Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Stenström, A, Svensson, M, Braunerhjelm, P & Lappi, E 2026, Om tilliten brister: Hotet mot EU:s inre sammanhållning. in Sammanhållning för ett slagkraftig EU - Europaperspektiv 2026.

Nissen, M 2026, Om udvikling af teori… med kritisk psykologisk motivationsteori som eksempel. in A Stanek, R Hvidtfeldt & C Gerlach (eds), Viden(skab)sproduktion og videnskabelige tilgange i psykologien. Gyldendal Akademisk.

Acharya, A, Hazay, C & Venkitasubramaniam, M 2026, On Achieving "Best-in-the-Multiverse" MPC. in B Applebaum & H Lin (eds), Theory of Cryptography - 23rd International Conference, TCC 2025, Proceedings: 23rd International Conference, TCC 2025, Aarhus, Denmark, December 1–5, 2025, Proceedings, Part I. vol. 16268, Springer LNCS, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 16268, pp. 119–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-12287-2_5

Smedegaard, S , Rittig, N , Ovesen, PG , Suder, LB, Knudsen, JH, Brunsgaard, LH & Kampmann, U 2026, 'Once-daily supplementation with pre-meal whey protein lowers breakfast postprandial glucose levels in women with GDM throughout the third trimester: a randomised, controlled, clinical trial', Diabetologia, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 350-363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-025-06587-0

Lutze, MCD 2026, 'On Effects, Inference, and Type Flow', PhD, Aarhus University.

Suciu, NA, Trevisan, M, Fragkoulis, G, Lamastra, L, Triachini, S, Abrantes, N, Norgaard, T, Harkes, P, Nunes, JP, Silva, V, Navarro, I, de la Torre, A, Martínez, MÁ, Scheepers, P & Martins Figueiredo, D 2026, 'One Health perspective: an integrated in-silico approach to assess the environmental fate of pesticides, the exposure of aquatic and soil organisms and the risks for human health', Environmental Research, vol. 294, 123805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2026.123805

Geishecker, I, Sørensen, A , Schröder, PJH & Choquette, E 2026, 'One-off export experiences and firms’ product- and country-scope export expansion: Evidence from two decades of monthly data', International Business Review, vol. 35, no. 3, 102554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2025.102554

Asmussen, S 2026, 'On Erlangization and Extrapolation, with Applications to Financial Regime-Switching Lévy Models', Methodology and Computing in Applied Probability, vol. 28, no. 1, 19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11009-025-10234-x

Fromme, SE, Arteaga-Henríquez, G, Haarman, BCM, Wijkhuijs, A, Berghmans, R, Munk-Olsen, T, Drexhage, H & Baune, BT 2026, 'One treatment does not fit all: Indications that spinning therapy benefits only a subgroup of patients with depression characterized by a T memory cell inflation profile', Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, vol. 133, 106228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2025.106228

Vinholt, PJ, Lynggaard, RB, Mortensen, KSB, Sandberg, MB, Gradel, KO, Roug, AS & Frederiksen, H 2026, 'One-year cancer risk after detection of blast cells in peripheral blood', Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365513.2026.2632326

Lieberoth, A, Johannessen, CM, M. Blaabjerg-Zederkoff, D , Artak, CET, Færgemann, L, Thorup Jørgensen, A, Bro, L, Kofoed, J, Høibjerg Jeensen, D, Bilde Kjeldsen, R, Elmegaard Bladt, U & Schou Sørensen, F, Onlinesammen.dk: et undervisningsforløb for 3-8. klasse om social trivsel og teknologiforståelse, 2026, Interactive production, Aarhus Universitet og Læremiddel.dk. <http://onlinesammen.dk>

Galos, DR & Frese, J 2026, 'Online social class cues and employability: Experimental evidence from Germany', Social Science Research, vol. 133, 103258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103258

Aabo, T 2026, 'Only attractive women are welcome: Board bias and CEO selection', Global Finance Journal, vol. 69, 101233, pp. 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfj.2026.101233

Pérez-Abreu, V & Ørnsen, ST 2026, 'On Ole E. Barndorff-Nielsen’s contributions to classical and free infinite divisibility and Lévy processes', Bernoulli, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 5-23. https://doi.org/10.3150/25-BEJ1896

Fathollahi, A, Gheisarnejad, M, Sharifzadeh, M, Laurendeau, E, Andresen, B & Al-Haddad, K 2026, 'On-Policy Machine Learning Based-Disturbance Rejection Control for Grid-Tied PEC9 Inverter Under Parameters Mismatch and Distorted Grid Voltage', IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1025-1037. https://doi.org/10.1109/TETCI.2025.3619574

Hansen, KA & Nie, X 2026, On the Complexity of Stationary Nash Equilibria in Discounted Perfect Information Stochastic Games. in -. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 21st Conference on Web and Internet Economics, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States, 08/12/2025.

