Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Hansen, SW , Schou, TM , Møller, SH, Bouyssie, P & Malmkvist, J 2015, Sårskorper kan forekomme uden forudgående åbne sår, når hvalpene er 6-7 uger gamle. in SH Møller & J Malmkvist (eds), Temadag om aktuel minkforskning: DCA rapport nr. 066. vol. 66, DCA - Nationalt Center for Fødevarer og Jordbrug, pp. 39-47, Temadag om aktuel minkforskning, Foulum, Denmark, 15/09/2015. <http://web.agrsci.dk/djfpublikation/djfpdf/DCArapport066.pdf>

Nielsen, CF 2015, Satire, racisme og Charlie Hebdo. <http://videnskab.dk/blog/satire-racisme-og-charlie-hebdo>

Peise, J, Kruse, I, Lange, K, Lücke, B, Pezzè, L, Arlt, J, Ertmer, W, Hammerer, K, Santos, L, Smerzi, A & Klempt, C 2015, 'Satisfying the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen criterion with massive particles', Nature Communications, no. 6, 8984. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9984

Bilde, M, Barsanti, K, Booth, M, Cappa, CD, Donahue, NM, Emanuelsson, EU, McFiggans, G, Krieger, UK, Marcolli, C, Tropping, D, Ziemann, P, Barley, M, Clegg, S, Dennis-Smither, B, Hallquist, M, Hallquist, ÅM, Khlystov, A, Kulmala, M, Mogensen, D, Percival, CJ, Pope, F, Reid, JP, da Silva, MAVR, Rosenoern, T, Salo, K, Soonsin, VP, Yli-Juuti, T, Prisle, NL, Pagels, J, Rarey, J, Zardini, AA & Riipinen, I 2015, 'Saturation Vapor Pressures and Transition Enthalpies of Low-Volatility Organic Molecules of Atmospheric Relevance: From Dicarboxylic Acids to Complex Mixtures', Chemical Reviews, vol. 115, no. 10, pp. 4115-4156. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr5005502

Emanuelsson, EU, Tschiskale, M & Bilde, M 2015, 'Saturation vapour pressures from evaporation rates of organic aerosol particles', Aerosol Technology, Tampere, Finland, 15/06/2015 - 17/06/2015.

Mc Loughlin, ET 2015, '#SaveBenjy: Sexuality, Queer Animals and Ireland', Humanimalia, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 109-122.

Eriksson, T, Mao, L & Villeval, M-C 2015 'Saving Face and Group Identity' IZA Discussion Paper, no. 9110. <ftp://ftp.gate.cnrs.fr/RePEc/2015/1515.pdf>

Shulzhenko, E & Holmgren, J 2015, 'Saying ‘no’ to distributed working: resistance to a new information technology in public home nursing in Denmark', The 33rd International Labour Process Conference, Athens, Greece, 13/04/2015 - 15/04/2015.

Christoffersen, HF, Andreasen, M , Zhang, S , Nielsen, EH , Christiansen, G , Dong, M , Skrydstrup, T & Otzen, DE 2015, 'Scaffolded multimers of hIAPP20-29 peptide fragments fibrillate faster and lead to different fibrils compared to the free hIAPP20-29 peptide fragment', Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Proteins and Proteomics, vol. 1854, no. 12, pp. 1890-1897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.08.005

Liu, C, Fa, R, Abu-Jamous, B, Brattico, E & Nandi, A 2015, 'Scalable clustering based on enhanced-smart for large-scale fMRI datasets', I E E E International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing. Proceedings, pp. 962-966.

Chester, S , Sidlauskas, D , Assent, I & Bøgh, KS 2015, Scalable Parallelization of Skyline Computation for Multi-core Processors. in 31st IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE 2015). IEEE Computer Society Press, pp. 1083 - 1094, International Conference on Data Engineering, Seoul, Korea, Republic of, 13/04/2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDE.2015.7113358

Skovsgaard, A & Jensen, CS 2015, 'Scalable Spatio-Textual Region Querying in Key-Value Stores', Paper presented at ACM SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems, Dallas, United States, 04/11/2014 - 07/11/2014. <http://sigspatial2014.sigspatial.org/>

Sovacool, B, Kryman, M & Smith, T 2015, 'Scaling and Commercializing Mobile Biogas Systems in Kenya: A Qualitative Pilot Study', Renewable Energy, vol. 76, pp. 115-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.10.070

Zuhse, R, Leggewie, C, Hollmann, F & Kara, S 2015, 'Scaling-up of 'smart cosubstrate' 1,4-butanediol promoted asymmetric reduction of ethyl-4,4,4-trifluoroacetoacetate in organic media', Organic Process Research & Development, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 369-372. https://doi.org/10.1021/op500374x

Larsson, L, Bang, T & Frandsen, F 2015, Scandinavia. in T Watson (ed.), Western European perspectives on the development of public relations: Other Voices. Palgrave Macmillan, London, pp. 107-122. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137427519.0012

