Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Bengtson, A & Pedersen, VML 2025, 'Ambivalent Stereotypes', Res Publica, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 47-64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11158-024-09670-2

Lillelund, CM, Kalra, S & Greiner, R 2025, 'A meaningful prediction of functional decline in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis based on multi-event survival analysis', PLoS One, vol. 20, no. 11 , e0336476. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0336476

Hallerstede, S & Hatcliff, J 2025, 'A mechanized semantics for component-based systems in the HAMR AADL runtime', Science of Computer Programming, vol. 245, 103312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scico.2025.103312

Mussa, FF, Mani, K & Budtz-Lilly, J 2025, '“A medical dogma: Someone told someone, who told someone else, and somebody made it all up”', Journal of Vascular Surgery, vol. 82, no. 3, pp. 1134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2025.05.050

Dias, NC, Lelkes, Y & Pearl, J 2025, 'American partisans vastly under-estimate the diversity of other partisans’ policy attitudes', Political Science Research and Methods, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 725-735. https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2024.36

Papadakis, K, Leishman, EM, Darani, PS, Cieslar, S & Ellis , JL 2025, 'A meta-analysis to identify factors affecting solid and liquid digesta mean retention time in equines', Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, vol. 148, 105434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105434

Schoemann, M, van de Mosselar, P, Perkovic, S & Orquin, JL 2025, 'A method for measuring consumer confusion due to lookalike labels', International Journal of Research in Marketing, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 298-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2024.08.010

Blasco Román, S & Böttjer, T 2025, 'A Methodological Approach to Prioritize Digital Twin Development in Manufacturing', Applied Stochastic Models in Business and Industry, vol. 41, no. 3, e2889. https://doi.org/10.1002/asmb.2889

Pedersen, MB, Pelletier, LS, Rezaeiyan, Y, Bohnert, T, Zamani, M , Shreya, S , Mosalmani, A, Paz, E, Farkhani, H, Ferreira, R & Moradi, F 2025, A Miniaturized, Low-Noise Magnetic Tunnel Junction (MTJ)-Based Gyroscope for High-Precision Rotation Sensing. in 2025 23rd IEEE Interregional NEWCAS Conference, NEWCAS 2025. IEEE, Annual IEEE Northeast Workshop on Circuits and Systems (NEWCAS), vol. 2025, pp. 212-215, 23rd IEEE Interregional NEWCAS Conference, NEWCAS 2025, Paris, France, 22/06/2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/NewCAS64648.2025.11107116

Roland, IS, Le, TT, Chen, T, Nielsen, SDH , Poulsen, NA & Larsen, LB 2025, 'Amino acid composition of different types of commercial plant-based drinks during storage and the development of processing-induced markers in them', Food Chemistry, vol. 486, 144377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.144377

Hopkinson, AT 2025, 'Amino acid evolution in the interstellar medium', PhD, Aarhus University.

Bitsch, RS , Marcantonio, E , Obregón, EB , Kocemba, IR , Faghtmann, J & Jørgensen, KA 2025, 'Aminocatalytic enantioselective [2 + 2] cycloaddition of Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes', Chemical Science, vol. 16, no. 36, pp. 16567-16572. https://doi.org/10.1039/d5sc05477j

Emborg, C , Rossen, CB & Hestbæk, L 2025, '‘Am I not going to talk to a medical doctor?’ Evaluations of effective and ineffective interactional practices in spinal pain clinic consultations', 18th WFC biennial Congress, World Federation of Chiropractic, Copenhagen, København, Denmark, 07/05/2025 - 10/05/2025.

