Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Koch, J 2003, 'Centromeric sequences and sequence structures', Encyclopedia of the Human Genome, pp. -. <http://www.ehgonline.net>

Helenius, J, Perkio, J, Soinne, L, Østergaard, L, Carano, RA, Salonen, O, Savolainen, S, Kaste, M, Aronen, HJ & Tatlisumak, T 2003, 'Cerebral hemodynamics in a healthy population measured by dynamic susceptibility contrast MR imaging', Acta Radiologica, vol. 44, pp. 538-546.

Peerdeman, SM, van Tulder, MW & Vandertop, WP 2003, 'Cerebral microdialysis as a monitoring method in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients, and correlation with clinical events - A systematic review', Journal of Neurology, vol. 250, no. 7, pp. 797-805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-003-1079-z

Sandager, KP , Vogel, I , Thorsen, P & Uldbjerg, N 2003, 'Cervixlængde som risikomarkør for præterm fødsel', Ugeskrift for Læger, vol. 165, no. 46, pp. 4415-8.

Fibiger, MQ 2003, Chakra.

Pedersen, KH & Johannsen, L 2003, Challenges to Public Administration in New EU Member States. in Ikke angivet. Department of Political Science, University of Aarhus, the Annual Conference of the Central European Political Science Association (CEPSA), Vilnius, Lithuania, 9-11 October 2003, 17/12/2010.

Friis, EM & Pedersen, KR 2003, 'Changes in angiosperm diversity through the Cretaceous', Paper presented at Royal Danish Academy of Science and Letters, Copenhagen (May 2003), 17/12/2010.

Andersen, TM, Dølvik, JE (ed.) & Englestad, F (ed.) 2003, Changes in Danish labour market bargaining - the prototypical case of organised decentralization? in National regimes of collective barganing in transformation: Nordic trends in comparative perspective. Rapportserien nr. 54 edn, Makt- og demokratiutredningen Norge 1918-2003, Norge.

Nielsen, S 2003, Changes in Dictionary Subject Matter. in Herbert Ernst Wiegand (Hrsg.) (ed.), Untersuchungen zur kommerziellen Lexikographie der deutschen Gegenwartssprache I. "Duden. Das große Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache in zehn Bänden". Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen, pp. s. 109-115.

Schmidt, NM & Jensen, PM 2003, 'Changes in Mammalian Body Length over 175 Years- Adaptations to a Fragmented Landscape?', Ecology and Society, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 1-7. <http://www.consecol.org/vol7/iss2/art6>

Munk, P, Hansen, BW, Nielsen, TG & Thomsen, HA 2003, 'Changes in plankton and fish larvae communities across hydrographic fronts off West Greenland', Journal of Plankton Research, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 815-830.

Rosenberg Hansen, C, Dollerup, C & Rewentlov, I 2003, Changes in the perception of characters in reading. Igel, Tyskland. <http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/igel/igelconfr.htm>

Ekelund, F, Olsson, S & Johansen, A 2003, 'Changes in the succession and diversity of protozoan and microbial populations in soil spiked with a range of copper concentrations', Soil Biology & Biochemistry, vol. 35, pp. 1507-1516.

Ding, M, Odgaard, A & Hvid, I 2003, 'Changes in three-dimensional microstructure of human tibial early-stage osteoarthrotic cancellous bone', J. Bone Joint Surg. Br., vol. 85, no. 6, pp. 906-912.

Kjeldsen, F , Christensen, LP & Edelenbos, M 2003, 'Changes in volatile compounds of carrots (Daucus carota L.) during refrigerated and frozen storage', Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 51, no. 18, pp. 5400-5407.

Lamandé, M, Hallaire, V, Curmi, P, Pérès, G & Cluzeau, D 2003, 'Changes of pore morphology, infiltration and earthworm community in a loamy soil under different agricultural managements', Catena, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 637-649.

Ejrnæs, R, Hansen, DN & Aude, E 2003, 'Changing Course of Secondary Succession in Abandoned Sandy Fields', Biological Conservation, vol. 109, no. 3, pp. 343-350.

Uggerhøj, UI , Bluhme, H , Knudsen, H , Møller, SP, Uggerhøj, E, Morenzoni, E & Scheidenberger, C 2003, 'Channeling of antiprotons', Nucl. Instr. Meth. B, vol. 207, pp. 402-408.

Thunø, M 2003, 'Channel of Entry and Preferred Destinations: the Circumvention of Denmark by Chinese Immigrants', International Migration, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 99-133.

