Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Jakobsen, AMSØ & Tambo, T 2025, 'Current State of Sustainability Representation Product Lifecycle Management Systems and Future Perspectives: A Comparative Evaluation', Journal of Cleaner Logistics and Supply Chain, vol. 16, 100229, pp. 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clscn.2025.100229

Shen, A, Wei, Y, Pan, Y, Li, X, Gong, L, Pan, Y, Jeppesen, E & Duan, C 2025, 'Current status of microplastic pollution in China's aquatic environment and its interactions with metal pollutants on aquatic organisms', Water Research X, vol. 28, 100392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100392

on behalf of the PReS MAS/sJIA Working Party and Paediatric Rheumatology International Trial Organization 2025, 'Current treatment in macrophage activation syndrome worldwide: a systematic literature review to inform the METAPHOR project', Rheumatology, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 32-44. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keae391

Durazzo, M, Ferro, A, Navarro-Tableros, VM, Gaido, A, Fornengo, P, Altruda, F, Romagnoli, R, Moestrup, SK, Calvo, PL & Fagoonee, S 2025, 'Current Treatment Regimens and Promising Molecular Therapies for Chronic Hepatobiliary Diseases', Biomolecules, vol. 15, no. 1, 121. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15010121

Singh, S, Sögut, E , Uysal-Unalan, I, Karlovits, I, Coma, V, Corredig, M & Poças, F 2025, 'Current usage of paperboard packaging: A case study of the European landscape on tomato packaging', Food Packaging and Shelf Life, vol. 51, 101572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2025.101572

Rasmussen, EL 2025, 'Curriculum development and learning tools for self-directed and reflective learning in dental education', PhD, Aarhus University.

Andréasson, M, Paslawski, W, Terkelsen, AJ, Samuelsson, K, Zetterberg, H, Blennow, K, Karlsson, P & Svenningsson, P 2025, 'Cutaneous nerve fiber pathology and function in Parkinson’s disease and atypical parkinsonism: a cohort study', npj Parkinson's Disease , vol. 11, no. 1, 170. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41531-025-01030-y

Juhl, C, Byskov, K, Hvid, LG , Dalgas, U , Pommerich, UM & Skjerbæk, AG 2025, 'Cut-points of the 6-min walk test, the six spot step test, and the timed-25-foot walk test discriminating impaired from non-impaired walking capacity in persons with Multiple sclerosis', Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental, Translational and Clinical, vol. 11, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.1177/20552173251324600

Hinke, DM , Dorset, SR, Bratland, E, Wolff, JH, Olsnes, AM, Mikkelsen, JG, Helgeland, L, Bak, RO, Benneche, A & Mogensen, TH 2025, 'CXCR2 deficiency with myelokathexis caused by a novel variant: correction via CRISPR/Cas9', Haematologica, vol. 111, no. 2, pp. 738-744. https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2025.288111

Argáez, C, Klüpfel, S, Allende-Arandía, ME & Appendini, CM 2025, 'C-Xool: ERA5 Atmospheric boundary conditions toolbox for ocean modelling with ROMS, Version 1', SoftwareX, vol. 31, 102343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.softx.2025.102343

Alan-Albayrak, E & Simonsen, U 2025, 'Cyanide Beyond Toxicity: A Systematic Review of Its Effects on Vascular Function', Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, vol. 137, no. 5, e70124. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.70124

Li, S, Yan, X, Chen, H, Jeppesen, E, Xiao, P, Jin, L, Xu, Z, Zuo, J, Ren, K & Yang, J 2025, 'Cyanobacterial blooms specifically alter the dispersal-mediated taxonomic and functional vertical similarity of microbial communities in a subtropical reservoir', Water Research, vol. 281, 123574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.123574

Bandeira, E, Souza Barbosa, A, Jones, NC , Hoffmann, SV, Bettega, MHF & Limao-Vieira, P 2025, 'Cyclohexane Vibronic States: A Combined VUV Spectroscopy and Theoretical Study', Molecules, vol. 30, no. 7, 1493. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30071493

Cayetano, DT, Cho, P, Hogan, JA, Magee, LJ, Riley, SS, Korol, Y, Bohlman, S, Machado, S, Putz, FE, Romero, C, Vogel, J & Johnson, DJ 2025, 'Cyclones reduce growth and mortality differences between liana-laden and liana-free trees in Belize', Journal of Ecology, vol. 113, no. 9, pp. 2386-2400. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.70101

Amdisen, MB, Lee, Y-S & Jensen, TR 2025, 'Cyclopropylamine Magnesium Borohydrides as Solid-State Electrolytes', Inorganic Chemistry, vol. 64, no. 8, pp. 3696-3706. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c04287

Niklassen, JH, Hvas, CL, Schønning, K, Moestrup, KS, Helleberg, M, Perch, M & Bendstrup, E 2025, 'Cytomegalovirus and Crohn’s disease as competing causes of small bowel inflammation after double-lung transplantation', European Clinical Respiratory Journal, vol. 12, no. 1, 2594336. https://doi.org/10.1080/20018525.2025.2594336