Emborg, C , Rossen, CB & Hestbæk, L 2025, ''Am I not talking to any medical doctors today?’ – Evaluation of effective and ineffective interactional practices in spinal pain clinic consultations', Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, vol. 31, no. 5, e70134. https://doi.org/10.1111/jep.70134

Bengtson, A 2025, 'Am I Socially Related to Myself?', Erkenntnis: An International Journal of Scientific Philosophy, vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 425-442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10670-023-00704-4

Philippi Rosane, B, Tjørring, L, Ley, A, Byrne, DV , Andersen, BV, Bügel, SG & Wennerscheid, S 2025, 'A Mixed-Method Assessment of Drivers and Barriers for Substituting Dairy with Plant-Based Alternatives by Danish Adults', Foods, vol. 14, no. 15, 2755. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14152755

Bendtsen, M, Umulisa Rurangwa, N, Juhl Arnbjerg, C, Musoni-Rwililiza, E, Glahder Lindberg, L, Andreasson Aamund, K, Kallestrup, P & Carlsson, J 2025, 'A mixed method study on suicidal behavior among people with bipolar disorder in Rwanda', Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, Supplement, vol. 79, no. 6, pp. 427-434. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2025.2511073

Wu, L, Horchler, EJ, Ristovski, Z, Liu, J, Yu, F, Han, S, Zhao, W, Richards, L, Harrison, D, Zheng, J & Miljevic, B 2025, 'Ammonia emissions from an avian-rich island in the Great Barrier Reef: Environmental drivers and observational insights', Atmospheric Environment, vol. 361, 121525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121525

Pedersen, J , Hafner, SD , Kamp, JN , Petersen, SO & Hutchings, N 2025, 'Ammonia emissions from urea and ammonium sulfate application and the effect of injection and urease inhibitors under Danish conditions', No. 2024-0711286, 14 p., Mar 19, 2025. Rådgivningsnotat fra DCA - Nationalt Center for Fødevarer og Jordbrug.

Burns, A, Kerou, M, Zak, D, Schleper, C, Urich, T & Wang, H 2025, 'Ammonia oxidizing archaea and bacteria respond dynamically to drought in rewetted fen peatlands', Applied Soil Ecology, vol. 214, 106395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2025.106395

Hansen–Bruhn, I, Laura Craig, J, Hinge, M & Hull, TR 2025, 'Ammonium polyphosphates: Correlating structure to application', European Polymer Journal, vol. 223, 113644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2024.113644

Junsongduang, A, Saensouk, S & Balslev, H 2025, 'Amnat Charoen Healers in Thailand and Their Medicinal Plants', Plants, vol. 14, no. 4, 602. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14040602

Gratzer, D 2025, 'A Modal Deconstruction of Löb Induction', Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages , vol. 9, 30. https://doi.org/10.1145/3704866

Rafati, AH , Joca, S, Vontell, RT, Mallard, C, Wegener, G & Ardalan, M 2025, 'A Model-Based Approach to Neuronal Electrical Activity and Spatial Organization Through the Neuronal Actin Cytoskeleton', Methods and Protocols, vol. 8, no. 4, 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/mps8040076

BOOM Consensus Meeting participants 2025, 'A modified Delphi consensus on periprosthetic infection in orthopaedic oncology: a report from the Birmingham Orthopaedic Oncology Meeting (BOOM)', Bone and Joint Journal, vol. 107-B, no. 12, pp. 1352-1359. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.107B12.BJJ-2024-1039.R4

Nazipi Bushi, S , Lund, MB , Sandfeld, T, Nørskov, SS, Fruergaard, S , Glasius, M , Bilde, T & Schramm, A 2025, 'A modified iChip for in situ cultivation of bacteria in arid environments', Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 91, no. 2, e0132524, pp. e0132524. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.01325-24

Ezran, C, Liu, S, Chang, S, Ming, J, Botvinnik, O, Penland, L, Tarashansky, A, de Morree, A, Travaglini, KJ, Zhao, J, Wang, G, Hasegawa, K, Sin, H, Sit, R, Okamoto, J, Sinha, R, Zhang, Y, Karanewsky, CJ, Pendleton, JL, Morri, M, Perret, M, Aujard, F, Stryer, L, Artandi, S, Fuller, MT, Weissman, IL, Rando, TA, Ferrell, JE, Wang, B, De Vlaminck, I, Yang, C, Casey, KM, Albertelli, MA, Pisco, AO, Karkanias, J, Neff, N, Wu, AR, Quake, SR, Krasnow, MA & Tabula Microcebus Consortium 2025, 'A molecular cell atlas of mouse lemur, an emerging model primate', Nature, vol. 644, no. 8075, pp. 173-184. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09113-9

