Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Harvey, AC , Bølcho, U, Main, B, Nykjær, A , Holm, MM , Nissen, P , Kjærgaard, M & Poulsen, H 2026, 'Grin2b 3’UTR is necessary for synaptic plasticity and spatial learning', PNAS, vol. 123, no. 8, e2518282123. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2518282123

Harvey, AC 2026, 'Grin2b mRNA Transport and Translational Efficiency: 3’UTR Mechanisms that Dictate Neurophysiology and Behavior', PhD, Aarhus University.

Vandsø, A 2026, Gröna Fingrar: Plant-human Hybridity in Ingela Ihrman’s Art. in C Malmstrøm (ed.), Queen of the Night: Queen of the Night”. Mousse Magazone, Bonniers kunsthal/ Mousse Publishing.

Bennedsgaard, AB 2026, 'Grossed out by environmental breakdown? Disgust as a literary device within Capitalocene cri-fi (crisis-fiction)', Textual Practice. https://doi.org/10.1080/0950236X.2025.2608006

Tveit, KIL & Christiansen, HH 2026, 'Ground Ice Distribution, Cryostratigraphy and Sedimentation in Longyeardalen Valley, Svalbard', Permafrost and Periglacial Processes. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.70027

Hansson, M, Henriksen, L, Maimburg, RD & Björk, MP 2026, 'Group level changes and differences in midwives’ organisational and psychological work environment in Sweden – A nation-wide ecological prospective study', Women and Birth, vol. 39, no. 1, 102164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2026.102164

Komischke, K, Boelen, PA, Maccallum, F & O'Connor, M 2026, 'Group Vs Individual Grief-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Older Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial', JAMA Psychiatry, vol. 83, no. 3, pp. 229-237. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2025.4106

Lach, GS, Brown, FN, Lee, AE, Kington, ZA, Sanderson, A, Cronin, RN, Young, JA, Bæk, A, List, EO, Kopchick, JJ & Berryman, DE 2026, 'Growing Pains: GH-induced Fibrosis Across Multiple Organs in bGH Mice', Endocrinology, vol. 167, no. 1, bqaf170. https://doi.org/10.1210/endocr/bqaf170

Bæk, A , Christiansen Arlien-Søborg, M , Pedersen, AKN , Dal, J , Madsen, MA , Høgild, ML, Berryman, D, Kopchick, JJ, Pedersen, SB , Bjerre, M , Lebeck, J , Jessen, N & Jørgensen, JOL 2026, 'Growth hormone causes reversible fibrosis in muscle and fat: a study in patients with acromegaly', European Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 194, no. 3, pp. 299-306. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejendo/lvag032

Knolle, F, Sterner, EF, Demler, VF, MacGregor, LJ & Mathys, C 2026, 'Guided by Expectations: Overweighted Semantic Priors in Schizotypy and Their Links to Glutamate', Biological Psychiatry, vol. 99, no. 7, pp. 569-579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.06.025

Pediatric Urodynamics and Pelvic Floor Group of Pediatric Surgery Branch of Chinese Medical Association; Greater Bay Area Society of Paediatric Urology and Continence 2026, 'Guidelines for clean intermittent catheterization in children', World Journal of Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-025-01007-0

McCarthy, CG, Aalkjær, C, Bagher, P, Beyer, AM, Boedtkjer, E, Bomfim, GF, Breslin, JW, Briones, AM, Castorena-Gonzalez, JA, Costa, TJ, Dai, Z, Davel, AP, Earley, S, Freed, JK, Garland, C, Isakson, BE, Jepps, TA, Kalucka, J, Lavanderos, B, Makino, A, Norton, CE, Segal, SS, Tan, W, Trask, AJ, Wilson, C, Zawieja, SD & Wenceslau, CF 2026, 'Guidelines for Evaluating Endothelial Function in Vascular Tissue', American Journal of Physiology: Heart and Circulatory Physiology. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00656.2025

Fibiger, MQ 2026, 'Hagiografien som genre inden for religionsvidenskaben: med ’Hugging Amma’ som eksempel', Religionsvidenskabeligt Tidsskrift, no. 77, pp. 1-21. <https://tidsskrift.dk/rvt/article/view/166862/207941>

Foldager, L , Lindgren, SD , Gebreyesus, G & Thodberg, K 2026, Halevækst for ukuperede og kuperede svin fra fødsel til slagt: var den kuperet kortere end lovgivningen tillader? in P Linde (ed.), Symposium i Anvendt Statistik 2026. Fødevare- og Ressourceøkonomisk Institut, Københavns Universitet & Symposium i Anvendt Statistik, København, pp. 184-193, Symposium i Anvendt Statistik, København, Denmark, 26/01/2026.

Herreros, F, Jaime-Castillo, A & Svendsen, GT 2026, Handbook of Social Capital and Resilience. Edward Elgar Publishing.

