Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Fibiger, TB 2026, The Dawoodi Bohras in Dubai: a case for a religious civil society. in J Sater (ed.), Routledge Handbook on Civil Society in the Middle East and North Africa. Routledge, London, pp. 216-225. https://doi.org/10.4324/b23025-18

Glas, E & Hartog, PB 2026, The Dead Sea Scrolls and Josephus’ Writings. in KR Atkinson (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Josephus. Oxford University Press, Oxford, Oxford Handbooks.

Larsen, KB 2026, The Death of Jesus in the Farewell Discourse. in The Johannine Farewell Discourse.

Larsen, KB 2026, The Debut of Jesus in Mark’s Gospel and First Public Appearances in Ancient Biographical Literature. in TBA.

Kirkegaard, T, Kiel, L , Lind, M, Bloch, MS, Høgenhaug, SS, Jensen, SL, Winding, TN & Andersen, LPS 2026, 'The development and evaluation of a mentalization-based training program for multiple managerial layers: a study protocol', BMC Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-26551-w

Nielsen, SB , Bøgh, M , Hoff, CM , Haraldsen, A , Hald, M , Pedersen, JM , Nielsen, E , Madsen, MH & Kjærgaard, T 2026, 'The Diagnostic Value of PET/CT and MRI in Head and Neck Cancer of Unknown Primary', Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology, vol. 11, no. 2, e70345. https://doi.org/10.1002/lio2.70345

Marcantonio, E , Bitsch, RS & Jørgensen, KA 2026, 'The Diarylprolinol Silyl Ethers: After 20 Years Still Opening New Doors in Asymmetric Catalysis', Angewandte Chemie - International Edition, vol. 65, no. 11, e26146. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202526146

Allaart, L, Christensen, N, Pérez, LF, Bennike, O, Singhroha, S, Vangkilde-Pedersen, T, Nørgaard-Pedersen, N, Overgaard Leth, J, Winther, LH, Prins, LT, Regnéll, C & Andresen, KJ 2026, 'The drowned glacial landscape of Kattegat, Denmark', Quaternary Science Reviews, vol. 381, 109905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2026.109905

Brøgger, K 2026, The Dynamic Relationship between Research Integrity and Academic Freedom. in M P Sørensen & T Ravn (eds), How to Cultivate Research Integrity: 15 Core Practices. Edward Elgar Publishing.

Østergaard, B, Kolbrun-Svavarsdottir, E, Brødsgaard, A, Rosenstrøm, S, Garcia-Vivar, C, Konradsen, H, Brochstedt-Dieperink, K, Imhof, L, Mahrer-Imhof, R & Luttik, ML 2026, 'The Effectiveness of Family Health Conversations Delivered by Nurses: A Systematic Review', Journal of Clinical Nursing, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 539-564. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.70058

Rikvold, PD , Johnsen, KK , Del Rey, YC, Hansen, LBS, Knap, I, Holz, C, Meyer, RL, Jørgensen, MR & Schlafer, S 2026, 'The Effect of Enzymes on Dental Plaque: A Randomized Controlled Trial', Journal of Dental Research, vol. 105, no. 2, pp. 236-244. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345251347959

Meisterhans, M, Dimitriou, D, Fasser, MR, Geissmann, M, Borbas, P, Hoch, A, Rosner, J, Schubert, M, Aguirre, JA, Eichenberger, U, Widmer, J & Zingg, PO 2026, 'The effect of experimentally-induced gluteal muscle paralysis on joint kinematics, reaction forces and dynamic balance performance during lunges', Gait and Posture, vol. 124, 110061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2025.110061

Zickfeld, JH , Tønnesen, MH , Elbæk, CT , Oelrich, S , Cardarelli, T , Ścigała, KA , Pfattheicher, S & Mitkidis, P 2026, 'The effect of individual and group punishment on individual and group-based dishonesty', Royal Society Open Science, vol. 13, no. 1, 252225. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.252225

Vaes, SMM, Peters, EG, Nors, J, Back, CH, Leclercq, WKG, de Vries Reilingh, TS, Luyer, MDP & Smeets, BJJ 2026, 'The effect of myopenia, myosteatosis and visceral obesity on postoperative complications and inflammation in colorectal surgery', Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, vol. 72, 102934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2026.102934

Jessen, C 2026, 'The Effect of Peripheral Nerve Blocks for Alleviating Pain in Elective Hip Arthroscopy Patients', PhD, Aarhus University.