Angella, D, Calamai, S, Pediconi, F & Spotti, C 2025, 'A Moment Map for Twisted-Hamiltonian Vector Fields on Locally Conformally Kähler Manifolds', Transformation Groups, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 1035-1065. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00031-023-09815-2

Du, Y, Yang, L, Gong, J, Hu, J, Liu, J, Zhang, S, Qu, S , Chen, J, Lee, HS & Xu, W 2025, 'A Monolithic Neuromorphic Device for In-Sensor Tactile Computing', Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, vol. 16, no. 21, pp. 5312-5320. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.5c00583

Arregui Olivera, C , Bødker, H & Salvsen, I 2025, 'A more-than-human-reflexivity: Creative workshops for reimagining environmental journalism', Journalism.

Jensen, AB , Frandsen Lau, E & Nørskov-Lauritsen, N 2025, 'Amoxicillin-metronidazole disk for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of subgingival bacteria', Journal of Oral Microbiology, vol. 17, no. 1, 2508479. https://doi.org/10.1080/20002297.2025.2508479

López-de Sancha, A, Boix, D, Benejam, L, Briggs, L, Davidson, TA, Fahy, JC, Frutos-Aragón, V, Greaves, HM, Lemmens, P, Mehner, T, Martín, L, Oertli, B, Sayer, C & Brucet, S 2025, 'Amphibian conservation in Europe: the importance of pond condition', Biodiversity and Conservation, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 1559-1574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-025-03033-w

Anand, R, Parray, RA, Mani, I, Khura, TK, Kushwaha, H, Sharma, BB, Sarkar, S, Godara, S, Mojerlou, S & Mirzakhaninafchi, H 2025, 'A multimodal approach for enhanced disease management in cauliflower crops: integration of spectral sensors, machine learning models and targeted spraying technology', Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 261-273. https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2024572

Sistiaga Gutierrez, MA, Hansen, M, Sun, H & Kristiansen, SM 2025, 'A Multiomics Approach to Identifying and Characterizing Archaeo-Xenobiotics in Deep History', 32nd International Meeting on Organic Geochemistry (IMOG), Porto, Portugal, 07/09/2025 - 10/09/2025. https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202533244

Yin, H, Zhao, Q, Yang, L, Yi, G, Yao, W, Fang, L & Bai, L 2025, 'A multi-tissue and -breed catalogue of chromatin conformations and their implications in gene regulation in pigs', BMC Genomics, vol. 26, no. 1, 484. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-025-11490-4

Han, B, Li, H , Zheng, W , Zhang, Q, Chen, A, Zhu, S, Shi, T, Wang, F, Zou, D, Song, Y, Ye, W, Du, A, Fu, Y, Jia, M, Bai, Z, Yuan, Z, Liu, W, Tuo, W, Hope, JC, MacHugh, DE, O’Grady, JF, Madsen, O, Sahana, G , Luo, Y , Lin, L, Li, C, Cai, Z, Li, B, Huang, J, Liu, L, Zhang, Z, Ma, Z, Hou, Y, Liu, GE, Jiang, Y, Sun, HZ, Fang, L & Sun, D 2025, 'A multi-tissue single-cell expression atlas in cattle', Nature Genetics, vol. 57, no. 10, pp. 2546-2561. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-025-02329-5

Fensman, SK , Clemmensen, TS , Poulsen, SH & Mejren, AHJ 2025, 'Amyloid transthyretinkardiomyopati', Ugeskrift for Læger, vol. 187, no. 47, pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.61409/V04250323

Brænder, M 2025, 'An Abomination or the Obvious Next Step? An Analysis of Debates about Female Conscription', Paper presented at Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces and Society, Reston (VA), United States, 24/10/2025 - 26/10/2025.