Frahm, J, van Haastrecht, R, Weiske, C & Zhang, G 2026 'On the degenerate principal series of G2(2) induced from a Heisenberg parabolic subgroup'. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2601.20344

Cornean, H, Garde, H & Jensen, A 2026 'On the directional growth of the resolvent norm' arxiv.org. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2602.18211

Håkansson, E, Jakobsen, SL, Rosso, A & Thomsen, E 2026, 'On the free-living bryozoan fauna from the Miocene Gram Formation (Denmark), with description of two new species, a new genus and a new suborder of Cheilostomata', Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, vol. 75, pp. 11-32. https://doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-2026-75-02

Gomes, LC, Moquedace, CM, Souza, IF, Bond-Lamberty, B, Vargas, R, Vesterdal, L, Veloso, GV, Francelino, MR, Schaefer, CEGR, Morris, KA & Fernandes-Filho, EI 2026, 'On the importance of soil texture for predicting future global soil respiration', Science of the Total Environment, vol. 1027, 181663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181663

Abram, D, Fehr, S, Obremski, M & Scholl, P 2026, On the Impossibility of Actively Secure Distributed Samplers. in B Applebaum & H Lin (eds), Theory of Cryptography - 23rd International Conference, TCC 2025, Proceedings: 23rd International Conference, TCC 2025, Aarhus, Denmark, December 1–5, 2025, Proceedings, Part IV. Springer Nature, Cham, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 16271, pp. 547-581. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-12290-2_18

Valia Madapally, H, Hussein, A, Eriksen, MW, Pedersen, BP, Stokes, DL & Khandelia, H 2026, 'On the mechanism of K+ transport through the inter-subunit tunnel of KdpFABC', The Journal of general physiology, vol. 158, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.202513794

Clarke, C, Latham, AJ, Miller, K & Norton, J 2026, 'On the normative status of future-bias', Synthese, vol. 207, no. 2, 82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-025-05399-4

Schmalenberger, S 2026, On the “splatter of birdshit,” Bismarck and German victims: the New Right and the struggle over the German culture of remembrance. in J Zimmerer (ed.), Germany’s History Wars. Berlin, pp. 411-427.

Wahlgren, SS , Jensen, HM & Budzik, MK 2026, 'On the transition from arc debonding to tunneling at fiber–matrix interfaces', Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 318, 113624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113624

Sønderskov, M 2026, 'Opdateret national vurdering af udvidet anvendelse af 26-KX-FL-08', No. 2025-0897285, 2026-0942376 / 2019-762-000817, 1 p., Apr 09, 2026. Rådgivningsnotat fra DCA - Nationalt Center for Fødevarer og Jordbrug.

Kragh-Schwarz, MV , Birkedal, H, Birk, JO, Trtik, P, Strobl, M, Nielsen, LP & Bentien, A 2026, 'Operando neutron imaging of an alkaline electrolysis cell for mapping gas distributions', Journal of Power Sources, vol. 662, 238525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.238525

Bach-Nielsen, C 2026, Opfattelse og brug af Ansgarskikkelsen i 1800- og 1900-tallet. in KH Andersen, C Bach-Nielsen, M Sommer Bostrup & NA Pedersen (eds), Ansgar: Nordens apostel gennem 1200 år. Aarhus Universitetsforlag, Aarhus, pp. 343- 364.

Sørensen, P 2026, 'Opfølgende spørgsmål omkring ammonium-andele i gødninger i NUAR', No. 2026-0932895, 10 p., Feb 03, 2026. Rådgivningsnotat fra DCA - Nationalt Center for Fødevarer og Jordbrug.

Neville, M, Søgaard, G & Sørensen, KE 2026, 'Ophævelse af reglerne om kapitalejerlån - en lempelse?', Nordisk Tidsskrift for Selskabsret, vol. 2025, no. 4, pp. 261-300.

Muff, E , Thodsen, H , Trolle, D, Nielsen, A, Holm, H, Gertz, F, Dollerup, K & Bieger, K 2026, Oplandsbeskrivelse for Kolding Fjord: - opgave for kystvandråd for Kolding Fjord. Teknisk rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, no. 366, vol. 2026, Aarhus University, DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy. <https://dce.au.dk/fileadmin/dce.au.dk/Udgivelser/Tekniske_rapporter_350-400/TR366.pdf>

Mård, J, Christensen, TR, Culp, JM, Goedkoop, W, Marttila, H, Schmidt, NM & Vihma, T 2026, 'Opportunities for improved detection of linked hydroclimate‐ecosystem dynamics in Arctic catchments', Frontiers in Environmental Science, vol. 13, 1598722. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2025.1598722

Wurzer, M, Zaggl, MA, Klyver, K & Bergenholtz, C 2026, 'Opportunity confidence and idea revision: How assessments by others shape idea work', International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship. https://doi.org/10.1177/02662426261416519

Wurzer, M , Zaggl, M, Klyver, K & Bergenholtz, C 2026, 'Opportunity Confidence and Idea Revision: How Assessments by Others Shape Idea Work', International Small Business Journal.

