB, van Eeuwijk, N, Bertelsen, MF, Dressen, S, Dierkes, PW, Abraham, AJ & Clauss, M 2026, 'Aging populations threaten conservation goals of zoos', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 123, no. 5, e2522274123. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2522274123

Mansoldo, MDC, Serra, E, Igondová, E, Moustakas, A, Hüseyin Dönmez, A, Tsatsou, A, Kumuk, B, Zoumides, C, Tzirkalli, E, Keleş Özgenç, E, Wolff, E, Sica, F, Paul, F, Zittis, G, Fenu, G, Liu, HY, Kokkoris, IP, Vogiatzakis, IN, Christoforidi, I, Filippi, JJ, Boucoyannis, KS, Ligorini, V, Stamatiou, M, Antic, M, Kumuk, O, Kleitou, P, Manolaki, P, Davids, P, Pineda-Martos, R, Zotos, S, Ždero, S, Zemah-Shamir, S, Trenkova, T, Mandelberg, YS, Zemah-Shamir, Z, Srđević, Z & Balzan, MV 2026, 'A Global Compendium of Nature-based Solutions in Small-Medium Islands', Scientific Data, vol. 13, no. 1, 159. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-06476-6

Hines, P, Tortorella, GL, Antony, J, Romero, D, Walsh, A, Taylor, D, Alves, AC, Bertolini, M, Caiado, R, Demeterj, K, Dinis-Carvalho, J, Ferreira, LP, Fettermann, D, Godinho Filho, M, Gaiardelli, P, Howe, G, Inan, GG, Kumar, M, Le, CH, Magnani, F, Maqueira, JM, Mula, J, Packianather, M, Peças, P, Pereira, MTR, Powell, D, Prashar, A, Rehman, MU, De Sá, JCV, Saabye, H, Erol, S, Teixeira, L & Zak, H 2026, 'A global industrial perspective on lean industry 4.0: a qualitative wide-angle lens approach', Production Planning and Control, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 225-246. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2025.2509143

El-Hokayem, L, Damasceno, G, Sabatini, FM, Bruelheide, H, Bonari, G, Dwyer, C, Gonçalves, F, Jiménez-Alfaro, B, Millett, J, Peñuelas, J, Svenning, JC, Altman, J, Chen, HYH, Dziuba, T, El-Sheikh, MA, Güler, B, Hending, D, Hérault, B, Hatim, MZ, Jansen, F, Meyer, C, Mukul, SA, Pielech, R, Rodrigues, F, Wang, HF & Conrad, C 2026, 'A global map of groundwater-dependent vegetation in the Mediterranean biome', Ecological Indicators, vol. 183, 114669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2026.114669

Colding-Jørgensen, CT, Ejrnæs, R , Svenning, JC & Bruun, HH 2026, 'A graduated nativeness definition for overcoming dilemmas and difficulties of vascular plant species', Oikos, vol. 2026, no. 2, e11635. https://doi.org/10.1002/oik.11635

Rahimi Jahangirlou, M , Pullens, JWM , Lindhardt, MKK , El Khoury, YV, Antoniuk, V, Manevski, K , Ottosen, CO & Jørgensen, U 2026, 'Agrivoltaic systems: Trade-offs on microclimate, physiology, yield and canopy thermal-spectral maps', Agricultural Systems, vol. 232, 104557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2025.104557

Peng, J , Manevski, K , Kørup, K, Parsons, D & Andersen, MN 2026, 'Agro-environmental profile of potato cultivation under water and nitrogen managements: A case study in Denmark', European Journal of Agronomy, vol. 172, 127874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2025.127874

Rosso, A, Castanedo, M, Meloni, R, Pelosin, P , Corredig, M, Martínez-Abad, A & Blandino, M 2026, 'Agronomic traits and nutritional features of importance in low-raffinose genotypes for added-value soybeans', Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, vol. 26, 102654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2026.102654

Muchina, P, Kinyua, J, Khamis, F, Tanga, CM, Satti, MA , Gebreyesus, G , Sahana, G & Cai, Z 2026, 'A haplotype reference panel and genotype imputation framework for the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens)', Genomics, vol. 118, no. 2, 111206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygeno.2026.111206