Andersen, MS 2015, 'Scandinavian exceptionalism in the European Union ? Taxing atmospheric pollutants within the acquis of the emissions trading and energy taxation directives', 16th Global Conference on Environmental Taxation, Sydney, Australia, 23/09/2015 - 26/09/2015. <http://www.uts.edu.au/sites/default/files/law-gcet16-full-program-web-v2.pdf>

Levisen, C 2015, 'Scandinavian Semantics and the Human Body: An ethnolinguistic study in diversity and change', Language Sciences, vol. 49, no. May, pp. 51-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2014.05.004

Javadian, P , Nielsen, TK , Ravnsbaek, DB , Jepsen, LH, Polanski, M, Plocinski, T, Kunce, I, Besenbacher, F, Bystrzycki, J & Jensen, TR 2015, 'Scandium functionalized carbon aerogel: Synthesis of nanoparticles and structure of a new ScOCl and properties of NaAlH4 as a function of pore size', Journal of Solid State Chemistry, vol. 231, pp. 190-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2015.08.035

Mikkelsen, S , Vestergaard, AL, Coleman, JA, Vilsen, B, S. Molday, R & Andersen, JP 2015, 'Scanning mutagenesis of transmembrane segments M5 and M6 of the mammalian flippase ATP8A2 – evidence for a classic transport pathway?'.

Nederby, L , Roug, AS, Knudsen, SS, Skovbo, A , Kjeldsen, E , Moller, HJ & Hokland, M 2015, 'sCD163 as a Prognostic Biomarker in B-cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia', Leukemia & Lymphoma, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3109/10428194.2015.1026899

Løfstrøm, P & Olesen, HR 2015, Scenarieberegninger til brug for ny lugtvejledning for virksomheder. Teknisk rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, vol. 53, vol. 53, Aarhus University, DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy. <http://dce2.au.dk/pub/TR53.pdf>

Hansen, J, Mikkelsen, MH , Albrektsen, R, Dubgaard, A & Jacobsen, BH 2015, Scenarier for ammoniakemissionen fra Danmark i 2020 og 2030: Emissioner og omkostninger . vol. 230, Københavns Universitet. <http://forskning.ku.dk/find-en-forsker/?pure=files%2F134712207%2FIFRO_Rapport_230.pdf>

Windolf, J , Bjerring, R , Blicher-Mathiesen, G , Børgesen, CD, Højbjerg, AL, Trolle, D & Tornbjerg, H 2015, 'Scenarios for in-lake Nitrogen concentrations in 11 Danish lakes using intensive monitoring data and an integrated hydrological and Nitrogen model', EGU General Assembly 2015, Vienna, Austria, 12/04/2015 - 17/04/2015.

Eichner, S 2015, 'Scene of Crime Germany: Regionalism and Audience Appeal in ‘Tatort’', Crime Pays, Crime Days-Conference, Aalborg , Denmark, 01/10/2015 - 02/10/2015.

Hansen, HR 2015, 'Schoolanger and drop outs', Paper presented at Learning from the margin, Brazil, 10/08/2015 - 20/02/2016.

Roien, LA & Simovska, V 2015, 'School based sexuality education: a review of literature ', ECER, Budapest, Hungary, 08/09/2015 - 11/09/2015. <http://www.eera-ecer.de/ecer-programmes/conference/20/contribution/34425/>

Aarkrog, V 2015, 'School Development in Practice. A Competence Development Model for Enhancing Transfer?', Paper presented at ECER 2015, Budapest, Budapest, Hungary, 07/09/2015 - 11/09/2015.

Simovska, V & McNamarra, P (eds) 2015, Schools for health and sustainability: theory, research and practice. Springer Science+Business Media, Dodrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9171-7

Mannix-McNamara , P & Simovska, V 2015, Schools for health and sustainability: insights from the past, present and for the future. in V Simovska & P Mannix-McNamara (eds), Schools for health and sustainability: theory, research and practice. Springer Science+Business Media, Dodrecht, pp. 3-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9171-7_1

Fauth, SR 2015, Schopenhauer til Goethe: skrevet i ICE 1511 mellem Berlin Hauptbahnhof og Naumburg an der Saale, den 3. september 1814. in VB Lindholm (ed.), Greatest kids 2014: antologi. Victor Boy Lindholm.

Vibjerg, J, Østergaard, N & Hagen, EM 2015, 'SCI- databasen - En klinisk rygmarvsskade database'.

Poulsen, EL 2015, 'Science and Me: Who Should I Be? STEM Interested Students' Trajectories and Reflections regarding Choice of Tertiary Education'.

Broström, S & Frøkjær, T 2015, Science i dagtilbud: børn og pædagoger undersøger naturens lovmæssigheder. vol. 1, 1. edn, Dansk Pædagogisk Forum, Aarhus.