Møller, CA, Nielsen, SF & Mose, FH 2026, 'The Effect of SGLT2 Inhibitors on Blood Pressure in Relation to Baseline Kidney Function: A Systematic Literature Review and Data Analysis', American Journal of Hypertension, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 122-133. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpaf130

Buch, K, Thomas, R, Staiano, W & Lønbro, S 2026, 'The Effect of Sport-Specific Brain Endurance Training on Performance in Elite Orienteering Athletes', Sports, vol. 14, no. 1, 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14010032

Reimert, I, Peric, T, Giombolini, M, Sell-Kubiak, E, Coutant, MP, Ferrari, P, Zaworska-Zakrzewska, A, Prandi, A & Kemp, B 2026, 'The effect of stocking density and enrichment on hair cortisol, hair dehydroepiandrosterone (sulphate) and their ratio in growing-finishing pigs', Livestock Science, vol. 303, 105854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2025.105854

Petersen, HI, Rostami, B, Blinkenberg, KH, Al-Masri, WF, Rudra, A & Sanei, H 2026, 'The effect of supercritical CO₂ flooding under two different reservoir conditions on the remaining oil in a fine-grained carbonate reservoir, Danish North Sea', Geoenergy, vol. 4, no. 1, geoenergy2025-039. https://doi.org/10.1144/geoenergy2025-039

de Oliveira, MG, Castro, SA, Campos, R, Vivi, G, Leite, CAC, De Nucci, G, Wang, T & Filogonio, R 2026, 'The effects of 6-nitrodopamine on the systemic vasculature of South American rattlesnakes', The Journal of experimental biology, vol. 229, no. 4. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.251103

Liebermann, R 2026, 'The Ekphrasis of Pain and Jeremiah’s Body (of Text)', Postscripts: The Journal of Sacred Texts and Contemporary Worlds, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 271-292. https://doi.org/10.1558/post.34340

Svetlova, E & Arnoldi, J 2026, 'The End of Theory: AI and Ignorance in Financial Markets', Finance and Society. https://doi.org/10.1017/fas.2026.10032

Jaeger, SR , Andersen, GBH, Chheang, SL & Llobell, F 2026, 'The ErrVarNorm (EVN) index in Case 1 Best–Worst Scaling: Further methodological and data quality investigations', Food Quality and Preference, vol. 141, 105892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2026.105892

van Mulukom, V & Clasen, M 2026, 'The evolutionary functions of imaginative-narrative simulation and how they may contribute to psychological well-being', Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences. <https://doi.org/10.1037/ebs0000397>

Kühle, L & Mauritsen, AL 2026, 'The Evolution of Abortion Legislation in Denmark: From Religious Justifications to Secular Ethics', Scandinavian Studies, vol. 98, no. 1, pp. 68-92. https://doi.org/10.3368/sca.98.1.68

Hansen, MF & Fuentes, A 2026, 'The evolution of the concepts of ‘primate culture’ in Western science', Primates, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 171-181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-026-01244-5

Lauring, J, Guttormsen, DSA & Saheem, W 2026, 'The Expatriate Family Context and Career-Related Turnover Intentions: A Triple Interaction Model', European Journal of International Management.

Shifman, L, Trillò, T, Hallinan, B, Mizoroki, S, Green, A, Scharlach, R & Frosh, P 2026, 'The expression of values on social media: An analytical framework', New Media and Society, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 1148-1170. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448241307035

Thorsøe, MH , Munkholm, LJ , Berg, TR , Graversgaard, M , Witt, N , Krabbe, K , Stone, TF , Averbuch, B, Schwarz, G & Noe, EB 2026, 'The Farmer and Soil Health: Understanding the Foundation for Sustainable Soil Management', European Journal of Soil Science, vol. 77, no. 2, e70294. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.70294

Lorans, M , Skipper, KA, Nielsen, TØ, Drue, SO , Nielsen, CK , Thorup, CV , Nørholt, SE , Thøstesen, LM & Gregersen, PA 2026, 'The first case of Branchio-oto-renal (BOR) syndrome caused by a deep intronic variant in EYA1', Molecular Genetics and Genomics, vol. 301, no. 1, 12, pp. 12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-025-02336-5

Fröbert, O , Pedersen, IB , Hjelholt, AJ , Erikstrup, C & Cajander, S 2026, 'The flu shot and cardiovascular Protection: Rethinking inflammation in ischemic heart disease', Atherosclerosis, vol. 414, 120405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2025.120405, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2025.120405

Ziółkowska, E, Sowa, G, Duan, X & Topping, CJ 2026, 'The Formal Model for the hoverfly Sphaerophoria scripta (Diptera, Syrphidae) agent-based model in the Animal Landscape and Man Simulation System (ALMaSS)', Food and Ecological Systems Modelling Journal, vol. 7, e169793. https://doi.org/10.3897/fmj.7.169793

Robbe, JR 2026, The Formation and Dissolution of a Written Language A Digital Analysis of the Low German Writing Tradition on 18th-Century Amager. Frank & Timme.

Stevens, IT , Cook, JM , Chevrollier, LA, Woods, T, Hepburn, AJ, Anesio, AM, Benning, LG & Tranter, M 2026, 'The formation and evolution of the supraglacial weathering crust on the Greenland Ice Sheet', Journal of Glaciology. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2026.10146

Pade, M 2026, The fortuna of the word monarchia from Ancient Rome to Sixteenth-Century Denmark. in Colloquia Tusculana. pp. 137-158.