Jiang, Z, Zhang, Y, Ravnsbæk, DB, Gao, C, Christensen, NB, Cui, F, Pan, R, Luo, K, Zhang, G, Zhang, W, Lei, S, Sun, L, He, G, Yin, K & Yue, Y 2025, 'An Adaptable Structure of Metal-Organic Framework Glass Interlayer Enables Superior Performance in Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries', Advanced Materials, vol. 37, no. 7, 2413167. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202413167

Steenkjær, CH, Heintzelmann, MB, Obál, I, Andersen, G & Blicher, JU 2025, 'An adapted Danish translation of the Center for Neurologic Study Lability scale', Danish Medical Journal, vol. 72, no. 5, A07240497. https://doi.org/10.61409/A07240497

Qian, F, Ding, H, Liu, T, Wu, Z, Zhang, X & Iqbal, A 2025, 'An adaptive active vibration control for flexible beam systems under unknown deterministic disturbances', Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, vol. 228, 112447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2025.112447

Kaidar-Person, O, Poortmans, P, Meattini, I & Tramm, T 2025, 'An additional peril of pathologic complete response', Radiotherapy and Oncology, vol. 209, 110962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2025.110962

Boennelykke, A , Østgård, LSG , Falborg, AZ & Vedsted, P 2025, 'Anaemia of inflammation and cancer risk according to comorbidity in patients aged 40-89 years: a Danish cohort study', BMC Cancer, vol. 25, no. 1, 1589. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-025-14978-0

Hvid, L, Coote, S, Pau, M & Kalron, A 2025, 'An AI-Based Telerehabilitation Solution to Improve Mobility in People With Multiple Sclerosis (the PLATINUMS Project): Protocol for an Implementation and Evaluation Study', JMIR Research Protocols, vol. 14, e75983. https://doi.org/10.2196/75983

Larsen, MH, Rosenkrantz, O, Knudsen, RL, Hesselfeldt, R, Hilberg, O, Siersma, V, Heiberg, J, Rasmussen, LS & Isbye, D 2025, 'Analgesic Effect of Cocaine and Lidocaine/Xylometazoline in Healthy Volunteers Undergoing Awake Nasal Intubation: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial', Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, vol. 69, no. 6, e70056. https://doi.org/10.1111/aas.70056

Bølling-Ladegaard, E , Dreier, JW & Christensen, J 2025, 'An algorithm for drug-resistant epilepsy in Danish national registers', Brain : a journal of neurology, vol. 148, no. 3, pp. 753-763. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awae286

Jensen, SS, Rønnegaard, AB, Gundtoft, PH, Kold, S & Viberg, B 2025, 'An algorithm for identifying causes of reoperations after orthopedic fracture surgery in health administrative data: a diagnostic accuracy study using the Danish National Patient Register', Acta Orthopaedica, vol. 96, pp. 66-72. https://doi.org/10.2340/17453674.2024.42633

Kristensen, SB , Bødkergaard, K & Bibby, BM 2025, 'Analysing the Bias Introduced by Adaptive Designs to Estimates of Psychometric Functions', Journal of Mathematical Psychology, vol. 124, 102899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2025.102899

Hassan, A, Bazzi, AM, Jensen, F & Karaki, SH 2025, 'Analysis and Comparison of Nonlinear Kalman Filters for Sensorless Induction Motor Drives To Achieve Multiple Model Estimation', IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 6422-6433. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2025.3546902

Reis, INRD, Jue, A, Wolvius, E, Pijpe, J, Spin-Neto, R, Jung, RE, Naenni, N, Strauss, FJ & Jonker, B 2025, 'Analysis of bone dimensional stability after two-stage maxillary sinus floor augmentation with autogenous bone versus bovine bone mineral combined with autogenous bone chips: results from a 1-year multicenter split-mouth randomized controlled trial', Journal of Dentistry, vol. 160, 105889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2025.105889

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Lise Refstrup Linnebjerg Pedersen