Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Strandberg, B & Direktoratet for naturforvaltning (ed.) 2001, Identifikation af databehov for den økologiske risikovurdering. in Direktoratet for naturforvaltning (ed.), Workshop om miljøeffekter av genmodifiserte organismer (GMO) Oslo, 28.-29. november 2000. Trondheim : Direktoratet for Naturforvaltning, pp. 22-23. <http://www.dirnat.no www.dirnat.no (visited 300701)>

Hendriksen, NB , Hansen, BM & Binnerup, S 2001, 'Identifikation og detektion af bakterier fra Bacillus cereus gruppen', Miljø og sundhed, vol. 7, no. Jubilæumsnummer 9, pp. 23-26.

Illeris, K 2001, 'Identiteten er på spil i unges læreprocesser', Interview i Gymnasieskolen, no. 11.

Nielsen, HK 2001, 'Identitet og politik i globaliseringens tidsalder', Tidsskriftet GRUS, vol. 63.

Nielsen, NK, Korsgaard, O & Madsen, BV 2001, Idræt, krop og demokrati. Gad, København.

Paludan, SR , Malmgaard, L, Ellermann-Eriksen, S, Bosca, L & Mogensen, S 2001, 'IFN-γ and herpes simplex virus/tumor necrosis factor-α synergistically induce NOS2 in macrophages through cooperative action of NF-κB and IRF-1', European Cytokine Network (Online), vol. 12, pp. 297-308.

Mejding, J 2001, 'Igen, Igen, Igen', PPR, vol. 38, no. 6.

Nielsen, H 2001, 'In situ Solid Phase Extraction of Phospholipids from Heat-Coagulated Egg Yolk by Organic Solvents', Lebensm.-Wiss. u.-Technol., vol. 34, pp. 526-532.

Watanabe, H, Yamasaki, K, Kragh-Hansen, U, Tanase, S, Harada, K, Suenaga, A & Otagiri, M 2001, 'In vitro and in vivo properties of recombinant human serum albumin from Pichia pastoris purified by a method of short processing time', Pharm. Res., vol. 18, pp. 1775-1781.

Kristiansen, BL 2001, 'Ikke-jurister som retsanvendere', Nyhedsbrev for Socialsektor, no. 6, pp. 12-15.

Vestergaard, C, Kirstejn, N, Gesser, B, Mortensen, JN & Larsen, CG 2001, 'IL-10 arguments the IFN-y and TNF-a induced TARC production in HaCat cells: a possible mechanism in the inflammatory reaction of atopic dermatitis', J. Derm. Sci., vol. 26, pp. 46-54.

Vestergaard, C, Kirstejn, N, Gesser, B , Mortensen, JT, Matsushima, K, Larsen, CG & Vestergaard, C 2001, 'IL-10 augments the IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha induced TARC production in HaCaT cells: a possible mechanism in the inflammatory reaction of atopic dermatitis', Journal of Dermatological Science, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 46-54.

Vestergaard, C, Kirstejn, N, Gesser, B, Mortensen, JT, Matsushima, K & Larsen, CG 2001, 'IL-10 augments the IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha induced TARC production in HaCaT cells: a possible mechanism in the inflammatory reaction of atopic dermatitis', J Dermatol Sci, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 46-54.

Fernández, JA , Jørgensen, H, Mroz, S & Jongbloed, AW 2001, Ileal Digestibility Determination of Different Diets by Two Fistulation Techniques (T-cannula vs. Steered Ileocaecal Valve Cannula) and Two Markers (Chromic Oxide vs. Titanium Oxide). in Proceedings of the 8th Symposium of Digestive Physiology of Pigs, Uppsala, Sweden.: J.E. Lindberg and B. Ogle (eds). CABI Publishing, pp. 154-156, Ileal Digestibility Determination of Different Diets by Two Fistulation Techniques (T-cannula vs. Steered Ileocaecal Valve Cannula) and Two Markers (Chromic Oxide vs. Titanium Oxide)., 18/12/2010.

Christensen, P , Buntzen, S , Krogh, K & Laurberg, S 2001, 'Ileal neoappendicostomy for antegrade colonic irrigation', British Journal of Surgery, vol. 88, no. 12, pp. 1637-8. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0007-1323.2001.01959.x

Koldau, LM 2001, 'Il Lamento d'Arianna e le sue contraffazioni', Rivista Italiana di Musicologia, vol. 37, pp. 281-314.

Widell, P 2001, 'Illokutioner er assertiver: Et bidrag til belysning af talehandlingens struktur og taksonomi', Augias, pp. 15-65.