Classon, J, Stenudd, M, Zamboni, M, Alkass, K, Eriksson, CJ, Pedersen, L, Schörling, A, Thoss, A, Bergh, A, Wikström, P, Adami, HO, Sørensen, HT, Druid, H & Frisén, J 2025, 'Cytomegalovirus infection is common in prostate cancer and antiviral therapies inhibit progression in disease models', Molecular Oncology, vol. 19, no. 11, pp. 3035-3059. https://doi.org/10.1002/1878-0261.70073

Büdeyri Gökgöz, N, Kaiser, M & Nielsen, DS 2025, D4.4 Gut microbiome characterisation by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sampling completed. SeaMark Deliverables Work Package 4: Health promoting effects of fermented seaweed. https://seamark.eu/about/deliverables/.

Petersen, LBS 2025, 'Dåben som overgang: - fra og til hvad?', Kirken i dag, vol. 2025, no. 3, pp. 20-21.

Hye-Knudsen, M 2025, 'Dad jokes, revisited', The Psychologist, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 72. <https://www.bps.org.uk/psychologist/archive-dad-jokes-revisited>

Netterstrøm, JB 2025, 'Da elitens blod flød i Stockholms gader', Avisen Danmark, pp. 12.

Amores Sesar, I, Cachin, C, Villacis, J & Zanolini, L 2025, DAG-based Consensus with Asymmetric Trust. in PODC '25: Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing. pp. 151-161. https://doi.org/10.1145/3732772.3733527

Amores Sesar, I , Grøndal, VH, Holmgård, A & Ottendal, M 2025, DAG It Off: Latency Prefers No Common Coins. in DR Kowalski (ed.), 39th International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2025)., 5, Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics, vol. 39. https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2025.5

Brorson, MS 2025, 'Da Gud blev skuespiller', Fønix. <https://foenix1976.dk/2025/10/20/da-gud-blev-skuespiller/>

Brorson, MS 2025, 'Da Gud opførte et stykke', PhD, Aarhus University.

Eriksen, JG, Maare, C, Johansen, J, Primdahl, H, Bratland, Å, Kristensen, CA, Andersen, M, Alsner, J & Overgaard, J 2025, 'DAHANCA19: A randomized phase III study of primary curative (chemo)-radiotherapy and the EGFR-inhibitor zalutumumab for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck', Radiotherapy and Oncology, vol. 208, 110899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2025.110899

Gough, WT, Madrigal, BC, Hollers, A, Currie, JJ, Baird, RW, West, KL, Fahlman, A, Fish, FE, Evans, L, van Aswegen, M, Stirling, B, Pacini, A, Olson, GL, Stack, SH, Blawas, AM, Walker, WA & Bejder, L 2025, 'Daily energetic expenditure and energy consumption of short-finned pilot whales', The Journal of experimental biology, vol. 228, no. 21, jeb249821, pp. 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.249821

Tinggaard, AB , Sørensen, L , Vissing, K , Jessen, N , Nørrelund, H & Wiggers, H 2025, 'Daily physical activity and prognostic implications in patients with heart failure: an accelerometer study', Clinical Research in Cardiology, vol. 114, no. 5, e61691, pp. 616-628. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-024-02508-0

Vestergaard, CD , Muren, LP , Elstrøm, UV, Stolarczyk, L, Nørrevang, O , Petersen, SE & Taasti, VT 2025, 'Daily proton dose re-calculation on deep-learning corrected cone-beam computed tomography scans', Radiotherapy and Oncology, vol. 209, 110953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2025.110953

de Evan, T, Foldager, L & Weisbjerg, MR 2025, 'Dairy cow phenotypes related to methane yield', 9th GGAA, International Greenhouse Gas & Animal Agriculture Conference, Nairobi, Kenya, 05/10/2025 - 09/10/2025 pp. 315. <https://ggaaconference.org/storage/2026/01/GGAA2025-bookofabstracts-NIBIOBook11-9.pdf>

Erturk, Z, Nielsen, K, Gottlieb, AD, Cotter, PD, Bertram, HCS, Karabanov, AN & Roager, HM 2025, 'Dairy products to your gut and brain (YourGutBrain) – the study protocol and first preliminary results', Mind, Mood & Microbes 2025, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 11/02/2025 - 12/02/2025.

Jensen, HS 2025, Da jeg skød min søn i nakken, forstod jeg for alvor glæden ved gaming. Videnskab.dk. <https://videnskab.dk/teknologi/da-jeg-skoed-min-soen-i-nakken-forstod-jeg-for-alvor-glaeden-ved-gaming/>

Hermanin De Reichenfeld, G 2025, 'Dalla imitatio Romae alla societas monachorum Continuità e discontinuità viaria, culturale e religiosa tra Subiaco, Tivoli e Roma prima e dopo l’arrivo di San Benedetto', Studi e Materiali di Storia delle Religioni, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 18-28.

