Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Funch, P 2003 'Phylum Cycliophora - Bizarre organisms on lobster's mouth'.

Haahr, JP & Andersen, JH 2003, 'Physical and psychosocial risk factors for lateral epicondylitis: a population based case-referent study', Occupational & Environmental Medicine, vol. 60, no. 5, pp. 322-329.

Ruusunen, M, Vainionpää, J, Puolanne, E, Lyly, M, Lähteenmäki, L, Niemistö, M & Ahvenainen, R 2003, 'Physical and sensory properties of low-salt phosphate-free frankfurters composed with various ingredients', Meat Science, vol. 63, pp. 9-16.

Rysgaard, S, Vang, T, Stjernholm, M, Rasmussen, B, Windelin, A & Kiilsholm, S 2003, 'Physical Conditions, Carbon Transport, and Climate Change Impacts in a Northeast Greenland Fjord', Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 301-312. <http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037587094&partnerID=40&md5=551128c441fb7d123b14ef9a1151d420>

Hawes, I, Riis, T, Sutherland, D & Flanagan, M 2003, 'Physical constraints to aquatic plant growth in New Zealand lakes', J. Aquat. Plant Manage., vol. 41, pp. 44-52.

Grønbæk, K, Kristensen, JF, Ørbæk, P & Eriksen, MA 2003, Physical Hypermedia: Organising Collections of Mixed Physical and Digital Material. in Proceedings of the fourteenth ACM conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia. Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 10-19, Vonference on Hypertext and Hypermedia, Nottingham, United Kingdom, 26/08/2003. https://doi.org/10.1145/900051.900056

Vesterstrøm, JS 2003, Physical Mapping Using Simulated Annealing and Evolutionary Algorithms. in Proceedings of the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, CEC 2003, 8 -12 December 2003, Canberra, Australien. vol. 1, IEEE Press, dblp.uni-trier.de, pp. 327- 334.

Viennois, R, Girard, L, Ravot, D, Terki, F, Charar, S, Tedenac, JC, Paschen, S, Bentien, A & Steglich, F 2003, 'Physical properties of the skutterudites (Ce,La)Fe_4-xNi_xSb₁₂', International Conference on Thermoelectronics. Proceedings, pp. 60-3.

Kragh, H 2003, Physical theory: Present and future. in The Tests of Time: Readings in the Development of Physical Theory. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp. 685-691.

Kragh, H 2003, Physical theory: Past and future. in LM Dolling (ed.), The Tests of Time: Readings in the Development of Physical Theory. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp. 685-691.

van Pinxteren, D, Brüggemann, E, Galgon, D, Gnauk, T, Lehmann, K, Massling, A, Mertes, S, Müller, K, Nowak, A, Plewka, A, Wiedensohler, A & Herrmann, H 2003, 'Physico-chemical characterisation of air, particles and cloud water in cloud experiments', Journal of Aerosol Science, no. Suppl. 1, pp. 159-160.

Jensen, J 2003, Physiological and Genetic Limits to Breeding for High Performance in Dairy Cows. in Proc. 25th European Holstein Conference. European Holstein Conference, Bad Zwischenahn, Germany, 15/06/2003.

Carlson, D & Poulsen, HD 2003, 'Phytate degradation in soaked and fermented liquid feed - effect of diet, time of soaking, heat treatment, phytase activity, pH and temperature', Animal Feed Science and Technology, vol. 103, pp. 141-154.

Gregersen, AB, Thestrup-Pedersen, K & Paulsen, E 2003, 'Phytodermatitis caused by burning bush of Moses', Ugeskrift for Læger, vol. 165, no. 23, pp. 2400-2401.

Rasmussen, HN, Veierskov, B, Nørbæk, R & Hansen-Møller, J 2003, Phytohormone profiles yield positional information to buds in Nordman Fir, Abies nordmanniana. in E. Curry (ed.), Proceedings, 30th annual meeting of PGRSA and JSCRP, Vancouver, Canada. Plant Growth Regulation Society of America, P.O Box 2945, LaGrange, GA, USA. pp. 32-32, Phytohormone profiles yield positional information to buds in Nordman Fir, Abies nordmanniana, Vancouver, Canada, 18/12/2010.