Gotfredsen, E & Wenzel, A 2001, 'Image compression in storing and communicating digital radiographs', Int J Comput Dent, vol. 4, pp. C47-1 - C47-21.

Johansen, W 2001, Image et culture dans la communication verte des hôtels en Europe. in Language for Special Purposes: Perspectives for the New Millennium. Narr Francke Attempto Verlag, pp. s. 831-838, 12th European Symposium on Language for Special Purposes: Perspectives for the New Millennium, 30/08/1999.

Knudsen, AS , Jensen, SE & Egeblad, H 2001, 'Images in cardiology: Pneumopyopericardium, complicating penetrating gastric ulcer', Heart, vol. 85, no. 3, pp. 285.

Bale, J 2001, 'Imaginative sports and African athleticism: Colonial representation and Rwandan corporeality', Kunapipi, vol. 23, pp. 11-26.

Jensen, JM, Duvall, TL, Jacobsen, BH & et, A 2001, 'Imaging an emerging active region with helioseismic tomography', Astrophys. Journ., vol. 553, pp. 193-196.

Jensen, JM, Duvall, TL, Jacobsen, BH & Christensen-Dalsgaard, J 2001 'Imaging an emerging active region with helioseismic tomography' pp. 193-193.

Varea, E, Ponsoda, X, Molowny, A, Danscher, G & Lopez-Garcia, C 2001, 'Imaging synaptic zinc release in living nervous tissue', J. Neurosci. Methods, vol. 110, pp. 57-63.

Eriksen-Benros, J 2001, 'I magtens vertigo: Parallelisering og forgrening i Jens-Martin Eriksens Vinter ved daggry', Tidsskriftet SPRING, no. 17, pp. 89-103. <http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:-R1P-aOKF_gJ:www.forlagetspring.dk/08benros.pdf+Parallelisering+og+forgrening+i+Jens-Martin+Eriksens+Vinter+ved+daggry&hl=da&gl=dk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShbGEQLCjaXi0GWqEt_kRUxsy-6-o_P-n69vm3_yvlCuk-fSn1iimGfu_uGsJbtht9GPoTLlLTdCiXmnIxBnKlvFz9GnKyz5xqxjT1SZDFpSX1Cuik0YbYId00yCFrdbIOIxIhG&sig=AHIEtbQijIm0hm0yUa0c9Esmd2OfttU1XA>

Bøggild, CE, Knudsen, NT & Ahlstrøm, AP 2001, 'Imersuaq - vandkraftpotentiale i Grønland', Geologisk Nyt, no. 3/01, pp. 13-16.

Paludan, PS & Andersen, V (ed.) 2001, Immigranter fra en anden verden. in Religionsvidenskabelige sonderinger: Festskrift i anledning af et 10 års jubilæum. Aarhus Universitetsforlag, Århus, pp. 136-152.

Larsen, LE, Viuff, B, Tjørnehøj, K & Røntved, CM 2001, 'Immunitetsstyring i slagtekalvebesætninger og orientering om aktuelle forskningsaktiviteter', Kalveproducenten, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 1-6.

Henrik, H, Kwon, T-H, Vinnikova, AK, Masilamini, S, Frøkiær, J, Knepper, MA & Nielsen, S 2001, 'Immunocytichemical and immunoelectron microscopical localization of alfa, beta and gamma-ENac in rat kidney', Am J Physiol, Renal Fluid and Electrolyte Physiol, vol. 280, pp. 1093-1106.

Hager, H, Kwon, T-H, Vinnikova, AK, Masilamani, S, Brooks, HL, Frokiaer, J, Knepper, MA & Nielsen, S 2001, 'Immunocytochemical and immunoelectron microscopic localization of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-ENaC in rat kidney', Am. J. Physiol., vol. 280, no. 6, pp. 1093-1106.

Elkjær, M-L, Nejsum, LN, Gresz, V, Kwon, TH, Jensen, UB , Frøkiaer, J & Nielsen, S 2001, 'Immunolocalization of aquaporin-8 in rat kidney, gastrointestinal tract, testis, and airways', American Journal of Physiology: Renal Physiology, vol. 281, no. 6, pp. F1047-57.

Andersen, SK , Toft, P & Tønnesen, EK 2001, 'Immunological aspects of major accidental trauma with special reference to cytokines: A review', Placebo, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 123-136.

Deleuran, B, Petersen, J, Friis, J (ed.), Junker, P (ed.), Manniche, C (ed.) & Stengaard-Pedersen, K (ed.) 2001, Immunologi og inflammation. in Reumatologi. FADL's Forlag, København, pp. 81-94.

