Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Tesauro, C , Hougaard, RF , Stougaard, M , Ho, Y-P & Knudsen, BR 2015, Microfluidics Enabled Enzyme Activity Measurement in Single Cells. in AK Singh & A Chandrasekaran (eds), Single Cell Protein Analysis : Methods and Protocols. vol. 1346, Springer, Methods in Molecular Biology, pp. 209-219. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2987-0_14

Zhang, L, Feng, Q, Wang, J, Zhang, S, Ding, B, Wei, Y, Dong, M, Ryu, JY, Yoon, TY, Shi, X, Sun, J & Jiang, X 2015, 'Microfluidic Synthesis of Hybrid Nanoparticles with Controlled Lipid Layers: Understanding Flexibility-Regulated Cell-Nanoparticle Interaction', ACS Nano, vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 9912-9921. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b05792

Galley, RJ, Else, BGT, Geilfus, N-X, Hare, AA, Babb, D, Papakyriakou, T, Barber, DG & Rysgaard, S 2015, 'Micrometeorological and Thermal Control of Frost Flower Growth and Decay on Young Sea Ice', Arctic, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 79-92.

Galley, RJ, Else, BGT, Geilfus, N-X, Hare, AA, Babb, D, Papakyriakou, TN, Barber, DG & Rysgaard, S 2015, 'Micrometeorological and thermal control of frost flower growth on young sea ice', Arctic Institute of North America. Research Paper, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 79-92. https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic4457

Krawczyk, DW, Witkowski, A, Juul-Pedersen, T , Arendt, KE, Mortensen, J & Rysgaard, S 2015, 'Microplankton succession in a SW Greenland tidewater glacial fjord influenced by coastal inflows and run-off from the Greenland Ice Sheet', Polar Biology, vol. 38, no. 9, pp. 1515-1533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-015-1715-y

Carvalho, P , Lyu, T , Zhang, Y , Arias, CA & Brix, H 2015, 'Micropollutants metabolisation in constructed wetland systems'.

Terkildsen, MD , Wittrup, I & Burau, V 2015, 'Micro Practices of Coordination based on Complex Adaptive Systems: User Needs and Strategies for Coordinating Public Health in Denmark', International Journal of Integrated Care, vol. 15, pp. 1-11.

Holt, DB , Gupta, V , Meyer, D , Abel, NB , Andersen, SU , Stougaard, J & Markmann, K 2015, 'micro RNA 172 (miR172) signals epidermal infection and is expressed in cells primed for bacterial invasion in Lotus japonicus roots and nodules', New Phytologist, vol. 208, no. 1, pp. 241-256. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13445

Knudsen, KQN, Nielsen, BS, Lindebjerg, J, Hansen, TF, Holst, R & Sørensen, FB 2015, 'microRNA-17 Is the Most Up-Regulated Member of the miR-17-92 Cluster during Early Colon Cancer Evolution', PLoS One, vol. 10, no. 10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140503

Hommers, L, Raab, A, Bohl, A, Weber, H, Scholz, C-J, Erhardt, A, Binder, E, Arolt, V, Gerlach, A, Gloster, A, Kalisch, R, Kircher, T, Lonsdorf, T, Ströhle, A, Zwanzger, P, Mattheisen, M, Cichon, S, Lesch, K-P, Domschke, K, Reif, A, Lohse, MJ & Deckert, J 2015, 'MicroRNA hsa-miR-4717-5p regulates RGS2 and may be a risk factor for anxiety-related traits', American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.32312

Jørgensen, LTK, Poulsen, MØ, Laursen, MB, Marques, SC, Johnsen, HE, Bøgsted, M & Dybkær, K 2015, 'MicroRNAs as novel biomarkers in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a systematic review', Danish Medical Journal, vol. 62, no. 5, A5048. <http://www.danmedj.dk/portal/page/portal/danmedj.dk/dmj_forside/PAST_ISSUE/2015/DMJ_2015_05/A5048>

Gargani, M, Pariset, L, Lenstra, JA, De Minicis, E, Valentini, A, European Cattle Genetic Diversity Consortium & Holm, L-E 2015, 'Microsatellite genotyping of medieval cattle from central Italy suggests an old origin of Chianina and Romagnola cattle', Frontiers in Genetics, vol. 6, 68, pp. 1-6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2015.00068

Wahlström, H, Enemark, HL, Juremalm , M, Gérald, U, Ågren, E, Al-Sabi, MNS & Knapp, J 2015, 'Microsatellite typing of Danish and Swedish Echinococcus multilocularis from naturally infected foxes', The 6th Conference of The Scandinavian-Baltic Society for Parasitology, 01/04/2015.

Carreira, C, Piel, T, Staal, M, Stuut, JBW, Middelboe, M & Brussaard, CPD 2015, 'Microscale spatial distributions of microbes and viruses in intertidal photosynthetic microbial mats', SpringerPlus, vol. 4, no. 1, 239. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-015-0977-8

Schlafer, S , Garcia, J, Greve, M, Raarup, MK , Nyvad, B & Dige, I 2015, 'Microscopic monitoring of extracellular pH in dental biofilms', ORCA, Brussels, Belgium, 01/07/2015 - 04/07/2015.