Henriksen, P , Markager, SS, Ærtebjerg, G (ed.), Andersen, JH (ed.) & Schou Hansen, O (ed.) 2003, Phytoplankton and harmful algal blooms. in GA Ærtebjerg, SH J.H. & O. (eds.) (eds), Nutrients and Eutrophication in Danish Marine Waters: A Challenge for Science and Management. National Environmental Research Institute, pp. 46-53. <http://www.dmu.dk/1_viden/2_Publikationer/3_Ovrige/rapporter/ospar.asp>

Iversen, L & Andersen, KE 2003, 'Picture of the month: Cordylobia antropophaga', Ugeskrift for Læger, vol. 165, no. 26.

Bygum, A & Thestrup-Pedersen, K 2003, 'Picture of the month: Notalgia paresthetica', Ugeskrift for Læger, vol. 165, no. 39.

Kanstrup, AM 2003, 'Picture the Practice: Using Photography to Explore Use of Technology Within Teachers' Work Practices', www.qualitative-research.net, vol. 3, no. 2. <http://217.160.35.246/fqs-texte/2-02/2-02kanstrup-e.pdf>

Bakker, P 2003, 'Pidgin inflectional morphology and its implications for creole morphology', Morphology, vol. 12, pp. 3-33.

Kolkovski, V, Andersen, O, Dobaczewski, L, Peaker, AR & Nielsen, KB 2003, 'Piezospectroscopic analysis of the Pt-H₂ complex in silicon', Physica B: Condensed Matter, vol. 340, pp. 677-681.

Dobaczewski, L, Andersen, O, Nielsen, KB & Peaker, AR 2003, 'Piezospectroscopic studies of the re-orientation process of defect complexes', Physica B: Condensed Matter, vol. 340, pp. 499-504.

Petersen, SV , Valnickova, Z & Enghild, JJ 2003, 'Pigment-epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) occurs at a physiologically relevant concentration in human blood: purification and characterization', Biochemical Journal, vol. 374, pp. 199-206.

Van Laerhoven, K, Villar, N & Gellersen, H 2003, 'Pin & Mix: When Pins Become Interaction Components...'.

Van Laerhoven, K, Villar, N, Gellersen, H, Schmidt, A, Hakansson, M & Holmquist, LE 2003, 'Pin & play: the surface as network medium', IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 90-95. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2003.1193980

Baudoin, F & Thieullen, M 2003, 'Pinning class of the Wiener measure by a functional: Related martingales and invariance properties', Probability Theory and Related Fields, vol. 127, no. 1, pp. 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00440-003-0280-4

Lindenskov, L & Weng, P 2003, 'PISA - matematik i en international undersøgelse', Matematik: tidsskrift for regne- og matematiklærere, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 9-12.

Weng, P & Lindenskov, L 2003, 'PISA-matematik i en international undersøgelse', Matematik: tidsskrift for regne- og matematiklærere, vol. 31 årgang, no. nummer 4.

Andersen, AM & Kjærnsli, M 2003, PISA og andre internationale komparative undersøgelser. in Inspiration til fremtidens naturfaglige uddannelser: En antologi. Undervisningsministeriet, Københanv, Uddannelsesstyrelsens temahæfteserie, no. 8.

Bertini, L, Billquist, K, Bryan, D, Christensen, M, Gatti, C, Holmgren, L, Iversen, BB, Mueller, E, Muhammed, M, Noriega, G, Palmqvist, AEC, Platzek, D, Rowe, DM, Saramat, A, Stiewe, C, Stucky, GD, Svensson, G, Toprak, M, Williams, SGK, Zhang, Y, Scherrer, H (ed.) & Tedenac, JC (ed.) 2003 'Pitfalls in crystallographic analysis of doped skutterudite materials' pp. 68-71.

Ingvorsen, B 2003, Pixeline - årets mærkedage. Studio 1-2, Herning.

Ingvorsen, B 2003, Pixeline - bogen om eventyrlige væsener. Studio 1-2, Herning.

Mahmmoud, YA , Cornelius, F, Jorgensen, PL (ed.), Karlish, SJD (ed.) & Maunsbach, AB (ed.) 2003, PKA and PKC phosphorylation of gastric H,K-ATPase. in Na,K-ATPase and related cation pumps: Structure, function, and regulatory mechanisms. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, pp. 548-549.

