Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Hansen, JG 2015, 'Se skimmelfund og infektionstryk på ny app', Magasinet Danske Kartofler, vol. maj 2015, pp. 6-7.

Peña-Espinoza, M, Boas, U, Williams, AR, Thamsborg, SM, Simonsen, HT & Enemark, HL 2015, 'Sesquiterpene lactone containing extracts from two cultivars of forage chicory (Cichorium intybus) show distinctive chemical profiles and in vitro activity against Ostertagia ostertagi', International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 191-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpddr.2015.10.002

Thyrring, J , Thomsen, MS , Brunbjerg, AK & Wernberg, T 2015, 'Sessile epibiota in an estuarine ecosystem: effects of environmental and substrate variability', Marine & Freshwater Research, vol. 66, no. 12. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF14311

Rijke, E & Spitters, B 2015, 'Sets in homotopy type theory', Mathematical Structures in Computer Science, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 1172-1202. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960129514000553

Lund, K & Kirkebæk, MJ 2015, Seven Myths about Beginners' Language: Syv myter om begyndersprog.

Widell, P 2015, 'Seven steps to language', MUDS - Møderne om Udforskningen af Dansk Sprog, vol. 15, pp. 451-471.

Rønkilde, JB 2015, Se verden fra Jesusbarnets perspektiv.

Blavnsfeldt, A-B , Høyer, S , Mølgaard, H , Poulsen, LH , Hansen, E , Stengaard-Pedersen, K & Hauge, EM 2015, 'Severe acute and reversible heart failure shortly after childbirth: systemic lupus erythematosus or peripartum cardiomyopathy?', Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 83-4. https://doi.org/10.3109/03009742.2014.943805

Hvid-Jensen, HS , Poulsen, SH & Agnholt, JS 2015, 'Severe Gastrointestinal Bleeding in a Patient With Subvalvular Aortic Stenosis Treated With Thalidomide and Octreotide: Bridging to Transcoronary Ablation of Septal Hypertrophy', Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 907-10. https://doi.org/10.14740/jocmr2321w

Abo, Y, Zannou Djimon, M, Messou, E, Balestre, E, Kouakou, M, Akakpo, J, Ahouada, C, de Rekeneire, N, Dabis, F, Lewden, C, Minga, A & IeDEA West Africa Collaboration (Christian Erikstrup, Alex Lund Laursen, Lars Østergaard; members) 2015, 'Severe morbidity after antiretroviral (ART) initiation: active surveillance in HIV care programs, the IeDEA West Africa collaboration', B M C Infectious Diseases, vol. 15, pp. 176. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-015-0910-3

Simonsen, SF , Heiberg, J & Hjortdal, VE 2015, 'Severe Pulmonary Valve Regurgitation 40 Years After Blunt Chest Trauma', Annals of Thoracic Surgery, vol. 100, no. 4, pp. 1458-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.11.072

Kaas-Hansen, BS & Hansen, OI 2015, 'Severe violence in Eastern Jutland 2003-2014: a pilot study'. https://doi.org/10.7490/f1000research.1110957.1

Trolle, GB 2015, Sex. 1 edn, Aarhus Universitet.

Fox, AD , Clausen, KK , Dalby, L , Christensen, TK & Sunde, P 2015, 'Sex/age ratio bias in hunter wings of Eurasian Wigeon Anas penelope compared to field samples', Pan-European Duck Symposium, Hanko, Finland, 07/04/2015 - 11/04/2015.

Javaras, KN, Runfola, CD, Thornton, LM, Agerbo, E, Birgegård, A, Norring, C, Yao, S, Råstam, M, Larsson, H, Lichtenstein, P & Bulik, CM 2015, 'Sex- and age-specific incidence of healthcare-register-recorded eating disorders in the complete Swedish 1979-2001 birth cohort', International Journal of Eating Disorders, vol. 48, no. 8, pp. 1070-81. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22467

Schrøder, MK 2015, 'Sex differences in antidiuretic function'.

Dyble, M, Salali, GD, Chaudhary, N, Page, A, Smith, D, Thompson, J, Vinicius, L, Mace, R & Migliano, AB 2015, 'Sex equality can explain the unique social structure of hunter-gatherer bands', Science, vol. 348, no. 6236, pp. 796-798. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa5139

Jensen, K, McClure, C, Priest, NK & Hunt, J 2015, 'Sex-specific effects of protein and carbohydrate intake on reproduction but not lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster', Aging Cell, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 605-615. https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.12333

Anne-Sophie, H, Knudsen, A-KS, Brisson Nielsen, S & Garcia-Alix Grynnerup, A 2015, Sexual and reproductive health in Greenland: evaluation of implementing sexual peer-to-peer education in Greenland (the SexInuk project) .