Ryan, K, Hooijmans, CR, Struijs, F, van den Munckhof, S, Kiffen, R, Dahan, A, Hoffmann, S, Mandrioli, D, Menon, JM, Roeleveld, N, Ritskes-Hoitinga, M , Schlünssen, V, Struys, MM & Scheepers, PT 2026, 'A health-based recommended occupational exposure limit for isoflurane and sevoflurane using experimental animal data based on a systematic review and dose-response analysis', Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol. 121, 104916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2025.104916

Spilerova, L & Tambo, T 2026, A Heuristic Framework for Stock Allocation in Vertical Lift Modules for Make-to-Order Production Warehousing. in Proceedings of International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Applications. American Institute of Physics, Milan, Italy, pp. 1-8, The 13th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Applications (Europe), Milan, Italy, 07/01/2026.

Ahmadov, U , Udengaard, CW , Vissing, SM , Nielsen, SD , Dietrich, KG , Ulhøi, BP & Kristensen, LS 2026, 'A highly abundant circular RNA from the RMST locus plays a role in posterior fossa ependymoma pathogenesis', Brain Pathology. https://doi.org/10.1111/bpa.70071

Frydenlund, JH & Knage, FS 2026, 'A history of the present absences', Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2026.2623287

Riexinger, MT 2026, Ahl-i Ḥadīth. in Oxford Bibliographies in Islamic Studies. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0307

Radgoudarzi, M 2026, 'Ahmad Qabel’s Thoughts on Women’s Equal Right to Divorce in Islam: A Reinterpretation of Shari’a by a Shi’a Reformist Cleric in Favor of Gender Equality and Justice', Digest of Middle East Studies, vol. 35, no. 2.

Madupuri, RP, Enduri, MK, Sobin, CC, Koduru, H & Bandaru, N 2026, 'A hybrid machine learning and centrality framework for key node identification in complex networks', Discover Computing, vol. 29, no. 1, 8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10791-025-09900-y

Madsen, LM , Almpanis, A , Storm, F & Pedersen, JB 2026, 'A Hydrogeophysical Survey Utilising the sTEM and sTEMprofiler Systems: Transient Electromagnetic Data and Resistivity Models', Geoscience Data Journal, vol. 13, no. 2, e70067. https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.70067

Fu, J, Song, Z, Meng, J, Guo, J, Yang, K, Liu, W & Huan, L 2026, 'AI-augmented electrochemical model for lithium-ion battery: Recent advances and perspectives', Journal of Energy Chemistry, vol. 113, pp. 1056-1080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2025.10.008

Bjerring, JC 2026, 'AI i medicin: et spørgsmål om tillid', Bibliotek for Læger.

Egloffstein, M, Groß, N, Prilop, CN & Mah, D 2026, 'AI Integration, Professional Development, and Instructional Quality in K-12 Education', AERA 2026, Los Angeles, United States, 08/04/2026 - 12/04/2026.

Lammar, D, Horst, M & Müller, R 2026, 'AI in the German Media: Narratives of AI-in-Particular and AI-in-General in German Media Reporting About Artificial Intelligence', Digital Journalism, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 341-359. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2025.2493759

Johannessen, A, Thorsteinsson, T, Geels, C , Frohn, LM, Clausen, M, Brandt, J, Forsberg, B & Gislason, T 2026, 'Air pollution and childhood asthma in Iceland – Results from a low-pollution area', Environment International, vol. 209, 110170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2026.110170

Poulsen, AH, Sørensen, M, Hvidtfeldt, UA, Brandt, J , Ketzel, M & Raaschou-Nielsen, O 2026, 'Air pollution, noise, greenspace and pneumonia, a nation-wide cohort study from Denmark', Environmental Research, vol. 288, no. part 1, 123256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2025.123256

Frumer, M , Bruun, MH & Antonsen, CE 2026, 'AI som beslutningsstøtte til fraktur i skadestuen? Billeddiagnostiske teknologier og patientforløb i afprøvningen af fraktur-AI', Tidsskrift for Forskning i Sygdom og Samfund.

Sobrano Fais, R, Comerma Steffensen, SG , Pinilla, E , Matchkov, V, Tostes, RC, Silva Carneiro, F & Simonsen, U 2026, 'A KCa 2.2/2.3 Opener Reverses ET-1-Induced NLRP3 Activation in Hypertensive Mice Corpora Cavernosa', Biomolecules, vol. 16, no. 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16030432

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Revised 08.12.2025

Lise Refstrup Linnebjerg Pedersen