Mathiasen, H & Rasmussen, J 2003, Chaos and Complexity from an European Perspective. in AERA. The American Educatinal Research Conference, April 20-27, Chicago, USA, 17/12/2010.

Pedersen, K, Kristensen, TB, Pedersen, TG, Jensen, T, Morgen, P, Li, Z & Hoffmann, SV 2003, 'Characterisation of Au films on Si(111) √3x√3)R30-Au by photoemission and optical second-harmonic generation', Surf. Sci., vol. 523, pp. 21-29.

Jain, M, Murray, AS & Bøtter-Jensen, L 2003, 'Characterisation of blue-light stimulated luminescence components in different quartz samples: implications for dose measurement', Radiation Measurements, vol. 37, pp. 441-449.

Balk, P, Verkerk-Bakker, B, Brønnum, P, van der Geest, L & van Wordragen, M 2003, 'Characterisation of bud dormancy stages of Pinus sylvestris using cDNA microarrays and real-time RT-PCR', International Congress of Plant Molecular Biology, Barcelona, Spain, 23/06/2003 - 28/06/2003.

Johansen, JE, Hansen, BM & Hendriksen, NB 2003, 'Characterisation of genetically diverse populations of Bacillus Cereus and B. Mycoides strains by their enzymatic capabilities', Poster presented at the 5th International Conference on Anthrax and 3rd Workshop on the Molecular Biology of <i>Bacillus cereus, B. anthracis</i> and <i>B. thuringiensis</i>, Nice, France, 30/03/2003 - 03/04/2003.

Nygaard, JV & Pyrz, R 2003, 'Characterisation of Microcellular Foams using X-Ray Microtomography and Raman Spectroscopy', Cellular Polymers, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 347-369.

Palmgren, F , Wåhlin, P, Kildesø, J, Afshari, A & Fogh, CL 2003, 'Characterisation of particle emissions from the driving car fleet and the contribution to ambient and indoor particle concentrations', Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, vol. 28, no. 8, pp. 327-334.

Hjalgrim, H, Askling, J, Rostgaard, K, Hamilton-Dutoit, SJ, Frisch, M, Zhang, J-S, Madsen, M, Rosdahl, N, Konradsen, HB, Storm, HH & Melbye, M 2003, 'Characteristics of Hodgkin's lymphoma after infectious mononucleosis', Briefings from the New England Journal of Medicine (Spanish Edition), vol. 349, no. 14, pp. 1324-32. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa023141

Kreutzmann, H, Sanpera, A, Santos, L, Lewenstein, M, Hellweg, D, Cacciapuoti, L, Kottke, M, Schulte, T, Sengstock, K, Arlt, JJ & Ertmer, W 2003, 'Characterization and control of phase fluctuations in elongated Bose-Einstein condensates', Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 165--172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-002-1074-6

Sahana, G, Jain, A & Maity, SB 2003, 'Characterization and evaluation of Jalauni sheep', Animal Genetic Resources Information, vol. 34, pp. 67-74.

Joynson, V, Liu, WLS, Pedersen, OF , Straszek, S & Yeadon, M 2003, Characterization of a guinea pig acoustic model of nasal congestion. in Journal of the World Allergy Organization: Abstracts. supplement 1 edn, World Allergy Organization Congress-XVIII ICACI, Vancouver, Canada, 07/09/2003.

Kjeldsen, F, Edelenbos, M & Christensen, LP 2003, Characterization of aroma volatiles in carrots using GC-olfactometry and aroma extract dilution. in Flavour Research at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century (Proceedings of the 10th Weurman Flavour Research Symposium).( Le Quéré, J.L. & Etiévant, P.X., (Eds.)), Lavoisier, Cachan, France. pp. 588-591.

Ivarsen, A, Laurberg, T & Møller-Pedersen, T 2003, 'Characterization of corneal fibrotic wound repair at the LASIK flap margin', British Journal of Ophthalmology, no. 87, pp. 1272-1278.

Skibsted, J, Andersen, MD, Hansen, MR & Jakobsen, HJ 2003, 'Characterization of Guest-Ions in Cement Minerals and the C-S-H Phase by solid-State NMR Spectroscopy', Rocky Mountain Conference on Analytical Chemistry, Denver, Colorado, United States, 27/07/2003 - 31/07/2003.

Laursen, BS, Siwanowicz, I, Larigauderie, G, Hedegaard, J, Ito, K, Nakamura, Y, Kenney, JM, Mortensen, KK & Sperling-Petersen, HU 2003, 'Characterization of mutations in the GTP-binding domain of IF2 resulting in cold-sensitive growth of Escherichia coli', J. Mol. Biol., vol. 326, pp. 543-551.