Ramírez-Osuna, A, Campos-Garzón, P, Huertas-Delgado, FJ, Ahlqvist, VH, Wilén, C, Henriksson, P, Lundberg, TR, Neovius, M, Dahlen, M & Berglind, D 2026, 'Handgrip Strength Reference Values and Compositional Associations with Physical Activity in Early Childhood: A Large Sample Study of Swedish Preschoolers', Sports Medicine - Open, vol. 12, no. 1, 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-026-00992-4

Kirkegaard, TH 2026, Hans Mikkelsen Ravn's "Heptachordum Danicum" (1646): Translation and commentary (excerpt). in C Raz, T Christensen & ZS Hu (eds), Thinking Music: Global Sources for the History of Music Theory. University of Chicago Online Publication Service.

Weller, FG , Cordier, AJR, Frankish, CK, Gallagher, CA, Benhemma-Le Gall, A, Booth, C, Thompson, PM, Bicknell, AWJ & Nabe-Nielsen, J 2026, Harbour porpoise population response to windfarm construction, service traffic, and changes in prey availability. ResearchGate. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.33707.50722

Camporesi, S, Heffernan, SM, Borry, P, Brehaut, J, Cable, T, Cooper, J, Cox, L, Duval, A, Gollish, S, Guppy, F, Hamilton, B, Heggie, V, Herbert, A, Holt, R, Krieger, J, Loland, S, Malinsky, F, Mazzucco, M, McNamee, M, Ospina-Betancurt, J, Pape, M, Parks Pieper, L, Martínez Patiño, MJ, Pielke Jr, R, Pitsiladis, Y, Sanchez, FJ, Schultz, J, Shaw, AL, Sinclair, A, Teetzel, S, Vilain, E, Stebbings, GK & Williams, AG 2026, 'Harmful anachronism: World Athletics reinstates gene testing to participate in women’s competitions', British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 60, no. 7, pp. 497-499. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2025-110787

Roed, K, Midtgaard, J, Nielsen, J, Egerod, I, Ødegaard, M & Buus, N 2026, 'Harmful epistemic practices in antipsychotic medication prescribing and counselling', Social Science and Medicine, vol. 397, 119134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2026.119134

Dehghan Tarazjani, A, Weibel, D, Aurelius, T, Zwiers, LC, Van den Berg, JM, Pérez-Breva, L, Gimeno-Miguel, A, Stona, L, Solórzano, M, Desalegn, AA, Poblador-Plou, B, Lysen, TS, Wheler, J, Zidan, M, Carreras, JJ, Villalobos, F, Ehrenstein, V, Morton, K, Rebordosa, C, Ahmadizar, F, Fortuny, J, Arana, A & Sturkenboom, M 2026, 'Harmonizing Case Validation for Vaccine Safety in Real-World Data: The VAC4EU Experience', Clinical epidemiology, vol. 18, pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.2147/CLEP.S558974

Socha, PM, Labrecque, J & Been, JV 2026, 'Harms of Antenatal Corticosteroids Among Infants Born at Term: Cause for Concern or Caused by Bias?', Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.70078

Sovacool, BK & In, J 2026, 'Harness gender empowerment to achieve climate justice, sustainability, and equity', Environmental Science and Policy, vol. 176, 104314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2026.104314

Franco, M , Lopez-Rodulfo, IM, Bianchi, F, Gomez, M & Martinez, MM 2026, 'Harnessing apple pomace as a bioactive bread ingredient: Influence of exogenous soluble polysaccharides on water dynamics and structure-dependent polyphenol stability', Food Hydrocolloids, vol. 175, 112444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2026.112444

French, C 2026, 'Harnessing sociolinguistic variation when writing documentary theatre', Theatre Research International. https://doi.org/10.1080/03078833.2026.2629673

Taube, F, Nyameasem, JK & Verma, S 2026, Harnessing the power of grasslands in mixed farming/crop– livestock systems. in AP Dasselaar (ed.), Advances in temperate grassland science and management. Springer, Burleigh Dodds Series in Agricultural Science, no. 169, vol. AS, pp. 51-85. https://doi.org/10.19103/AS.2025.0154.04

Naveed, K & Pauwels, R 2026 'HARU-Net: Hybrid Attention Residual U-Net for Edge-Preserving Denoising in Cone-Beam Computed Tomography'.

Smith, P & Müllenborn, M 2026, 'Harvesting Serendipity from Open Innovation: How Pre-Competitive Collaboration Generates Unexpected Strategic Value', California Management Review.

Wilde, N 2026, 'Hauntological Entanglements: Planetarity, Prometheanism and the Logics of Capital', Environmental Humanities, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 41-59. https://doi.org/10.1215/22011919-12211136

Bengtson, A & Nielsen, L 2026, 'Having enough of a say', Economics and Philosophy, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 91-110. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266267125000124

Varga, S , Latham, AJ & Machery, E 2026, Health and Disease: Experimental Philosophy of Medicine. Cambridge University Press. <https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/abs/health-and-disease/275DD294A0657AE0A4E12B710677A051>

Graff, S , Høj, K , Christensen, B , Bro, F , Kanstrup, HL & Pedersen, HS 2026, 'Healthcare activities before familial hypercholesterolemia diagnosis: a nationwide register-based study in Denmark', BMC Primary Care. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-026-03256-y