Jørgensen, MJ , Maindal, HT , Christensen, KS , Olesen, F & Andersen, B 2015, 'Sexual behaviour among young Danes aged 15-29 years: a cross-sectional study of core indicators', Sexually Transmitted Infections, vol. 91, no. 3, pp. 171-7. https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2014-051814

Simovska, V & Kane, R 2015, 'Sexuality education in different contexts: limitations and possibilities', Health Education, vol. 115, no. 1, pp. 2-6. https://doi.org/10.1108/HE-10-2014-0093

Lieberoth, A , Wellnitz, KB & Aagaard, J 2015, Sex, violence and learning: Assessing game effects. in P Lankoski & S Björk (eds), Game Research Methods: An Overview. ETC Press, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 175-192. <http://press.etc.cmu.edu/content/game-research-methods-overview>

Allaste, A-A & Tiidenberg, K 2015, Sexy Selfies of the transitioning Self. in D Woodman & A Bennett (eds), Youth Cultures, Belonging and Transitions . Palgrave/McMillan, pp. 113-126.

Bruun, NH, SF12: Stata module to alidate sf12 input and calculate sf12 version 2 t scores, 2015, Computer programme. <https://ideas.repec.org/c/boc/bocode/s458125.html>

Eilenberg, M 2015, 'Shades of green and REDD: Local and global contestations over the value of forest versus plantation development on the Indonesian forest frontier', Asia Pacific Viewpoint, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 48-61. https://doi.org/10.1111/apv.12084

Swanson, HA 2015, 'Shadow ecologies of conservation: Co-production of salmon landscapes in Hokkaido, Japan, and southern Chile', Geoforum, vol. 61, no. May, pp. 101-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.02.018

Sterrett, JW 2015, Shakespeare and The Violation of Sanctuary. in S Chiari (ed.), The Circulation of Knowledge in Early Modern English Literature. Ashgate, Farnham, Surrey, pp. 133-144, Transmission and Transgression in Early Modern England, Aix-en-Provence, France, 28/11/2012.

Lieberoth, A 2015, 'Shallow gamification: Testing psychological effects of framing an activity as a game', Games and Culture: A Journal of Interactive Media, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 229-248. https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412014559978

Melis, RT, Sulas, F & French, C (eds) 2015, Shaping the Mediterranean basin: E-book of the Mediterranean Geoarchaeology Workshop, 14-15 May 2015, Cagliari. Cagliari. <http://ojs.unica.it/index.php/MGW>

Sorrentino, M, Giustiniano, L, Depaoli, P & Marco, MD 2015, Shared services: Exploring the new frontier. in Exploring Services Science: 6th International Conference, IESS 2015, Porto, Portugal, February 4-6, 2015, Proceedings. vol. 201, Springer, Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing , pp. 215-227, 6th International Conference on Exploring Services Science, IESS 2015, Porto, Portugal, 04/02/2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14980-6_17

Andersen, SE & Nielsen, AE 2015, Shared value, shared responsibility: A co-creation perspective on sustainability. in BT Knudsen, DR Christensen & P Blenker (eds), Enterprising Initiatives in the Experience Economy: Transforming Social Worlds. Routledge, New York, Routledge Studies in Entrepreneurship, vol. 5, pp. 189-208.

Byrnit, J, Høgh-Olesen, H & Makransky, G 2015, 'Share your Sweets: Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and bonobo (Pan paniscus) willingness to share highly attractive monopolizable food sources', Journal of Comparative Psychology, vol. 129, no. 3, pp. 218-228. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039351

Paramanathan, A, Pahlevani, P, Thorsteinsson, S, Hundebøll, M, Lucani Rötter, DE & Fitzek, FHP 2015, Sharing the Pi: Testbed Description and Performance Evaluation of Network Coding on the Raspberry Pi. in Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), 2014 IEEE 79th. IEEE, IEEE 79th Vehicular Technology Conference 2014, Seoul, Korea, Republic of, 18/05/2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/VTCSpring.2014.7023090

Saad-Sulonen, J 2015, 'Sharing tools and know-how: challenges and potential approaches for self-organized urban communities', Paper presented at CHI, Seoul, Korea, Republic of, 18/04/2015 - 23/04/2015. <https://designforsharingdotcom.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/saad-sulonen_chi2015_ws_designforsharing.pdf>

Crawford, PI 2015, Shark fishing and other fishing practices in the Reef Islands (Ngasinue and Vaiakau).