Laursen, BS, Siwanowicz, I, Larigauderie, G, Hedegaard, J, Ito, K, Nakamura, Y, Kenney, JM, Mortensen, KK & Sperling-Petersen, HU 2003, 'Characterization of mutations in the GTP-binding domain of IF2 resulting in cold-sensitive growth of Escherichia coli', Journal of Molecular Biology, vol. 326.

Laursen, BS, Siwanowicz, I, Larigauderie, G, Hedegaard, J, Ito, K, Nakamura, Y, Kenney, JM, Mortensen, KK & Sperling-Petersen, HU 2003, 'Characterization of Mutations in the GTP-binding Domain of IF2 Resulting in Cold-sensitive Growth of Escherichia coli', Journal of Molecular Biology, vol. 326, no. 2, pp. 543-551. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2836(02)01367-0

Corydon, TJ, Bross, P (ed.) & Gregersen, N (ed.) 2003, Characterization of overexpressed mutant proteins in mammalian cells. in Methods in molecular biology: Protein misfolding and disease. Principles and protocols. Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey, pp. 183-202.

Egelund, J , Petersen, BL , Geshi, N, Faik, A, Jørgensen, B & Ulvskov, P 2003, Characterization of putative cell wall glycosyltransferase genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. in ASPB Abstract Book. pp. 1365, American Society of Plant Biologists, ASPB Meeting, Honolulu, 25/07/2003.

Petersen, AH 2003, 'Characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and application in hybridization-based technologies for genotyping'.

Hermey, G, Keat, SJ, Madsen, PS , Jacobsen, C , Pedersen, JCM & Gliemann, J 2003, 'Characterization of sorCS1, an alternatively spliced receptor with completely different cytoplasmic domains that mediate different trafficking in cells', Journal of Biological Chemistry, no. 278, pp. 7390-7396.

Elvert, M, Boetius, A, Knittel, K & Jørgensen, BB 2003, 'Characterization of specific membrane fatty acids as chemotaxonomic markers for sulfate-reducing bacteria involved in anaerobic oxidation of methane', Geomicrobiology Journal, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 403-419.

Eskildsen, S, Justesen, J, Schierup, MH & Hartmann, R 2003, 'Characterization of the 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase ubiquitin-like family', Nucleic Acids Research, vol. 31, no. 12, pp. 3166-3173.

Eskildsen, S, Justesen, J , Schierup, MH & Hartmann, R 2003, 'Characterization of the 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase ubiquitin-like family', Nucl. Acids Res., vol. 31, pp. 3166-3173.

Hernández, M, Barahona, MV, Simonsen, U, Recio, P, Rivera, L, Martinez, AC, García-Sacristán, A, Orensanz, LM & Prieto, D 2003, 'Characterization of the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors mediating contraction in the pig isolated intravesical ureter', Br. J. Pharmacol., vol. 103, pp. 137-144.

Gich, F, Airs, RL, Danielsen, M, Keely, BJ, Abella, CA, Garcia-Gil, J, Miller, M & Borrego, CM 2003, 'Characterization of the chlorosome antenna of the filamentous anoxygenic phototrophic bacterium Chloronema sp. strain UdG9001', Archives of Microbiology, vol. 180, no. 6, pp. 417-26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-003-0608-6

Fedosova, NU, Champeil, P, Esmann, M, Jørgensen, PL (ed.), Karlish, SJD (ed.) & Maunsbach, AB (ed.) 2003, Characterization of the electrostatic component of the nucleotide binding to Na,K-ATPase. in Na,K-ATPase and related cation pumps: Structure, function, and regulatory mechanisms. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, pp. 263-264.

Hessellund, A, Jeppesen, P, Aalkjær, C & Bek, T 2003, 'Characterization of vasomotion in porcine retinal arterioles', Acta Ophthalmologica, vol. 81, pp. 278-282.

Hessellund, A , Jeppesen, P, Aalkjær, C & Bek, T 2003, 'Characterization of vasomotion in porcine retinal arterioles', Acta Ophthalmologica, no. 81 (3), pp. 278-282.

Poulsen, L, Ruiz, AZ, Pedersen, SU & Ogilby, PR 2003, 'Characterizing the Behavior and Properties of an Excited Electronic State: Electron-Transfer Mediated Quenching of Fluorescence', J. Chem. Edu., vol. 80, pp. 819-821.

MacAdam, KB & Horsdal, E 2003, 'Charge transfer from coherent elliptic states', J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., vol. 36, pp. 167-190.

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