Nielsen, M , Revsbech, NP & Kühl, M 2015, 'Microsensor measurements of hydrogen gas dynamics in cyanobacterial microbial mats', Frontiers in Microbiology, vol. 6, 726. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00726

Andersen, JV 2015, 'Micro-shifts in Distributed Digital Innovation: The Radical Transformation of the Branch Network at GlobalBank'.

Jensen, BEB , Edlund, K & Zelikin, AN 2015, 'Micro-structured, spontaneously eroding hydrogels accelerate endothelialization through presentation of conjugated growth factors', Biomaterials, vol. 49, pp. 113-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.01.036

Kalatzis Sousa, N, Spin-Neto, R, Tanomaru-Filho, M, Kuga, M & Faria, G 2015, 'Microtomografic Assessment of Periapical Lesion in Small Animals: Systematic Review', IADR, Boston, United States, 11/03/2015 - 14/03/2015.

Ellegaard-Jensen, L , Gobbi, A , Kyrkou, I & Hansen, LH 2015, '“MicroWine” Microbial Metagenomics and the Modern Wine Industry', The Annual Congress of The Danish Microbiological Society, Copenhagen, Denmark, 09/11/2015.

Hansen, MM 2015, Middelaldermunke satte kæp i hjulet for ørreders tilpasningsevne.

Sparre, SL, Hunter, A, Jørgensen, AR, Galal, LP, McCallum, F & Wozniak-Bobinska, M 2015, Middle Eastern Christians in Europe: Histories, Cultures and Communities. University of St Andrews.

Petersen, E, Hui, DS, Perlman, S & Zumla, A 2015, 'Middle East Respiratory Syndrome - advancing the public health and research agenda on MERS - lessons from the South Korea outbreak', International Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 36, pp. 54-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2015.06.004

Zumla, A, Rustomjee, R, Ntoumi, F, Mwaba, P, Bates, M, Maeurer, M, Hui, DS & Petersen, E 2015, 'Middle East Respiratory Syndrome--need for increased vigilance and watchful surveillance for MERS-CoV in sub-Saharan Africa', International Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 37, pp. 77-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2015.06.020

Petersen, CR, Møller, U, Kubat, I, Zhou, B, Dupont, S , Ramsay, J, Benson, T, Sujecki, S, Abdel-Moneim, N, Tang, Z, Furniss, D, Seddon, A & Bang, O 2015, Mid-infrared supercontinuum generation spanning more than 11 μm in a chalcogenide step-index fiber. in CLEO: Science and Innovations, CLEO-SI 2015. Optical Society of America (OSA), pp. 2267, CLEO: Science and Innovations, CLEO-SI 2015, San Jose, United States, 10/05/2015. https://doi.org/10.1364/CLEO_SI.2015.SF2D.7

Andersen, TR 2015, 'Midlertidige mulighedsfelter: Thomas Pynchon: Det dybe net (anmeldelse)', Litteraturmagasinet Standart, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 18-19.

Larsen, KB 2015, Midrash in the New Testament. <http://www.bibleodyssey.org/en/tools/ask-a-scholar/midrash-in-the-new-testament.aspx>

Thykjær, S, Hansen, BB , Ugilt, R , Jøker Bjerre, H & Porsgaard, K 2015, 'Mig og Charlie', Dagbladet Information.

Monteiro Duarte Couto, LD , Tran-Jørgensen, PWV , Coleman, J & Lausdahl, KG 2015, Migrating to an Extensible Architecture for Abstract Syntax Trees. in Proceedings of the 12th Working IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture: WICSA 2015. vol. 2015, IEEE, pp. 145-154, 12th Working IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture, Montréal , Canada, 04/05/2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/WICSA.2015.10

Katzy, R, LaForge, AC, Ovcharenko, Y, Coreno, M, Devetta, M, Fraia, MD, Drabbels, M, Finetti, P, Lyamayev, V, Mazza, T, Mudrich, M, O'Keeffe, P, Piseri, P, Plekan, O, Prince, KC, Stranges, S, Callegari, C, Möller, T & Stienkemeier, F 2015, 'Migration of surface excitations in highly-excited nanosystems probed by intense resonant XUV radiation', Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, vol. 48, no. 24, 244011. https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/48/24/244011

Bregnballe, T, Sterup, J & Frederiksen, M 2015, 'Migration patterns and distribution outside the breeding season of Great Cormorants from the Danish breeding population', Wetlands International Cormorant Research Group Bulletin, vol. 8, pp. 22-24.