Wiggers, H , Bøttcher, M , Egeblad, H , Mølgaard, H , Nielsen, TT & Bøtker, HE 2001, 'Impact daily life myocardial ischemia in patients with chronic reversible and irreversible myocardial dysfunction', American Journal of Cardiology, vol. 89, no. 1, pp. 22-28.

Søgaard, P, Kim, WY , Jensen, HK , Mortensen, P , Pedersen, AK , Kristensen, BØ & Egeblad, H 2001, 'Impact of acute biventricular pacing on left ventricular performance and volumes in patients with severe heart failure. A tissue Doppler and three dimensional echocardiographic study', Cardiology (Switzerland), vol. 95, no. 4, pp. 173-182.

Kim, WY, Stuber, M, Kissinger, KV, Andersen, NT, Manning, WJ & Botnar, RM 2001, 'Impact of Bulk Cardiac Motion on Right Coronary MR Angiography and Vessel Wall Imaging', Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, vol. 14, pp. 383-390.

Schropp, L , Wenzel, A & Kostopoulos, L 2001, 'Impact of conventional tomography on prediction of the appropriate implant size', Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics, vol. 92, no. 4, pp. 458-463.

Jørgensen, RN & Jørgensen, JR 2001, Impact on grain quality when nitrogen is ?sensor applied? by the ?hydro precise system? in G Grenier & S Blackmore (eds), Proceedings of the Third European Conference on Precision Agriculture. vol. 2, pp. 929-934, European Conference on Precision Agriculture, 18/12/2010.

Sørensen, AH 2001, 'Impact-parameter dependence of the relativistic photoeffect and other high-energy photoprocesses', Physical Review A, vol. 64, pp. 012703-1-11.

Fornitz, GG, Nielsen, P, Amtorp, O, Kassis, E, Abildgård, U, Sloth, C, Winther, K, Ørskov, H, Dalsgård, J & Husted, S 2001, 'Impaired fibrinolysis determines the outcome of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)', Eur. J. Clin. Invest., vol. 31, pp. 586-592.

Fornitz, GG, Nielsen, P, Amtorp, O, Kassis, E, Abildgard, U, Sloth, C, Winther, K, Ørskov, H, Dalsgard, J & Husted, S 2001, 'Impaired fibrinolysis determines the outcome of percutaneus transluminal coronary angioplasty', Eur. J. Clin. Invest., vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 586-592.

Ridgway, MC, Glover, CJ, Desnica-Frankovic, ID, Furic, K, Yu, KM, Forna, GJ, Clerc, C, Hansen, JL & Nylandsted Larsen, A 2001, 'Implantation-induced disorder in amorphous Ge: production and relaxation', Nucl. Instrum. and Methods in Physics Research B, vol. 175-177, pp. 21-25.

Schers, H, Wensing, M, Huijsmans, Z, van Tulder, M & Grol, R 2001, 'Implementation barriers for general practice guidelines on low back pain a qualitative study.', Spine, vol. 26, no. 15. <http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=1842691397&partnerID=8YFLogxK>

Hansen, JG & Kapsa, J 2001, Implementation of an Internet based decision support system for integrated potato late blight management in Poland. in European Association for Potato Research, Pathology Section Meeting. pp. 286-286, Implementation of an Internet based decision support system for integrated potato late blight management in Poland, Poznan, Poland, 10/07/2001.

Jensen, B & Harmsen, H 2001, 'Implementation of success factors in new product development: The missing link', European Journal of Innovation Management, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 37-52.

Iversen, TM 2001, 'Implementation of the Water Framework Directive in Denmark', Newsletter - ECRR, European Centre for River Restoration, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 1-2.

Riis, JO, Hildebrandt, S, Andreasen, MM & Johansen, J 2001, 'Implementing change: lessons from five development projects', International Journal of Technology Management, vol. 22, no. 1-3, pp. 13-27. <http://elin.lub.lu.se/link2elin?genre=article&issn=02675730&year=2001&volume=22&issue=1-2-3&collection=ABI&pages=13-27&resid=c7373a56b8f1ef0f882028b51fe3820c&lang=dk>

Eriksen, J 2001, 'Implications of grazing by sows for nitrate leaching from grassland and the succeeding cereal crop', Grass and Forage Science, vol. 56, pp. 317-322.

Korsgaard, M & Kühn, BF 2001, 'Imponerende forædlingsarbejde i Tjekkiet', Frugt & Bær, vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 284-286.

Mertz, O, Lykke, AM & Reenberg, A 2001, 'Importance And Seasonality of Vegetable Consumption And Marketing In Burkina Faso', Economic Botany, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 276-289. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/4256428>

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