Nielsen, JC , Bjerre, HL & Deharo, J-C 2026, 'Opposing Results From 2 Trials Comparing Conduction System Pacing and Biventricular Pacing', JAMA cardiology. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2026.0097

Put, F, Sørensen, MB , Abbiati, G, Lucherini, A, Merci, B & Van Coile, R 2026, 'Optimal experimental design for the calibration of a high-temperature thermal strain model for concrete during cooling', Construction and Building Materials, vol. 518, 145731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145731

Lee, S-W, Kim, S-M, Sim, J-H & Kim, WY 2026, 'Optimal time window for extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients with in-hospital cardiac arrest', Critical Care, vol. 30, no. 1, 81. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-025-05756-2

Madsen, PN, Jørgensen, PB, Clausen, MV & Knudsen, CR 2026, 'Optimized purification workflow for advanced eEF1A studies: Impact of His-tagging on stability, functionality, and yield', Analytical Biochemistry, vol. 710, 116017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2025.116017

Zhao, B, Zhang, W, Wang, P, Gustafson, A, Jørgensen, CJ & Elberling, B 2026, 'Optimized wetland rewetting strategies can control methane, carbon dioxide, and oxygen responses to water table fluctuations', Communications Earth and Environment, vol. 7, no. 1, 109. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-03163-7

Song, P , Su, J , Kristine Vraa, CL , Gockert, M , Fjelstrup, S , Hager, H & Kjems, J 2026, 'Optimizing C14120-based LNPs for in vitro and in vivo mRNA delivery', Molecular Therapy Nucleic Acids, vol. 37, no. 1, 102866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omtn.2026.102866

Zhang, SS, Altieri, AH, Angelini, C, Curl, LF, Morton, JP, Paliotti, ST, Thomsen, MS & Toone, TA 2026, 'Optimizing ecosystem restoration with facilitation cascades', BioScience, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 21-33. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biaf138

Buskbjerg, CR , Johannsen, M , Nørskov, CC , Jensen, AB , Frederiksen, Y, Egerod, I, Guastaferro, K, Johansen, C, von Heymann, A, Speckens, A, O'Toole, MS & Zachariae, R 2026, 'Optimizing Psychological Treatment for Pain After Breast Cancer Using a Randomized Factorial Design: A Feasibility Study', Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.70063

Bouquet, AER , Meinert, CÆ & Kargo, M 2026, Optimizing selection decisions in the Danish Dairy Shorthorn conservation program. Advisory report from DCA – National Center for Food and Agriculture, DCA - Nationalt Center for Fødevarer og Jordbrug.

Saupstad, M, Colombo, C, Bergenheim, SJ, Pistoljevic-Kristiansen, N, Dam, TV, Bogstad, JW, Prætorius, L, Freiesleben, NLC, Klajnbard, A, Oxlund-Mariegaard, B, Humaidan, P, Løkkegaard, ECL, Husth, M, Knudsen, UB , Gabrielsen, A, Forman, JL, Petersen, MR, Løssl, K & Pinborg, A 2026, 'Optimizing the protocol for modified natural cycle frozen embryo transfer (mNC-FET): a multicentre, single-blinded randomized controlled trial', Human Reproduction Open, vol. 2026, no. 1, hoag003. https://doi.org/10.1093/hropen/hoag003

Hamilton, ADK , Sparsø, LV , Sørensen, MV , Prætorius Øhrwald, H & Hornhaver, J 2026, 'Oral Acid Load Lowers Bacterial Burden and Elevates Urinary Proinflammatory Response in a Mouse Model of Urinary Tract Infection', Acta Physiologica (Online), vol. 242, no. 2, e70149. https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.70149

Hanberg, P , Hansen, JR , Hillerup, S , Greibe, E , Gade, S , Pikelis, A & Klug, TE 2026, 'Oral and Intravenous Metronidazole Concentrations in Facial Artery Musculomucosal Flap, Buccal Submucosa, and Subcutaneous Tissue: A Randomized Clinical Microdialysis Study', Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol. 119, no. 4, pp. 990-996. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.70175

SOUL Study Group 2026, 'Oral Semaglutide and Heart Failure Outcomes in Persons With Type 2 Diabetes: A Secondary Analysis of the SOUL Randomized Clinical Trial', JAMA Internal Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2025.7774

Min, XZ, Zhang, X, Xie, ZY, Nikolaev, A, Vorkamp, K, Ma, JM, Reiersen, LO, Li, L, Cai, MH, Ren, NQ, Li, YF, Zhang, ZF, Kallenborn, R & Muir, D 2026, 'Organic chemicals of Arctic concern in Russian coastal seas', Science Bulletin, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 946-959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2025.12.054

Kjeldsen, L, Amby, F & Agergaard, TE 2026, 'Organisational outputs of administrative reforms: disability in Danish job centres', Journal of Social Policy, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 604-621. https://doi.org/10.1017/S004727942400031X

Leroyer, P & Simonsen, HK 2026, 'Organisationsleksikografi: ordbogskommunikation i organisationer', Nordiske Studier i Leksikografi.

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