Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Overgaard, MT, Sørensen, ES, Stachowiak, D, Boldt, HB , Kristensen, L , Sottrup-Jensen, L & Oxvig, C 2003, 'Complex of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A and the proform of the eosiniphil major basic protein: Disulphide structure and carbohydrate attachment', Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 278, pp. 2106-2117.

Nikolopoulos, LAA & Madsen, LB 2003, 'Complex-scaled Hartree-Fock wave functions for the frozen core: A B spline approach', Computer Physics Communications, vol. 151, pp. 47-59.

Fedorov, DV, Garrido, E & Jensen, AS 2003, 'Complex scaling of the hyper-spheric coordinates and Faddeev equations', Few-Body Systems, vol. 33, no. 153-171, pp. 214112-1.

Rastogi, SC, Jensen, GH & Worsøe, IM 2003, Compliance testing of phthalates in toys: Analytical chemical control of chemical substances and products. Research Notes from NERI, vol. 185, National Environmental Research Institute. <http://www2.dmu.dk/1_viden/2_Publikationer/3_arbrapporter/rapporter/AR185.pdf>

Doh, K & Mosses, PD 2003, 'Composing Programming Languages by Combining Action-Semantics Modules', Science of Computer Programming, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 3-36.

Baattrup-Pedersen, A, Larsen, SE & Riis, T 2003, 'Composition and richness of macrophyte communities in small Danish streams - influence of environmental factors and weed cutting', Hydrobiologia, vol. 495, pp. 171-179.

Baattrup-Pedersen, A , Larsen, SE & Riis, T 2003, 'Composition and richness of macrophyte communities in small Danish streams - influence of environmental factors and weed cutting', Hydrobiologia, vol. 495, pp. 171-179.

Birkelund, M 2003, 'Compte rendu de Hans Kronning u.a. (Hgg.), Langage et référence: Mélanges offerts à Kerstin Jonasson à l'occasion de ses soixante ans.(Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Studia Romanica Upsaliensia, 63), Uppsala. 2001. 712 s', Zeitschrift fûr französische Sprache und Literatur, vol. CXIII, no. 2, pp. 185-189.

Crépeau, C, Dumais, P, Mayers, D & Salvail, L 2003, 'Computational Collapse of Quantum State with Application to Oblivious Transfer', BRICS Report Series, no. RS-03-37.

Olsen, LH , Deding, D, Yeung, CK & Jørgensen, TM 2003, 'Computer assisted laparoscopic pneumovesical ureter reimplantation a.m. Cohen: initial experience in a pig model', APMIS Supplementum, vol. 109, pp. 23-25.

Wenzel, A 2003, 'Computer-automated caries detection by Logicon Caries Detector: does it work?', European Journal of Oral Sciences, vol. 111, pp. 180-181.

Heinrich, F 2003, Computeren som dramatisk dobbeltgænger: om den sceniske kunsts anvendelse af digital teknologi. 49 edn, aktuelle teaterproblemer, Afdeling for Dramaturgi, Århus.

Ambjørn, L 2003, 'Computermediets differentieringspotentiale i sproglig læring belyst ud fra en procesorienteret synsvinkel', HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business, vol. 30, pp. 13-37.

Rasmussen, IA & Holst, N 2003, 'Computer model for simulating the long-term dynamics of annual weeds: from seedlings to seeds', Aspects of Applied Biology 69: Seedbanks: Determination, Dynamics & Management, pp. 277-284.

Knoop, HH 2003, 'Computerspil: et stærkt pædagogisk potentiale med alvorlige risici', Kognition og Pædagogik, vol. 13, no. 47.

Knoop, HH 2003, 'Computerspil - en sag for journalister', eJour, no. 22.

Andersen, JH, Thomsen, JF, Overgaard, E, Lassen, CF, Brandt, LPA, Vilstrup, I, Kryger, AI & Mikkelsen, S 2003, 'Computer Use and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A 1-Year Follow-up Study: Journal of the American Medical Association', JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 289, no. 22, pp. 2963-2969. <http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0038142844&partnerID=40&md5=a97af79f65531b1352cdc62cd1edef41>

Nathan, PA, Meadows, KD, Istvan, JA, Hedge, A & Andersen, JH 2003, 'Computer Use and Risk of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome [3] (multiple letters): Journal of the American Medical Association', JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 290, no. 14, pp. 1853-1855. <http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0242493517&partnerID=40&md5=10bd0459df120d6d53621884571e6f9a>