National Danish Cervical Cancer Screening Steering Committee 2026, 'Health care policy trial of primary human papillomavirus-based cervical screening in Denmark: Comparison of three triage algorithms', International Journal of Cancer. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.70365

Shulzhenko, E & Obel, B 2026, 'Healthcare professionals’ buy-in to change: the role of task characteristics', Journal of Professions and Organization, vol. 13, no. 1, joaf016. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpo/joaf016

Lykke, MR , Sørensen, HTT, Lawn, J & Horvath-Puho, E 2026, 'Healthcare utilisation among mothers of newborns with invasive group B Streptococcus disease: a 20-year national cohort study', BMJ Open, vol. 16, no. 1, e110009. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2025-110009

Bueter, A & Nielsen, TH 2026, 'Health Choices: Review of Elisabetta Lalumera (2025), Health, Well-Being, and Quality of Life. Palgrave MacMillan.', Philosophical Psychology.

Rasmussen, SL, Macdonald, DW, Hansen, RNR, Thomsen, HM , Lauridsen, H , Alstrup, AKO & Christensen-Dalsgaard, J 2026, 'Hearing and anatomy of the ear of the European hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus', Biology Letters, vol. 22, no. 3, 20250535. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2025.0535

Thomsen, HM, Rasmussen, SL, Christensen-Dalsgaard, J, Alstrup, AKO, Hansen, RNR, Lauridsen, H & Macdonald, D 2026, 'Hearing in the European hedgehog', International Conference for Hedgehog Professionals 2026, København, Denmark, 17/01/2026 - 18/01/2026. <https://hedgehogconference.com/conference-abstract-books/>

Rojas, L, Ruser, A, Baltzer, J, Crouzet, C, Schlachter, M, Schnitzler, J, Siebert, U & Morell, M 2026, 'Hearing thresholds in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): new insights into auditory sensitivity', Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 52, no. 1, 9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-025-01628-2

Wesseltoft, JB, de Jonge, N, Hansen, MM , Høye, TT, Ørsted, M & Kristensen, TN 2026, 'Heat but Not Cold Tolerance is Phylogenetically Constrained in Greenlandic Terrestrial Arthropods Under Future Global Warming', Global Change Biology, vol. 32, no. 1, e70687. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70687

Li, R , Atil, GU, Pal, A, Jones, NC, Sørensen, HV, Hoffmann, SV , Pedersen, JS & Corredig, M 2026, 'Heat induced structural transitions of PA1 and PA2 albumins from pea', Food Hydrocolloids, vol. 175, 112498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2026.112498

Engelbrecht, N , Ambrose, HW , Sieborg, MU & Kofoed, MVW 2026, 'Heat integration aspects of exothermic biomethanation: A pilot reactor with shell-and-tube heat exchange capability', Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 353, 121168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121168

González-Tokman, D, Overgaard, J & Willot, Q 2026, 'Heat tolerance in social insects: molecular correlates and quantitative frameworks', Current Opinion in Insect Science, vol. 74, 101479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2025.101479

Paolucci, M, Breiding, M, Dietrich, M, Meyer, JG, Duda, A, Köhli, A, Lang, CCV, Agah, S, Wuenschmann, S, Eyer, K, Kündig, TM, Trück, J & Johansen, P 2026, 'Heat-treated egg allergens show lower basophil activation: A path toward safer oral immunotherapy', Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, vol. 37, no. 1, e70275. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.70275

Grigat, JM , Kjeldsen, T, Jørgensen, SL, Mechlenburg, I & Dalgas, U 2026, 'Heavy slow resistance training combined with patient education in patients with gluteal tendinopathy: a feasibility study', BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, vol. 12, no. Suppl 1, 42. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2026-sportskongres.42

Holm, TE & Balsby, TJS 2026, Hedelærke, overvågning af ynglefugle. DCE, Teknisk anvisning fra Fagdatacenter for Biodiversitet og Terrestrisk Natur, no. A175, vers. 3, Aarhus University, DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy. <https://ecos.au.dk/fileadmin/ecos/Fagdatacentre/Biodiversitet/TAA175Hedelaerke_v3.pdf>

Jørgensen, HHL 2026, Hellig Niels mellem kirke og kilde: Vandkult, vådlegemer og flydende materialitet i middelalderens Aarhus. in Aarhus Domkirke 825 år. Aarhus Universitetsforlag.

Sharma, A, Khushika, , Chaudhary, M, Jana, PK & Parveen, N 2026, 'Helper lipids accelerate the mass transfer of cationic lipid nanoparticles resulting in an efficient gene delivery', Nanoscale, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 1420-1432. https://doi.org/10.1039/d5nr03142g

Jensen, S, Bryde, A, Nielsen, MS, Thomsen, LH, Nissen, JB , Højgaard, DRMA , Thomsen, PH & Hybel, KA 2026, 'Helpful and hindering factors in group-based cognitive-behavioral therapy for adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a qualitative study', BMC Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-026-08007-y

Mikkelsen, SH 2026, 'Hemodynamics in the aging hippocampus', PhD, Aarhus University.

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Lise Refstrup Linnebjerg Pedersen