Romé, HJS, Bagge, M & Jensen, J 2026, 'The Genetic Basis of Resistance to Late Blight in Tetraploid Potatoes', Crop Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, vol. 8, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.20900/cbgg20260001

Herman, AC, Andersen, JP, Hofstra, B & Nielsen, MW 2026, 'The geographical diversity of the citation elite in STEMM is decreasing, even as the overall scientific workforce has diversified', Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-026-01640-2

Steen, A 2026, The Global Journey of a Sonic Souvenir: China’s First International Hit Song “Rose, Rose I Love You” (1940). in A Steen, AF Jones & FC Lau (eds), China Sounds Across Borders: Migration, Mobility and Modernity. Chinese University of Hong Kong Press, Hong Kong, pp. 316-356.

Fryd, ND , Albertsen, N, Bernth-Andersen, S, Ernst, A & Jensen, JB 2026, 'The GreenBladder Study: Early Detection of Bladder Cancer in Greenland Using a Urinary Biomarker', Journal of Clinical Medicine, vol. 15, no. 2, 761. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15020761

Felding, L, Berger, D, Lindblom, C & Nørgaard, HW 2026, 'The Hastrup hoard: Metallurgical and typological links between South Jutland and Hallstatt Europe in the 8th to 6th centuries BCE', Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, vol. 69, 105533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105533

Outinen, O, Stæhr, PAU, Ribeiro, RS, Carbonell, A, Comas-González, R, Png-Gonzalez, L, Vázquez-Luis, M, Florin, A-B, Naddafi, R, Gittenberger, A, Jakobsen, H, Costa, AC, Parente, MI, Dragičević, B, Dulčić, J, Petović, S, Orlando-Bonaca, M, Mavrič, B, Bartilotti, C, Lobo-Arteaga, J, Tuaty-Guerra, M, Viard, F, Massé, C, Castriota, L, Livi, S, Galanidi, M, Zenetos, A, Carvalho, N, Canning-Clode, J, Parretti, P, Ramalhosa, P & Castro, N 2026, 'The haunting challenge of the trends and pathway assessments on newly introduced non-indigenous species in European seas', Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 226, 119407, pp. 119407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119407

Zhartybayeva, A , Christensen, BT , Eriksen, J , Giannini-Kurina, F & Jensen, JL 2026, 'The Hidden Soil Carbon Turnover: Evidence From a Long-Term C3-To-C4 Conversion Experiment', European Journal of Soil Science, vol. 77, no. 1, e70283, pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.70283

Liebermann, R 2026, The Human, the Dehumanizing, and the Post-Human in the Psalms of Lament. in R Liebermann & MB Kartzow (eds), Minds, Bodies, and Power: Rethinking Social Scientific Approaches to the Bible. Wipf and Stock Publishers.

Agersnap, A, Schmidt, LW, Eriksen, RS , Bønding, EW , Kirkegaard, TH, Borčak, LW & Baunvig, KL 2026, 'The Human Touch: Leveraging HITL for Quantitative Close Reading of Historical Corpora', Digital Humanities in the Nordic and Baltic Countries Publications, vol. 7, no. 4. https://doi.org/10.5617/dhnbpub.12981

Bruun, H 2026, 'The impact of commissioning and content strategies in online public service media programming', View: Journal of European Television History and Culture.

Coto-Sarmiento, M, Namen, A, Varis, A & Iovita, R 2026, 'The Impact of Cooperation Under Climate Constraints: An Agent-Based Model for Exploring Paleolithic Behavioral Adaptations in the Inner Asian Mountain Corridor', Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 33, no. 1, 8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-025-09739-z

Peschel, AO & Thøgersen, J 2026, 'The impact of labelling “true price” on effectiveness and consumer acceptance', Ecological Economics.

Fally, M, Bastrup Israelsen, S, Benfield, T, Tarp, B, Kolte, L, Ravn, P & the Optimising Treatment of Community-Acquired Pneumonia (optiCAP) Study Group 2026, 'The impact of lower respiratory tract sample cultures on outcomes in community-acquired pneumonia: a propensity score matched cohort study', Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, vol. 81, no. 6, pp. 1152-1158. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciae611

Riis, N, Vestergaard, M, Neergaard, MA , Alsner, J , Eriksen, JG, Videbech, P, Mygind, A, Johnsen, SP, Valentin, JB & Fløe, LE 2026, 'The Impact of Preexisting Severe Mental Disorders on Cancer Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis', Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, vol. 153, no. 3, pp. 158-178. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.70054

Nors, J , Gotschalck, KA , Erichsen, R & Andersen, CL 2026, 'The impact of time-to-recurrence on post-recurrence mortality in stage I–III colorectal cancer: A nationwide Danish cohort study', International Journal of Cancer. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.70375

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