Kuhlmann, A 2015, Mikkelsen, Lars Dittmann. in S Williams (ed.), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Stage Actors and Acting. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 382. <http://www.cambridge.org/dk/academic/subjects/arts-theatre-culture/drama-and-theatre-general-interest/cambridge-encyclopedia-stage-actors-and-acting?format=HB>

Strand, J & Agersnap, S 2015, 'Mikroplastik i havmiljøet - Metode til kvantificering af mikroplastik i havvand, blåmusling og fisk', 18. Danske Havforskermøde, Copenhagen, Denmark, 28/01/2015 - 30/01/2015. <http://havforsk2015.geus.dk/index.shtml>

Strand, J , Lassen, P, Shashoua, Y & Andersen, J 2015, 'Mikroplastik i sediment fra de danske farvande - og betydningen af de biogeokemiske sedimentkarakterer', 18. Danske Havforskermøde, Copenhagen, Denmark, 28/01/2015 - 30/01/2015. <http://havforsk2015.geus.dk/index.shtml>

Jakobsen, H & Fossing, H 2015, Mikrozooplankton. DCE - Teknisk anvisning fra Det Marine Fagdatacenter , no. M10, ver. 1, Aarhus University, DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy.

Jin, L-N, Qian, X-Y, Wang, J-G, Aslan, H & Dong, M 2015, 'MIL-68 (In) nano-rods for the removal of Congo red dye from aqueous solution', Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 453, pp. 270-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2015.05.005

Nielsen, KH 2015, 'Militæret hjalp Apple og Steve Jobs til succes', Videnskab.dk. <http://videnskab.dk/teknologi/militaeret-hjalp-apple-og-steve-jobs-til-succes>

Kanstrup, N 2015, Militæret som naturforvalter: Når naturen bliver smadret på den fede måde. in Biodiversitetssymposiet 2015 Præsentationer fra dagen. Biodiversitetssymposiet 2015, Aarhus, Denmark, 28/01/2015. <http://bios.au.dk/fileadmin/_migrated/content_uploads/Forandring_Kanstrup_01.pdf>

Kanstrup, N, Kitnæs, K, Thomsen, SM, Bengtsson, S & Moeslund, B 2015, Militærnatur: Synergi mellem militær arealanvendelse og naturudvikling.

Hermansen, JE , Munkholm, LJ , Bruus, M , Eriksen, J , Poulsen, HD , Kronvang, B , Bak, JL , Dalgaard, T , Kristensen, HL , Rasmussen, A , Adamsen, APS, Hansen, B, Brüsch, W, Thorling, L, Magid, J, Rasmussen, SK & Jensen, LS 2015, Miljø. in Økologiens bidrag til samfundsgoder - Vidensyntese 2015. pp. 107-167.

Mogensen, L , Hermansen, JE , Kristensen, T, Nielsen, NI & Vestergaard, M 2015, Miljøbelastning ved produktion af kalve- og oksekød.

Riber, AB & Steenfeldt, S 2015, Miljøberigelse i konventionelle og økologiske slagtekyllingestalde samt hos forældredyr til slagtekyllingeproduktionen.

Larsen, MM & Strand, J 2015, Miljøfarlige stoffer og biologiske effekter. in Marine områder 2013: NOVANA. Aarhus University, DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy, Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, no. 123, pp. 100-112. <http://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR123.pdf>

Larsen, MM & Strand, J 2015, Miljøfarlige stoffer og biologiske effekter. in JW Hansen (ed.), Marine områder 2014: NOVANA. Aarhus University, DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy, Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, no. 167, pp. 98-111. <http://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR167.pdf>

Boutrup, S, Holm, AG, Bjerring, R , Johansson, LS , Strand, J, Thorling, L, Brüsch, W, Erntsen, V, Ellermann, T & Bossi, R 2015, Miljøfremmede stoffer og metaller i vandmiljøet: NOVANA. Tilstand og udvikling 2004-2012. Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, no. 142, Aarhus University, DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy. <http://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR142.pdf>

Strandberg, MT , Ehlers, B & Damgaard, CF 2015, 'Miljømæssig risikovurdering af genmodificeret majs EFSA-GMO-BE-2013-117 (majs MON 87427 x MON 89034 x NK603)', No. 12428 81610, 4 p., Sept 02, 2015..

Strandberg, MT , Ehlers, B & Damgaard, CF 2015, 'Miljømæssig risikovurdering af genmodificeret majs EFSA-GMO-BE-2013-118 (majs MON 87427 x MON 89034 x 1507 x MON 88017 x 59122)', No. 12428 81610, 4 p., Sept 02, 2015..

Strandberg, MT , Ehlers, B & Damgaard, CF 2015, 'Miljømæssig risikovurdering af genmodificeret majs EFSA-GMO-NL-2014-123 (majs 4114 fra Pioneer)', No. 12428 81610, 4 p., Sept 02, 2015..

Strandberg, MT & Ehlers, B 2015, 'Miljømæssig risikovurdering af genmodificeret majs (majs 1507 fra Pioneer og Dow Agrosciences) til fornyelse af markedsføringstilladelse som levende frø til andre formål end dyrkning', No. 12428 81610, 4 p., Sept 14, 2015..

Strandberg, MT , Ehlers, B & Damgaard, C 2015, 'Miljømæssig risikovurdering af genmodificeret soja MON 87751', No. 12428, 4 p..

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