Broström, S 2015, 'Science in early childhood education', Journal of Education and Human development, vol. 4, no. 2(1), pp. 107-124. https://doi.org/10.15640/jehd.v4n2_1a12

Svendsen, PM & Høffding Nissen, M 2015, 'ScienceTalent Mønsterbryder'.

Nielsen, KH & Andersen, H 2015, Science, Technology and Society Studies - Scandinavian Perspectives. in JB Holbrook (ed.), Ethics, Science, Technology and Engineering: A Global Resource. 2. edn, Macmillan Reference, pp. 70-72.

Kjærgaard, RS 2015, Scientific Data and Aesthetic Complexity. in Overgaden Exhibition.

Schindler, S 2015, 'Scientific Discovery: that-what's and what-that's', Ergo an Open Access Journal of Philosophy, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 123. <http://www.ergophiljournal.org/>

Bergenholtz, C & Kolympiris, C 2015, Scientific instruments: How reliable are commercial firms perceived to be by academics? in Academy of Management Proceedings 2015. Academy of Management Conference , Vancouver, Canada, 07/08/2015. <http://proceedings.aom.org/content/2015/1/15005.abstract?sid=4a80cddc-6159-4676-b321-8d3e59bb3417>

EFSA PPR Panel (EFSA Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues), & Topping, CJ 2015, 'Scientific Opinion addressing the state of the science on risk assessment of plant protection products for non-target arthropods', EFSA Journal, vol. 13, no. 2, 3996. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.3996

Sterrett, JW, Ankerberg , E & Davies, D (eds) 2015, Scintilla 18: The Journal of The Vaughan Association. Scintilla, vol. 18, The Vaughan Association, Wales. <http://www.vaughanassociation.org>

Mannino, M 2015, Sclerocronologia e geochimica applicate all’archeologia delle conchiglie marine. in A Girod (ed.), Appunti di Archeomalacologia. All’Insegna del Giglio, pp. 167-178.

Degett, TH, Iversen, LH & Gögenur, I 2015, 'Scoringssystemer til vurdering af 30-dagesmortaliteten efter kolorektalcancerkirurgi', Ugeskrift for Læger, vol. 177, no. 11, pp. 2-6.

Zhou, R, Yu, X, Kjær, KH , Rosenqvist, E , Ottosen, CO & Wu, Z 2015, 'Screening and validation of tomato genotypes under heat stress using F_v/F_m to reveal the physiological mechanism of heat tolerance', Environmental and Experimental Botany, vol. 18, no. 118, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2015.05.006

Zhou, R , Kjær, KH, Rosenqvist, E, Ottosen, C-O & Wu, Z 2015, Screening and validation of tomato genotypes under heat stress using Fv/Fm and heat-responsive miRNAs by high-throughput sequencing. in Book of abstract "COST FA1306". pp. 38, COST FA1306 "The quest for tolerant varieties - Phenotyping at plant and cellular level", Gatersleben, Germany, 22/06/2015.

Ramkissoon, C, Szórád, JJ, Rágyanszki, A, Gerlei, KZ, Fiser, B, Szőri, M, Csizmadia, IG, Jensen, SK & Viskolcz, B 2015, 'Screening Constitutional Isomers of C₃H₂O₂ for Thermodynamic Properties Obtained from Systematic Electron Structure Calculations', Chemical Informatics, vol. 1, no. 2, 8. <http://www.cheminformatics.imedpub.com/screening-constitutional-isomers-of-c3h2o2-for-thermodynamic-properties-obtained-from-systematic-electron-structure-calculations.php?aid=7257>

Holm, TE , Tougaard, J , Petersen, IK , Balle, JD , Dahl, K , Teilmann, J , Hermannsen, L , Kyhn, LA , Sveegaard, S , Josefson, AB , Nielsen, RD , Therkildsen, OR , Laursen, K , Wind, P , Søgaard, B , Galatius, A , Stjernholm, M & Juul, MN 2015, 'Screeninger 2013 - 2015', No. 13685, 338 p., Oct 08, 2015. Notat fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi (2011-2019).

Søgaard, R & Lindholt, JS 2015, 'Screening for aortaanneurisme: Ideologisk korstog eller ny evidens?', Ugeskrift for Læger, vol. 177, no. 9, pp. 892-3.

Kier, MGG, Lauritsen, J, Almstrup, K, Mortensen, MS, Toft, BG, Rajpert-De Meyts, E, Skakkebaek, NE, Rørth, M, von der Maase, H, Agerbaek, M, Holm, NV, Andersen, KK, Dalton, SO, Johansen, C & Daugaard, G 2015, 'Screening for carcinoma in situ in the contralateral testicle in patients with testicular cancer: a population-based study', Annals of Oncology, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 737-742. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdu585

Hammer, A , Fuglsang, K, Høgsbjerg, K & Blaakær, J 2015, 'Screening for cervixcancer hos kvinder over 65 år vil formentlig nedsætte incidensen og mortaliteten', Ugeskrift for Læger.

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