Strauch, C 2015, 'Sharp adaptive drift estimation for ergodic diffusions: The multivariate case', Stochastic Process. Appl., vol. 125, no. 7, pp. 2562-2602.

Pettie, S 2015, Sharp Bounds on Formation-free Sequences. in P Indyk (ed.), Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, SODA '15. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, pp. 592-604 , ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, San Diego, United States, 04/01/2015. <http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2722155>

Vignoli, G, Fiandaca, G , Christiansen, AV , Kirkegaard, C & Auken, E 2015, 'Sharp spatially constrained inversion with applications to transient electromagnetic data', Geophysical Prospecting, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 243-255. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2478.12185

Fiandaca, G , Kirkegaard, C , Foged, N , Christiansen, AV & Auken, E 2015, Sharp spatially-decoupled inversion of airborne electromagnetic data for improved model integration. in 1st European Airborne Electromagnetics Conference - Held at Near Surface Geoscience 2015. European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers, pp. 118-122, 1st European Airborne Electromagnetics Conference, Turin, Italy, 06/09/2015. https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201413884

Callot, L, Caner, M, Kock, AB & Riquelme, JA 2015 'Sharp Threshold Detection Based on Sup-norm Error rates in High-dimensional Models' CREATES Research Paper, no. 2015-10, Institut for Økonomi, Aarhus Universitet, Aarhus.

Jakobsen, T , Kold, S , Baas, J , Søballe, K & Rahbek, O 2015, 'Sheep Hip Arthroplasty Model of Failed Implant Osseointegration', The Open Orthopaedics Journal, vol. 9, pp. 525-9. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874325001509010525

Laidre, KL, Born, EW, Heagerty, PJ, Wiig, Ø, Stern, H, Dietz, R, Aars, J & Andersen, M 2015, 'Shifts in female polar bear (Ursus maritimus) habitat use in East Greenland', Polar Biology, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 879-893. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-015-1648-5

Simova, I, Violle, C, Kraft, NJB, Storch, D, Svenning, J-C, Boyle, B, Donoghue, JC, Jorgensen, P, McGill, BJ, Morueta-Holme, N, Piel, WH, Peet, RK, Regetz, J, Schildhauer, M, Spencer, N, Thiers, B, Wiser, S & Enquist, BJ 2015, 'Shifts in trait means and variances in North American tree assemblages: species richness patterns are loosely related to the functional space', Ecography, vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 649-658. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.00867

Bradley, J, Anesio, A, Singarayer, J, Heath, M & Arndt, S 2015, 'SHIMMER (1.0): a novel mathematical model for microbial and biogeochemical dynamics in glacier forefield ecosystems', Geoscientific Model Development, vol. 8, no. 10, pp. 3441-3470. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3441-2015

Schmidt, AS , Glerup Lauridsen, K , Rickers, H, Bach, LF & Løfgren, B 2015, 'Shocks During Cardioversions are Not Uncommonly Delivered Asynchronous Including in the Vulnerable Phase of the T-wave: A Post-hoc Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Study'.

Wiese, A, Zielke, S & Toporowski, W 2015, 'Shopping travel behaviour: Influencing factors, shopper types and environmental consequences', International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, vol. 43, no. 4/5, pp. 469-484. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJRDM-01-2015-0006

Peters, CD , Kjaergaard, KD , Jensen, JD , Christensen, KL , Strandhave, C , Tietze, IN, Novosel, MK, Bibby, BM & Jespersen, B 2015, 'Short and Long-Term Effects of the Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker Irbesartan on Intradialytic Central Hemodynamics: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled One-Year Intervention Trial (the SAFIR Study)', PLoS One, vol. 10, no. 6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126882

Ettema, JF & Østergaard, S 2015, 'Short communication: Economics of sex-biased milk production', Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 98, no. 2, pp. 1078-1081. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8774

Wiggans, GR, Su, G, Cooper, TA, Nielsen, US, Aamand, GP, Guldbrandtsen, B , Lund, MS & VanRaden, PM 2015, 'Short communication: Improving accuracy of Jersey genomic evaluations in the United States and Denmark by sharing reference population bulls', Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 98, no. 5, pp. 3508-3513. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8874

Perkovic, S 2015, 'Shortcut to health: using process tracing to analyze product search and purchase decisions of organic food', The 25th Subjective Probability, Utility, and Decision Making Conference, Budapest, Hungary, 16/08/2015 - 20/08/2015.

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