Brodal, GS, Fagerberg, R, Östlin, A, Pedersen, CNS & Rao, SS 2003, Computing Refined Buneman Trees in Cubic Time. in G Benson & R Page (eds), Algorithms in Bioinformatics: Third International Workshop, WABI 2003, Budapest, Hungary, September 15-20, 2003. Proceedings. Springer, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2812, pp. 259-270, WABI '03, Budapest, Hungary, 15/09/2003. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39763-2_20

Brodal, GS, Fagerberg, R & Pedersen, CNS 2003, 'Computing the Quartet Distance Between Evolutionary Trees in Time O(n log n)', Algorithmica, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 377-395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00453-003-1065-y

Mogensen, L & Kristensen, T 2003, 'Concentrate mixture, grass pellets, fodder beets, or barley as supplements to silage ad libitum for high-yielding dairy cows on organic farms', Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A - Animal Science, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 186-196.

Halekoh, U , Greve, MH & Nehmdahl, H 2003, Concepts of field management zones based on soil and landscape properties. in Proc. NJF seminar 336, Implementation of Precision Farming in Practical Agriculture, Skara, Sweden. DIAS Report, Plant Production 100. pp. 35-41, NJF seminar, Implementation of Precision Farming in Practical Agriculture, Skara, Sweden, 18/12/2010.

Brinch-Pedersen, H, Hatzack, F, Sørensen, LD & Holm, PB 2003, 'Concerted action of endogenous and heterologous phytase on phytic acid degradation in seed of transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)', Transgenic Research, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 649-659. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:TRAG.0000005113.38002.e1

Thunø, M 2003, 'Conclusion', International Migration, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 267-276.

Moos, L & MacBeath, J 2003, Conclusion: Reflections on democracy and school effectiveness. in Democratic Learning: The Challenge to School Effectiveness. RoutledgeFalmer Taylor & Francis Group, pp. 157-161. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203352908

Moon, C & Sørensen, G 2003, Conclusion: The prospects for just growth. in A Kohli, C Moon & G Sørensen (eds), States, Markets, and Just Growth. Development in the Twenty-first Century. United Nations University Press, Tokyo/New York/Paris, pp. 258-276.

Lauritzen, N 2003, Concrete Abstract Algebra: From Numbers to Gröbner Bases. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511804229

Dalmose, A, Rijkhoff, NJ, Kirkeby, HJ , Nøhr, M, Sinkjær, T & Djurhuus, JC 2003, 'Conditional stimulation of the dorsal penile/clitoral nerve may increase cystometric capacity in patients with spinal cord injury', Neurourol. Urodyn., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 130-137.

Skuladottir, H & Olsen, JH 2003, 'Conditional survival of patients with the four major histologic subgroups of lung cancer in Denmark', Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 21, no. 16, pp. 3035-3040. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2003.04.521

Boris, G, Hanson, L, Harrington, J, Killam, S & Campbell-Meiklejohn, D 2003, 'Conditioned taste aversion: modulation by 5-HT receptor activity and corticosterone.', European Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 471, no. 2, pp. 129-134. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12818700>

Hansen, H & Brødsgaard, C 2003, Conditions for beekeeping in Ayanka, Kamchatka, Russia. in CJ Brødsgaard (ed.), Proceedings of the Nordic-Baltic Apicultural Research Symposium, Bjerringbro, Denmark. Danmarks JordbrugsForskning, pp. 11-12, Nordic-Baltic Apicultural Research Symposium, Bjerringbro, Denmark, 1 February 2003, Denmark, 18/12/2010.

Silverberg, MJ, Thorsen, P , Lindeberg, H, Grant, LA & Shah, KV 2003, 'Condyloma in pregnancy is strongly predictive of juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis', Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 101, no. 4, pp. 645-652.

Pedersen, J & Sato, K 2003, 'Cone-parameter Convolution Semigroups and their Subordination', Tokyo Journal of Mathematics, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 503-525.

Madsen, AM, Eilenberg, J, Enkegaard, A, Hendriksen, NB, Jensen, DF, Jespersen, JB & Larsen, J (eds) 2003, Conference on occupational health risks of producing and handling organisms for biological control of pests in agriculture. Arbejdsmiljøinstituttet, København.