Decesari, E 2025, 'Dal mar Ligure al mare del Nord: Influenze europee di Mario Novaro', "La Riviera Ligure". Quaderni della Fondazione Mario Novaro, vol. n.s. II (XXXVI), no. 3 (103), pp. 5-9.

Harvey, C, Intagliata, E, Mokránová, K , Raja, R & Zoppi, M 2025, Damage Assessment at Khirbet al-Khalde. in CA Harvey, EE Intagliata & R Raja (eds), Khirbet al-Khalde : Final Publications from the Khirbet al-Khalde Archaeological Project 2023. Vol. 2. Brepols Publishers, Turnhout, pp. 29-52.

Aleksovska, M, Salomonsen, HH, Schillemans, T & Boon, J 2025, 'Damage control: an experimental study on the impact of regulatory communication strategies on citizen trust after regulatory failure', Public Management Review . https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2025.2598821

Pask, E 2025, Damage Control: A Million Bats and Not-So Public Health at a Texas Prison. Engagement: the official online publication of the Anthropology and Environment Society, a section of the American Anthropological Association. <https://aesengagement.wordpress.com/2025/03/20/damage-control-a-million-bats-and-not-so-public-health-at-a-texas-prison/>

Rashed, MTNN, Dale, AG, Alake, G, Riley, SS, Benda, N & Hodges, AC 2025, 'Damage Potential and Feeding Preference of Halyomorpha halys (Stål), Nezara viridula (L.), and Leptoglossus zonatus (Dallas) Among Different Ripening Stages of Tomato', Insects, vol. 16, no. 7, 740. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070740

Sun, D, Zhang, Q, Du, T, Youngman, RE, Jensen, LR, Wang, D, Yang, F, Klemmt, R & Smedskjaer, MM 2025, 'Damage resistant and tolerant glass-ceramics with low-thermal expansion crystals', Journal of the European Ceramic Society, vol. 45, no. 7, 117226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2025.117226

Wegner, C 2025, 'Dam-rearing of dairy calves in automatic milking systems: Evaluation of behaviour, growth, fertility and first-lactation milk yield', PhD, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. https://doi.org/10.54612/a.1tqqhpqsu1

Hansen, LE & Degn, H-P 2025, 'Dance and musical theatre within Danish performing arts policy', Paper presented at Nordic Conference on Cultural Policy Research, Oslo, Norway, 25/08/2025 - 27/08/2025.

Baillie, BA 2025, 'Danefæ: From Treasure Trove to Small Screen: reflections on Archaeology in Denmark ', Nordic TAG, Kalmar, Sweden, 06/05/2026 - 09/05/2026.

Christiansen, PM & Nedergaard, P 2025, Dänemark. in B Henningsen & S Jochen (eds), Die politischen Systeme Nordeuropas. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, pp. 59-103.

Fleischer, J & Vikner, S 2025, 'Dänische Wortstellung im Niederdeutschen? Die schleswigschen und-Infinitive im arealen Kontext und im syntaxtypologischen Vergleich.', Jahrbuch des Vereins für Niederdeutsche Sprachforschung, vol. 148, pp. 7-30. <https://tildeweb.au.dk/au132769/papers/vikn25a.pdf>

Olsson, CE, Krogh, SL, Karlsson, M, Eriksen, JG, Björk-Eriksson, T, Grau, C, Norman, D, Offersen, BV, Nyholm, T, Overgaard, J, Zackrisson, B & Hansen, CR 2025, 'Danish and Swedish National Data Collections for Cancer: Solutions for Radiotherapy', Clinical Oncology, vol. 37, 103657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clon.2024.10.009

Hjelgaard, KH 2025, Danish emission inventory for wastewater treatment and discharge: Results of inventories up to 2023. <https://envs.au.dk/fileadmin/envs/Emission_inventories/Reporting_sectors/SR689_WW_2025.pdf>

Kirkevang, LL & Sørensen, LH 2025, 'Danish endodontic practice-based research network: follow-up data', Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, vol. 84, pp. 343-348. https://doi.org/10.2340/aos.v84.43857

Jensen, K , Holm, AIS , Eriksen, JG , Skyt, PS , Grau, C, Bernsdorf, M, Smulders, B, Loenkvist, CK, Sibolt, P, Farhadi, M, Kaplan, L, Kjeldsen, R, Nielsen, MS, Zukauskaite, R & Hansen, CR 2025, 'Danish Head and Neck Cancer Group (DAHANCA) Radiotherapy Quality Assurance Guidelines 2025. Update and new chapters: Planning of complex targets, hypofractionation, planning of reirradiation, target definition after induction chemotherapy, and clarification of the guidelines for elective targets', Radiotherapy and Oncology, vol. 210, 111028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2025.111028

Jacobsen, L , Frank, D-A & Søndergaard, HA 2025, Danish Innovation Index 2024 Annual Report. Danish Innovation Index, Aarhus. <https://mgmt.au.dk/fileadmin/MGMT/Subsites/Projekter/DII/DII_2024_Annual_Report.pdf>

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