Elmeros, M, Pedersen, V & Jensen, T-LW 2003, 'Placental scar counts and litter size estimations in ranched red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)', Mammalian Biology, vol. 68, no. 6, pp. 391-393.

Petersen, J 2003, Placeret gødning. in U Jørgensen (ed.), Forberedelse af Vandmiljøplan III - Rapport fra Kvælstofgruppen (F10) - Forbedret kvælstofudnyttelse i marken og effekt på kvælstoftab. Aarhus University, pp. 28-32. <http:// www.vmp3.dk/Files/Filer/Rap_fra_t_grupper/vmp3-rapport-fra-kvælstof.pdf>

Christensen, LH , Frederiksen, HJ (ed.) & Sommer, A-L (ed.) 2003, Plakater i brug: om plakatmediet som museologisk objekt. in Kunsthistoriske kontakter: Tværfaglige dialoger. Aarhus Universitetsforlag.

Østergaard, S , Kristensen, T, Aaes, O, Kristensen, VF, Jensen, M & Clausen, S 2003, Planlægning af økonomisk optimal fodring af malkekøer.

Løssing, T, Delman, TF & Nielsen, R 2003, 'Planlægning på spil - en undersøgelse af spil som redskab til borgerinddragelse i (by)planlægningsprocesser', Nordic Journal of Architectural Research, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 43-54.

Krongaard Kristensen, H 2003, Planløsninger i byernes stenhuse. in E Roesdahl (ed.), Bolig og Familie i Danmarks Middelalder. Højbjerg, pp. 169-192.

Ravn, HW, Lauridsen, L, Kudsk, PN, Mathiassen, SK & Thysen, HR 2003, 'Plant Biomarker Patern - A new tool to evaluate herbicide effects on plants using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)', International Symposium for Thin Layer Chromatography, Lyon, France, 15/10/2003 - 18/10/2003.

Ravn, HW , Løkke, H & Danmarks JordbrugsForskning (ed.) 2003, Plant Biomarker Pattern: A New Tool for Effect Studies of Plants Exposed to Herbicides. in DJF rapport. Danmarks Jordbrugsforskning, DJF rapport, markbrug, vol. 66, pp. 79-80.

Ravn, HW, Lauridsen., L, Kudsk, P , Mathiassen, SK & Thysen, HR 2003, 'Plant Biomarker Pattern - A new tool to evaluate herbicide effects on plants using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)', International Symposium for Thin Layer Chromatography, Lyon, France, 15/10/2003 - 18/10/2003.

Ravn, HW, Christensen, TF, Diedrichsen, B, Kristensen, CV, Jensen, AK, Husted, CL, Lindhard Pedersen, H , Brandt, K & Andersen, JB 2003, 'Plant Biomarker Pattern, apples grown with various availability of organic nitrogen and with or without the use of pesticides', ECO-FRU-VIT. International Conference on Cultivation technique and Phytopathological problems in Organic Fruit-Growing, 18/12/2010.

Beck-Nielsen, D 2003, 'Plantebaseret kompost - en erstatning for sphagnum og husdyrgødning?', Forskningsnytt om Oekologisk Landbruk i Norden, no. 2, pp. 10-11.

Albrechtsen, M & Jørgensen, B 2003, 'Plantebeskyttelse gennem RNA teknologi: Status, perspektiver og mulige risici / Plant protection through RNA technology: State of the art, perspecives, and potential risks', Paper presented at Danske Planteværnskonference, Nyborg, Denmark, 04/03/2003 - 05/03/2003.

Hald, AB, Hald, AB (ed.), Hoffmann, CC (ed.) & Nielsen, AL (ed.) 2003, Plantediversitet som funktion af slæt, afgræsning og driftsophør. in DJF rapport - Markbrug. Danmarks Jordbrugsforskning, DJF rapport, markbrug, vol. 91, pp. 29-57.

Sørensen, HK & Dideriksen, KO 2003, 'Plantenyheder - hvad skal der til?', Gartner Tidende, vol. 119, no. 6, pp. 11.

Rosenqvist, ESK 2003, 'Planter giver besked hvis de er stressede', Externt FORVM, no. 14.

Ottosen, C-O 2003, 'Planter har gavn af stress', Externt FORVM, no. 40.

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