Madsen, AM, Eilenberg, J, Enkegaard, A, Hendriksen, NB, Funck Jensen, D, Brøchner Jespersen, J & Larsen, J (ed.) 2003, Conference on Occupational Health Risks of Producing and Handling Organisms for Biological Control of Pests in Agriculture, National Institute of Occupational Health - ami, Copenhagen, November 27, 2003. Det Nationale Forskningscenter for Arbejdsmiljø.

Nørskov, V 2003, 'Conference review: Illegal Archaeology? International Conference about future problems with illicit traffic in antiquities, May 23-25, 2003, at Berlin', European Journal of Archaeology, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 333-336.

Fournais, S 2003, 'Confinement to lowest Landau band and applications to quantum current', Rev. Math. Phys., vol. 15, no. 10, pp. 1219-1253.

Gregersen, N , Bross, P & Bolund, LA 2003, 'Conformational diseases', Ugeskrift for Læger, no. 165, pp. 801-805.

Signorello, LB, McLaughlin, JK, Lipworth, L, Friis, S, Sørensen, HT & Blot, WJ 2003, 'Confounding by indication: implications for implant research', Journal of Long-Term Effects of Medical Implants, vol. 13, pp. 63-8.

Bucindolol Evaluation in Acute Myocardial Infarction Trail Group 2003, 'Congestive heart failure with preserved left ventricular systolic function after acute myocardial infarction: clinical and prognostic implications', European Journal of Heart Failure, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 811-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1388-9842(03)00159-4

Møller, JE, Brendrop, B, Ottesen, M, Kober, L, Egstrup, K, Poulsen, SH, Torp-Pedersen, C & nullEvaluationinAcuteMyocardialinfarctionTrailGroup, B 2003, 'Congestive heart failure with preserved left ventricular systolic function after acute myocardial infarction: clinical and prognostic implications', European Journal of Heart Failure, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 811-819.

Taylor, HL, Cole, CJ, Dessauer, HC & Parker, D 2003, 'Congruent patterns of genetic and morphological variation in the parthenogenetic lizard Aspidoscelis tesselata (Squamata: Teiidae) and the origins of color pattern classes and genotypic clones in eastern NewMexico', American Museum Novitates, vol. 3424, pp. 1-40.

Rognum, TO, Arnestad, M, Bajanowski, T, Banner, J, Blair, P, Borthne, A, Byard, RW, Gaustad, P, Gregersen, M, Grøgaard, J, Holter, E, Isaksen, CV, Jørgensen, JV, Krous, HF, de Lange, C, Moore, I, Mørland, J, Opdal, SH, Råsten-Almqvist, P, Schlaud, M, Sidebotham, P, Skullerud, K, Stoltenburg-Didinger, G, Stray-Pedersen, A, Sveum, L & Vege, Å 2003, 'Consensus on diagnostic criteria for the exclusion of SIDS', Scandinavian Journal of Forensic Science, vol. 9, no. 3/4, pp. 62-73.

Rasmussen, MD 2003, Consequences of definitions of acceptable milk quality for the practical use of automatic milking systems: EU project "Implications of the introduction of automatic milking on dairy farms (QLK5-2000-31006) as part of the EU-program "Quality of Life and Management of Living Resources", Deliverable D6.

Pertoldi, C, Andersen, DH, Kristensen, TN & Loeschcke, V 2003, 'Consequences of reduced genetic variance on developmental instability estimators', Evolutionary Ecology Research, vol. 5, pp. 893-902.

Pertoldi, C , Andersen, DH , Kristensen, TN & Loeschcke, V 2003, 'Consequences of reduced genetic variance on developmental instability estimators.', Evolutionary Ecology Research, vol. 6, pp. 893-902.

Leirs, H 2003, Conservation advices based on rodent pest biology: the case of the hamster. in S Mercelis, A Kayser & G Verbeylen (eds), The hamster (Cricetus cricetus L. 1758): ecology, policy and management of the hamster and its biotope. Natuurpunt, pp. 82-84.

Chagunda, M & Wollny, CBA 2003, Conserving and managing the biodiversity of Malawian farm animal genetic resources: A case of Malawi Zebu cattle. in The Dynamics of Food Production Systems and Adoption of Technologies in a Village Economy. Case studies from Malawi (ed. Edriss, A.-K.), vol. 1, chapter. vol. 8, pp. 147-162.

Labouriau, R, Christensen, P & Borchersen, S 2003, Considerations on the sample design of an experiment on semen dilution for artificial insemination in cattle.

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